1、英语句子成分英语句子成分Sentence Components一、句子成分一、句子成分?（一）句子成分的定义：（一）句子成分的定义：?构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。?句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；?主要成分有主语和谓语；主要成分有主语和谓语；?次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和足语、同位语和插入语插入语。二）主语：二）主语：?主语主语 (Subject)表示句子说的是什么人或什么事，是一表示句子说的是什么人或什么事，是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。个句子所叙述的主体，一般位
2、于句首。但在但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. （名词）2.We often speak English in class. （代词）3.One-th
3、ird of the students in this class are girls.（数词）4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）5.Smoking does harm to the health. （动名词）6.The rich should help the poor. （名词化的形容词）7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. （主语从句）8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it
4、作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语（三）谓语?谓语谓语 (Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：?1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：成。如：He practices running every morning.The plane took off at ten oclock.（三）谓语（三）谓语?2、复合谓语：、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：）由情态动词加动词
5、原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. （2）由助动词加动词原形）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词现在分词,过去分词构过去分词构成。如：成。如：Do you speak English？They are working in a field.He has caught a bad cold. （3）由系动词加表语构成。如：）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。（四）表语（四）表语?表语表语(Predicative)?用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与
6、身份，用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。等）之后。?表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：语从句表示。例如：1.Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）（名词）2.Is it yours?（代词）（代词）3.The weather has turned cold.（形容词）（形容词）4.T
7、he speech is exciting.（现在分词）（现在分词）5.Three times seven is twenty one.（数词）（数词）6.His job is to teach English.（不定式）（不定式）7.His hobby is playing football.（动名词）（动名词）8.The meeting is of great importance.（介词短语）（介词短语）9.Time is up. The class is over.（副词）（副词）10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（
8、表语从句）注意：系动词（注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，一词，例如：例如：He isa teacher. 2）持续系动词持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：例如：He always kept silent at meeting.3）表像系动词表像系动词用来表示用来表示“看起
9、来像看起来像”这一概念，这一概念，主要有主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：例如：He seems (to be) very sad.注意：系动词（注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：例如：This kind of cloth feelsvery soft. 5）变化系动词变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn,
10、fall, get, go, come, run.例如：例如：The river was beginning to run dry. 6）终止系动词终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达表达“ 证明是证明是;结果是结果是” ，之意，之意，例如：例如：The rumor(谣言谣言) proved false. His plan turned out a success.（五）宾语（五）宾语?宾语（宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1
11、.He is doing his homework.（名词）2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词、动名词）3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（名词、数词）4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词，名词）5.He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）6.I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）7.
12、I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）?宾语种类宾语种类：?（1）双宾语（间接宾语双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），直接宾语），例如：例如：?Lend me your dictionary, please.to: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, bring, throw等，例如：等，例如：He sent the novel to William yesterday.for: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, g
13、et, order, post, save等，例如：等，例如：She bought a gift for her mother.?（2）复合宾语（宾语复合宾语（宾语+宾补），宾补），例如：例如：?They elected him their monitor.?下列动词只能接不定式做宾语下列动词只能接不定式做宾语ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, w
14、ish, desire等，如：等，如：He refused to lend me his bike.?下列动词只能接动名词做宾语下列动词只能接动名词做宾语admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如：等，如：John has admitted breaking the window.?下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如宾语，但意义不同，如mean, try, remember, forg
15、et, regret等。等。?forget to do表示表示“未发生的动作未发生的动作”，forget doing表示表示“已完成的动作已完成的动作”。如：。如：?Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来还没来)?I forgot returning the book to him.?(书已还给他了书已还给他了)?（六）宾语补足语（六）宾语补足语?宾语补足语（宾语补足语（Object Complement），），用于用于补充说明宾语的动作补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构
16、成复复合宾语合宾语。?需接复合宾语的动词有：需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。等。“宾补宾补”一般可由名词、形容一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：从句充当。例如：1.His father named him Xiaoming.（名词）2.They painted their boat white.（形容词）3.Let the fresh air in.（副词）4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to y
17、ou.（不定式短语）5.We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）6.We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）（七）定语（七）定语?修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。?定语可由以下等成分表示：定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词（形容词）2.China is a developi
18、ng country; America is a developed country.（分词（分词）3.There are thirtywomenteachers in our school.（名词）（名词）4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）（代词）5.Our monitor is always the firstto enter the classroom.（不定式短语）（不定式短语）6.The teachingplan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）（动名词）7.He
19、is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）（介词短语）8.She is the girl who sings best in my class.(定语从句定语从句)（八）状语（八）状语?修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示）。可由以下形式表示 ：1.Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）2.He has lived in the city for
20、 ten years. （介词短语）3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）4.He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）5.Wait a minute.（名词）6.Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）9种状语种类如下：1. How about meeting again at six（时间状语）?2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party b
21、ecause of the rain.（原因状语）3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor（地点状语）.5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）6.In order to catch up with the others, I （目的状语）must work harder.7.He was so tired th
22、at he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）8.She works very hard though she is old.?（让步状语）9.I am taller than he is.（比较状语）（九）同位语（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：数词、代词或从句担任，如：This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.This is good news that he has found his son.（十）插入语（十）插入语
23、（Parenthesis）对一句话）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe)等，如：等，如：To be frank,I dont quite agree with you.句子成分详解表句子成分详解表句子成分句子成分主语主语意义意义表示句子说的是什么人或什么表示句子说的是什么人或什么事事说明主语做什么，是什么或怎说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样么样表示动作行为的对象表示动作行为的对象与联系动词连用，一起构成谓与联系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质或特征语，说明主语的性质或特征用来修饰名词或代词
24、用来修饰名词或代词修饰动词，形容词，副词，表修饰动词，形容词，副词，表示动作发生的时间，地点，原示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，结果等因，目的，方式，结果等逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系充当词类充当词类名，代，数，不定名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或式，动名词，短语或句子句子动词或动词词组动词或动词词组同主语同主语同主语同主语形，代，数，名形，代，数，名 , 副，介词短语或句子副，介词短语或句子副词，介词短语或句副词，介词短语或句子子形容词，名词，介词形容词，名词，介词短语等短语等例句例句We study in Shenzhen MiddleSchool.She is
25、 dancing under the tree.Both of us like English.Her father is a chemist.His words sound reasonable.We have eight lessons every day.He works very hard.They held a party in Hollywood.She always keeps the house clean.谓语谓语宾语宾语表语表语定语定语状语状语宾语宾语补足语补足语主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，
26、动词作谓不可无！练习练习一一.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：S.?1. The students got on the school bus.Attribute?2. He handed me the newspaper.O.?3. I shall answer your question after class.AdverbialPredicate?4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!Attribute?5. They went hunting together early in the morning.Adve
27、rbialAdverbialPredicative?6. His job is to train swimmers.?7. He took many photos of the palacesAttributein Beijing.O. Adverbial?8. There is going to be an American filmS.tonight.Predicate?9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.Predicate?10. His wish is to become a scientist.S.Predicative?11. He ma
28、naged to finish the work in time.PredicateO.?12. Tom came to ask me for advice.Adverbial?13. He found it important to master English.FO.RO.O.?14. Do you have anything else to say?Attribute?15. To be honest，your pronunciation is Parenthesis Adverbialnot so good.?16. Would you please tell me your O.ad
29、dress?AdverbialAdverbial?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.FS.?18. It is our duty to keep our classroom Predicativeclean and tidy.O.C.?19. He noticed a man enter the room.O.C.?20. The apples tasted sweet.Predicative划分划分句子成分句子成分1. We are working .2.I can swim very well .3.The waiter brought a bot
30、tle of beer to me .4.Why does the wind blow .5.The rain has been pulling down for a whole day .6.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music .7.Jim asked you to give his best wishes to everyone .8.You must get the car ready by tomorrow .9.I have a lot of clothes to wash .I have a lot of clothes to be wash
31、ed .10.He gave his son some advice on reading .11.Read me the first paragraph .12.Ive ordered some soup for you .13.He began leaning English ten years ago .14.My being late worried my teacher .15.That president himself would visit our school excited all of us .16.April Day is the special day of the
32、year when you play a joke on someone .17.He usually takes a nap after lunch ,as is his habit .18.I found the book in the corner of the room.19.he finished lunch and went into the garden .20.The telephone rang .21.We study hard .22.His father might have died .23.Will you leave the door open when goin
33、g out .24.Can you make the dog stand still ?25.The landlord had them working day and night .26.I think a sound knowledge of grammar is important to good writing .27.We all breathe ,eat, drink .28.I woke up at 6:00 in the morning .29.The book weighs five kilos .30.They will be flying to London .31.Th
34、e shop assistant found some certain materials for me .32.He promised me a new English-Chinese dictionary.33.Please pass a newly- published magazine to me .34.He lived in Guang Zhou .35.The father is showing the boy how to plant trees .36.His uncle left him some money .37.She is teaching the piano to
35、 several of the village children and she has taught us English for 3 years .38.I like popular music .39.She knows what to do next .40.It excited all of us that the president would visit our school .二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（）、谓语（）、宾语（）：?I hope you are very well. Im fine, but tired. Right now it is the summe
36、r vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where
37、it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. ?Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesnt often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water th
38、e vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（）、状语（）、补语（）：?Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. Its gr
39、eat! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours
40、 behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents. 四、选择填空：?( )1. _ will leave for Beijing.?A. Now there the man ?B. The man here now?C. The man who is here now ?D. The man is here now?( ) 2. The
41、 weather _.?A. wet and cold B. is wet and cold?C. not wet and coldD. were wet and cold?( ) 3. The apple tasted _.?A. sweets B. sweetly ?C. nicely D. sweet?( ) 4. He got up _ yesterday morning.?A. lately B. late ?C. latest D. latter?( )5. The actor _at the age of 70.?A. dead B. died ?C. dyed D. dying
42、?( )6. _ were all very tired, but none of _ would stop to take a rest.?A. We, us B. Us, we ?C. We, our D. We, we?( )7. He found the street much _.?A. crowd ?C. crowded B. crowding D. crowdedly?( ) 8.I think _necessary to learn English well.?A. its B. it ?C. that D. that is?( ) 9. The dog _ mad.?A. l
43、ooks ?C. is being looked B. is looked D. was looked?( )10.I will never forget the day _ I joined the army.?A. that B. when ?C. in which D. where句子的类型句子的类型1 1主语主语+ +谓语谓语2 2主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语3 3主语主语+连系动词连系动词+表语表语4 4主语主语+ +谓语谓语+ +双宾语双宾语( (直接宾语和间直接宾语和间接宾语接宾语) )5 5主语主语+ +谓语谓语+ +复合宾语复合宾语( (宾语和宾语宾语和宾语补足语补足语) )
44、简单句简单句并列句并列句复合句复合句并列复合句并列复合句1 简单句简单句:只有一个主语只有一个主语(或并列主语或并列主语)和一个谓语和一个谓语(或或并列谓语并列谓语)的句子叫做简单句的句子叫做简单句:He learns German.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.We sang and danced yesterday evening.My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back homeat seven in the evening.简单
45、简单句句的五种基本结构的五种基本结构1. 主语主语+谓语谓语2. 主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语3. 主语主语+系动词系动词+表语表语4. 主语主语+谓语谓语+直接宾语直接宾语+间接宾语间接宾语5. 主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语1.1. 主语+ +谓语Danny came back. It is raining.Some of them failed.1你应当努力学习。你应当努力学习。You should study hard. 2 那天早上我们谈了很多。那天早上我们谈了很多。That morning we talked a great deal.2 2 主语+ +谓语+
46、+宾语?观察下面一个例句，你能找到句中的观察下面一个例句，你能找到句中的“主主语语” 、“谓语谓语” 、“宾语宾语”吗吗?I谓语谓语beat主语主语you .宾语宾语SVO?因此这是个典型的因此这是个典型的“主谓宾主谓宾”句型。句型。3.3. 主语+ +系系动词动词+ +表语She was at home then.He became famous. He got angry.They all keep silent.1我的兄弟都是大学生。我的兄弟都是大学生。My brothers are all college students. 2布朗夫人看起来很健康。布朗夫人看起来很健康。Mrs Bro
47、wn looks very healthy.More examples:1). The weather is very cold.2). She felt happy.3). Please keep silent!4). My father is an English teacher.5). The Lijiang River looks especiallybeautiful in the early morning.6). The surface of the table feels smooth.7). Leaves will turn yellow in autumn.8). The
48、soup tasted delicious.9). That sounds reasonable.4.4. 主语+ +谓语+ +直接宾语+ +间接宾语Mary told us the reason.Danny sent me a film ticket.John gave her some suggestions 1. 他把车票给列车员看。他把车票给列车员看。He showed the ticket to the conductor. 2. 我父亲已经给我买了一辆新自行车。我父亲已经给我买了一辆新自行车。My father has bought me a new bike.5.5. 主语+ +
49、谓语+ +宾语+ +宾语补足语Mom asked him to turn off the radio. I observe a girl go by every day. She heard a baby crying downstairs.He let us use his computer. 1 他请我们参加做游戏。他请我们参加做游戏。He asked us to join in the game.2 我要你把真相告诉我。我要你把真相告诉我。I want you to tell me the truth.Exercise 1. Our school is not far from my h
50、ome. 主语主语 系动词系动词 表语表语?2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you ?3. All of us considered him honest. 主主 谓谓 宾宾+宾补宾补?4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.主主 谓谓 宾宾+宾宾主主 谓谓 宾宾?5. He broke a piece of glass. ?6. He made it clear that he would leave the city主主 谓谓 宾宾+宾补宾补?7. Trees turn green
