1、Section BLearning about Language1. professionby profession 就职业来说professor n. 教授professional adj.专业的；职业性的 n.专业人士，专家练习：Favorable policies are in effect to encourage employees _ (profession) development.professional2. get byget on（该及或问及某人）进展，进步get sth. out of 从中获得（有益的东西）get out of 逃避，规进，摆脱（责任或义务）；放弃，戒除
2、，抛弃（习惯）get over 解决，克服，控制；从疾病（或震惊断绝关系等）中恢复常态get through (to sb.) 到达（某人处）；（用电话）接通，打通，联系上get through (sth.) 顺利通过（考试等）；（使正式通过，获得采纳）get (sth.) across (to sb.) 被传达被理解，把讲清楚get around传播，流传，各处走动get away (from.) 摆脱（某人）；远离（某地）get down to sth. 开始做某事；开始认真对待某事get in 到达get sb. in 请某人来家里做事get sth.in 收集，收割练习：Each pl
3、ay has a theme or central idea which the playwright (剧作家) hopes to _ (传达) through dialogue and action.get across3. applaudapplaud sb.为某人鼓掌applaud . for (doing) sth.因（做）某事而赞赏applause n. 鼓掌，喝彩 thunderous applause雷鸣般的掌声a round of applause一阵鼓掌/喝彩 a storm of applause暴风雨般的掌声练习：The performance was so good
4、that the _ (applaud) didnt die down until there was an encore (返场加演节目).applause动词不定式由to+动词原形构成（在某些情况下可以省略to），具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。其否定形式为not + 动词不定式。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。具体形式如下表所示（以do为例）： 语态语态时态时态主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态一般式一般式to doto be done进行式进行式to be doing 完成式完成式to have doneto have been done完成进行式完成进行式to hav
5、e been doing 动词不定式在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等多种成分。1. 作主语（1）动词不定式作主语时，在很多情况下都可以用v-ing替代，但表示某些具体情况，或表示较强烈的对比，或在某些固定说法中时，通常不用v-ing替代。（2）动词不定式作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。（3）若动词不定式太长，则往往用it代替动词不定式作形式主语，不定式移至句末，以使句子结构平衡。To err is human.金无足赤，人无完人。/人非圣贤，孰能无过。To finish this job in one day is impossible.要在一天之内完成这项工作是不可能的。（表示具
6、体的情况）It is very interesting to play in the snow in winter.冬天在雪地里玩是很有趣的。2.作表语动词不定式置于be动词后而作表语时，常表示将来的动作或起解释说明的作用，其主语常常是dream，wish，idea，plan，tsk，purpose，duty，job等表示意向、打算、职责等意义的词。His dream is to become an astronaut.他的梦想是成为一名字航员。My main task is to get this company running smoothly.我的主要任务是使这家公司运转顺利。3.作宾语
7、（1）有些动词后常跟不定式（而不跟v-ing）作宾语，如decide，afford，agree，attempt，choose，detemine，demand，expect，fail，hope，manage，offer，plan，prepare，pretend，promise，refuse等。Tinas decided to go to Rome for her holidays. 蒂娜已决定去罗马度假。My dad has offered to pick us up. 我爸爸主动提出开车来接我们。I cant afford to take flying lessons. 我付不起飞行驾驶课程的
8、费用。She failed to pass her driving test. 她未能通过驾照考试。（2）用于“动词+it+adj./n.+动词不定式”结构中，其中it为形式宾语，动词不定式为真正的宾语。能用于该结构的动词有feel，find，think，believe，consider，make 等。I find it pleasant to work with him. 我发现跟他一块儿工作挺愉快的。I think it useful to learn a foreign language. 我认为学一门外语是有用的。4作定语动词不定式作定语时，应放在被修饰词的后面。（1）动词不定式作定语
9、的几种情况：序数词、形容词最高级或the last/the only/the next等后或被这些词修饰的名词后常用动词不定式作定语。He is the best man to do the job. 他是做这项工作的最佳人选。He is always the first to come and the last to leave.他总是第一个来，最后一个走。抽象名词time，way，reason，chance，opportunity，ability，promise，attempt等后常用动词不定式作定语。Interest is as vital to learning as the abil
10、ity to understand，even more so.对于学习来说，兴趣同理解能力一样重要，甚至更重要。He made a promise to come here on time tomorrow.他许诺明天按时来这儿。something，nothing，anything等不定代词后常用动词不定式作定语。Do you have anything to say？你有什么要说的吗？动词不定式作定语可表示将来的、还没发生的动作。He said he had an important meeting to attend.他说他有一个重要的会议要参加。There are still many
11、problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the moon.在我们准备好长时间停留在月球上之前，还有许多问题要解决。在there be句型中，作主语的名词后可接动词不定式作定语，不定式用主动式或被动式均可，一般用主动形式表示被动意义。There is nothing to worry/to be worried about.没什么可担心的。注意：在there be句型中，当由讲话人去执行不定式的动作，表示义务、责任或必要性时，动词不定式多用主动形式；由别人去执行动作，表示可能性时，多用被动形式。如：There ar
12、e still many things to take care of.还有许多事需要我们处理。（讲话人处理）There are still many things to be taken care of.还有许多事需要处理。（别人处理）（2）动词不定式中的动词与被修饰词之间的关系动宾关系当动词不定式中的动词与被修饰词之间是逻辑上的动宾关系时，动词不定式既可以用主动形式，也可用被动形式，这取决于动词不定式所表示的动作是否是由句子的主语发出的。试比较：Do you have anything to send？你有什么东西要寄吗？（动词不定式to send所表示的动作的执行者是主语you）Do y
13、ou have anything to be sent？你有什么东西要（我或别人）寄吗？（动词不定式（to be sent 表示的动作的钱不是主语，而是我或别人）主谓关系动词不定式中的动词与被修饰词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，是指被修饰词是动词不定式中的动词的逻辑主语，此时的动词不定式相当于关系代词作主语的定语从句。We need someone to help with the need that can help with the work.我们需要有人来帮忙做这工作。In our school she is the only student to attend the important m
14、eeting. = In our school she is the only student that is to attend the important meeting.她是我们学校唯一一名要去参加这次重要会议的学生。5. 作状语动词不定式可用作目的状语、原因状语、结果状语等。（1）作目的状语动词不定式作目的状语时，其所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，一般放在句子后部，表示强调，也可位于句首；其前可加in order和so as，但加so as时不能放在句首。I came here to say goodbye to you. 我来这儿是为了向你告别。He ran fast a
15、ll the way so as to/in order to catch the first bus.他一路快速奔跑以便赶上第一班公共汽车。In order to pass the exam, he studied hard till midnight.为了通过考试，他努力学习到半夜。（2）作原因状语动词不定式常跟在作表语的形容词和过去分词之后，用来说明产生某种情绪或作出某种评价的原因。此类词有happy，lucky，surprised，sorry，glad，delighted，eager，anxious，ready，foolish，interested，careless等。Were qui
16、te glad to meet you here. 我们很高兴在这儿见到你。They were very surprised to be informed of the news. 被告知这个消息他们很吃惊。You were careless to leave your bike unlocked. 放下自行车不锁，你真粗心。（3）作结果状语动词不定式作结果状语时往往表示意想不到的或是不愉快的结果。其前有时可以加上only以加强语气。He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.他到了车站，却被告知火车已经开走了。注意：现在分
17、词（短语）作结果状语多表示顺其自然的结果，即句子和结果状语之间有一定的因果关系。Jack has made great progress, making his parents very happy.杰克取得了巨大的进步，这让他的父母很高兴。6.作补语（1）ask，tell，invite，get，advise，allow，want，permit，warm，order，encourage，prefer，expect，force，wish，beg等表示命令、教导、要求、意向、允许、警告等意义的动词后可接动词不定式作宾语补足语。My teacher encouraged me to study ab
18、road. 我的老师鼓励我出国留学。Her parents dont allow her to go out at night. 她父母不允许她晚上出去。（2）believe，consider，declare，find，imagine，prove，suppose，think等表示意见、认可、判断、料想、声明等意义的动词后的宾语补足语常是“to be”或“to have been”形式。The answer proved to be wrong.结果表明这个答案是错的。I believe him to be honest.我相信他是诚实的。They found him to be charmin
19、g.他们觉得他很有魅力。I judged him to have been a teacher.我判断他曾是一位教师。He/encouraged me/participate in the surfing competitionHe encouraged me to participate in the surfing competition. (OC)The storm/seems/be getting closerThe storm seems to be getting closer. (P)Magellan/was the first person/sail around the wo
20、rldMagellan was the first person to sail around the world. (Attr)The UN peacekeeping force/aims/maintain peace and prevent armed conflictsThe UN peacekeeping force aims to maintain peace and prevent armed conflicts. (O)The crowd/stood/applaud/scientists/for their important ocean research workThe cro
21、wd stood to applaud scientists for their important ocean research work. (Ad)It is a good idea/tax/plastic bottles/so that people use them lessIt is a good idea to tax plastic bottles so that people use them less. (S)The Jiaolong manned submersible/is said/be able/reach 7 km underwaterThe Jiaolong ma
22、nned submersible is said to be able to reach 7 km underwater. (SC) It remains/be seen/whether or not his capsule can workIt remains to be seen whether or not his capsule can work. (P)1. No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when its better _ (remain) silent.2. Ive had many dreams si
23、nce I was a child. Now my dream is _ (open) a cafe.3. New technologies have made it possible _ (turn) out new products faster and at a lower cost.4. The two girls are so alike that strangers find it difficult _ (tell) one from the other.5. Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power
24、of technology _ (change) lives.to remainto open to turnto tellto change6. This small group bike tour is a fantastic way _ (see) the world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington, D.C.7. Volunteering gives you a chance _ (change) lives, including your own.8. The airport _ (complete)
25、next year will help promote tourism in this area.9. Were having a meeting in half an hour. The decision _ (make) at the meeting will influence the future of our company.10. The local government doesnt have to sacrifice environmental protection _ (promote) economic growth.to see to changeto be comple
26、tedto be madeto promote11. You dont have to run fast or for long _ (see) the benefit.12. The old man sat in front of the television every evening, happy _ (watch) anything that happened to be on.13. Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only _ (find) it didnt fit.to seeto watch to find
