1、第第2021讲讲 非限定动词非限定动词不定式不定式1非限定动词？非限定动词？ 非限定动词又叫非限定动词又叫非谓语动词非谓语动词，包括，包括不定式、分不定式、分词和动名词词和动名词。 非限定动词和限定动词的区别非限定动词和限定动词的区别不同点：不同点：前者不能单独作谓语；不受主语人称前者不能单独作谓语；不受主语人称和数量的限制；而限定动词的形式要和主语和数量的限制；而限定动词的形式要和主语人和数一致。人和数一致。如；如；She likes to dance. They like to dance.可以起名词、形容词、副词的作用。可以起名词、形容词、副词的作用。如：如：To see is to b
2、elieve.The man sitting by her is my teacher.Seeing the teacher entering the room, I stood up.2 相似点：相似点：1. 都可以带宾语。都可以带宾语。如；如； He bought a computer. He wanted to buy a computer.2. 都可以由状语修饰。都可以由状语修饰。如；如； He studies very hard in the college. Studying hard, you will pass the exam.33. 都有语态和时态的变化。都有语态和时态的变
3、化。如：如：He has finished his homework.（完成式）（完成式）Having finished his homework, he went out.The overpass will be built there.（被动）（被动）The hospital being built will be completed next month.4不定式不定式 不定式的概述不定式的概述 不定式的基本用法不定式的基本用法 不定式的特殊句型不定式的特殊句型5不定式是非谓语动词的一种，由“to+动词原形”(to do)构成,动词不定式有动词和名词的特征。不定式可以作主语、宾语、状语、
4、表语和定语等成分，但不能单独作谓语。不定式不定式6 2不定式的时态和语态不定式的时态和语态7不定式的时态 现在时：不定式的一般现在时表示的动作，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词之后； He seems to know this. I hope to see you again.8 进行时：表示正在发生的动作，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生； He seems to be eating something.9 完成时：表示动作发生在谓语动词之前 I am sorry to have given you so much trouble. He seems to have caug
5、ht a cold.10 完成进行时：表示句子的主要谓语动词所表示的动作发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，不定式的动作从过去某个时段发生一直持续到现在； She is known to have been working in our company for more than twenty years.11不定式的语态（2） 不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式动作的承受者，不定式用被动语态He asked to be sent to work in countryside.Have you got a key to unlock the door? key unlock the door你有开门的
6、钥匙吗？（1）不定式所修饰的名词与不定式在逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式用主动语态。12不定式的否定形式 动词不定时的否定形式是在不定式符号前加not The teacher warned the students not to cheat in the examinations. She pretended not to see me when I passed by.13不定式的基本用法： 作主语 作宾语 做补语 做表语 做定语 做状语14不定式的语法功能（1） 作主语To talk with him is a great pleasure.一般情况下，不定式（短语） 作主语时， 通常用形式
7、主语“it” 代替 It is a great pleasure to talk with him.15注意注意*1 1、动词不定式动词不定式作主语作主语时，时，谓语谓语动词用动词用 第第三三人称人称单单数形式。例如数形式。例如To get there by car takes a whole day.To make a plan for our future is important.16 It 做形式主语，不定式作逻辑主语时一般有介词for, of等引导； It is easy for me to do that. It is very hard for him to study two
8、languages.17 当用it is +adj+ of sb. To do sth 一般表示人物的品行和行为特征，its 后面多用表示主观情感和态度的形容词； It is very kind of you to say this. It is very rude of you to do this.18翻译： 你这样子对待女孩子是很粗鲁的。 It is very rude of you to do this to the girls. It is very rude of you to treat girls like this.19辨析： It is +adj of sb. To do
9、sth It is +adj for sb. To do sth It is nice_ you. It is hard_ you. 用介词后面的代词作主语，介词之前的形容词作表语，如果能组成句子就用of,否则就用for.20不定式作宾语的形容词常见的有： ready, eager, sure, glad, anxious, sorry, afraid, free, pleased, willing此外还要注意一些特殊疑问词+不定式的形式（如：what to do, where to go ），作tell, ask, know, show等动词的宾语。 不定式作宾语的动词常见的有：want,
10、hope, wish, ask, choose, decide, manage, offer, promise, refuse, seek, pretend, learn, afford, needI dont know what to do.（2） 作宾语Would you like to watch TV?21如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如： Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 能带形式宾语的动词还有 think,believe,fee
11、l,consider,make等。22不定式动词在介词but, except, 后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词行为动词do 的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to, 否则要带to。 1) She could do nothing 1) She could do nothing but but crycry. .2) I have no choice 2) I have no choice but but to goto go. .233.某些及物动词：forget, mean remember, regret, try, go on, 等可用-ing也可用动词不定式作宾语，但表达的意
12、思不同I forget to bring my homework.I forget opening the windows.I mean “I didnt bring my homework.”I mean “I have opened the windows.”246. wish, hope, plan, be, mean + to have done / had wished.+to do表示原打表示原打算干却没能办到算干却没能办到 1. I had meant to go to Shanghai yesterday, but was delayed by the bad weather.
13、 2. -Why didnt you come to my birthday party? -I d like to have, but I had an unexpected guest.25在在had better, had best, would rather, would ratherthan, would sooner, cannot but, cannot help but等结构后直接跟动词原形或等结构后直接跟动词原形或“not+动词原形动词原形”。e.g.: Youd better listen to your teachers opinion. He cannot but mo
14、ve to another street. We cannot help but admire his courage. He always prefers to ride a bicycle rather than ride on a crowded bus.26（3） 作表语（表将来时）My plan is to finish the experiment on time.（4） 作宾补I asked him to come to my office.注意不定式的省略hear, see, watch, notice等感官动词后的省略I heard her sing this song. h
15、ave, let, make三个使役动词后的省略I made him stand outside.这两类省略的不定式一旦变成被动语态，不定式要补充完整.She was heard to.He was made to .27动词不定式作宾补省略to 口诀口诀 不定式省不定式省to十一个，十一个， 五五“看看”二二“听听”一一“感感觉觉”， 三个三个“使役使役”紧挨着，紧挨着， 如若主动变被动，如若主动变被动， 符号符号to千万别省略。千万别省略。28（5）作定语动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。 I have a meeting to attend.注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的
16、名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：He found a good house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.Do you have a pen to write with ?29不定式作状语 目的状语 结果状语 原因状语30目的状语 不定式可放于句首或句尾We do as much as we can to make our world beautiful.注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：To save money, every means has been tried.To save money, he
17、 has tried every means.To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.31 结果状语：表示事先没有料到，放于句尾 What I have said to make you angry? She beat other players to take the first place in the badminton game.32原因状语We were very excited to hear the news.作独立成分插入语,用来说明说话
18、人的态度,对整个句子进行解释.To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked.33动词不定式做状语应注意：动词不定式做状语应注意：1.In order to和和so as to意义上没意义上没区别，但区别，但so as to不能不能置于置于句首句首2.adj/adv+enough（for sb） to3.too+adj/adv+to有肯定与否定有肯定与否定34注意： 1.如果在too 前有否定词，整个句子变为肯定意义：意味不太 Its never too old to learn. 2.当too 前面有only, all, but意思为
19、：非常 I am only too pleased to be able to help you. He was but too eager to get home.35 不定式的省略 当不定式在某些词后充当成分时，常可省略动词原形，但要保留不定式的符号“to”（1） 形容词后不定式的省略，如：happy, glad, eager, anxious, ready-Would you mind looking after my cat?-Not at all. I am happy to.（2） 动词后不定式的省略， 如： like, love, care, wish , hope, want,
20、 expect, prefer, mean, try, oblige, advise, persuade-Will you go to the cinema with us?-Sorry, I dont want to.36（3） 宾语补足语中的省略， 如： ask, tell, order, persuade, advise, permit, allowThe boy wants to ride his bike in the street, but his mother tells him not to.（4） 在某些固定用法中的省略，如：ought to, have to, used t
21、o, be able to，be going to-Alice, why didnt you come yesterday?-I was going to, but I had an unexpected visitor.375.及物动词want, need, require等，当其主语是“物”时，表示“需要”，常用动词不定式的被动式作宾语。(=want,need,require+doing)Your bedroom needs to be cleaned.=Your bedroom needs cleaning.381. The purpose of new technologies is
22、to make life easier _ it more difficult. A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make 2. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job. A. Expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects3. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couples but it remains _ wh
23、ether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seenExercises:394. Charles Babbage is generally considered _the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented5. Allen had to call a taxi because the box was _ to carry all the way home. A. much too heav
24、y B. too much heavy C. heavy too much D. too heavy much406. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to7. Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking8.There
25、are five pairs _,but Im at a loss which to buy. A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing419._late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm. A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having sleep 10.With a lot of difficult problems _,the newly-elected president is having a hard time
26、 A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled4211.She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role_in making the earth a better place to live. A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing12.In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state run companies are trying _their products more competitive. A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made4313.The teacher asked us_so much noise. A.dont make B. not make C. not making D. not to make4445
