1、大纲 颅内血管的特点 TIA的病理生理 进展 治疗 有待探讨的问题颅内血管的特点 血管与其相应供血区的关系 血管壁的结构 穿支的问题 血管走行特点TIA的病理生理 大动脉狭窄型 栓塞型 腔隙型 混合型进展 自然病程 药物治疗 WASID 支架治疗 首例 目前报道的小结进展 第一例颅内动脉支架（第一例颅内动脉支架（2019年年7月）月）Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 2019 Jul;38(3):316-9 Use of coronary Palmaz-Schatz stent in the percutaneous treatment of an intracranial c
2、arotid artery stenosisFeldman RL, Trigg L, Gaudier J, Galat J.Ocala Heart Institute, Florida, USA.A 69-yr-old man had chronic transient ischemia attacks due to severe stenosis of the intracranial portion of the right carotid artery. After failure of both antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy, treat
3、ment was successful with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and a coronary Palmaz-Schatz stent. Use of the stent led to a better angiographic result than angioplasty alone. The patient is asymptomatic 4 mo later.进展进展 SSYLVIA Trial WINGSPAN Trial （prospective, multicenter study ） selfexpanding mic
4、rostent 45 patients with stenoses 50% ipsilateral stroke or death rate of 30-d 4.4% 6-m 7.1%进展 多中心、随机对照研究进展 As technology and experience evolve, this procedure is becoming increasingly effective and safe for the treatment of intracranial atherosclerotic disease, and guidelines are being developed fo
5、r its use.Hartmann M, et al. Curr Op Neurol. 2019;18:3945.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2019;26:23232327.进展 Within peri-procedure Stroke and death 8.3% Annual stroke 3% - 5%Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2019;16:297308.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2019;26:525530.进展 This procedure, however, remains hazardous with up to 50%
6、 of patients showing new, ipsilateral ischemic lesions on diffusion-weighted MR images.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2019;26:385389.进展 Intracranial angioplasty with or without stenting should be offered to symptomatic patients with intracranial stenoses who have failed medical therapy Similar to revascular
7、ization for extracranial carotid artery stenosis, patient benefit from revascularization for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis is critically dependent on a low periprocedural stroke and death rate and should thus be performed by experienced neurointerventionistsJ Vasc Interv Radiol 2019; 16
8、:12811285进展 Drug-eluting stents, although showing promise in coronary and canine vessels for the prevention of restenosis, are still not ready for human cerebral arteries because of differing histology and questions of drug neurotoxicity.Pelz D, Advances in Interventional Neuroradiology 2019. Stroke
9、. 2019;37:309-311.)治疗 手术适应症 TIAs or stroke attributed to intracranial stenoses of 50% diameter reduction Evidences of atherosclerotic risk factors or dissection Evidences of decreased perfusion distal to the stenosis治疗 狭窄率的测量AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21:643646, April 2000治疗 Determined by the following c
10、riteria First choice：The diameter of the proximal part of the artery at its widest, nontortuous, normal segment was chosen治疗 Second choice：If the proximal artery was diseased (eg, middle cerebral artery origin stenosis), the diameter of the distal portion of the artery at its widest, parallel, non-t
11、ortuous normal segment was substituted治疗 Third choice：If the entire intracranial artery was diseased, the most distal, parallel, non-tortuous normal segment of the feeding artery was measured治疗 技术成功标准 Residual stenosis 30%治疗 术前评估 临床 影像 脑实质 脑血管 脑灌注 术前准备 标准的颅内支架置入技术 Reduce related procedural complicat
12、ions治疗术前评估 临床病史: 现病史、既往史、过敏史 物理检查：神经系统、全身实验室检查：病因、危险因素治疗术前评估 影像脑实质脑灌注脑血管治疗 脑实质 头颅CT 头颅MRI治疗 脑灌注灌注CT磁共振的PWI氙CTPETSPECT治疗 脑血管 超声检查 CTA CEMRA 脑血管造影脑血管造影治疗 造影分型 Mori分型 A型病变：同心性或适度偏心性狭窄，长度5mm B型病变：偏心性狭窄，长度5-10mm，或闭塞，但时间10mm，血管明显扭曲，或闭塞时间3个月PTA时 A型 B型 C型 卒中率 8% 26% 87%1年的再狭窄率 0 33% 87%治疗LMA分型 部位（Location）分
13、型 病变的形态学（Morphology）分型 径路（Access）分型治疗 部位（Location）分型 N型：非分叉处病变 A型：分叉前病变 B型：分叉后病变 C型：跨分叉，但边支无狭窄 D型：跨分叉，但边支有狭窄 E型：边支开口狭窄 F型：分叉前狭窄，并边支狭窄AEFABCD治疗 病变的形态学（Morphology）分型 A型：长度 45）或不规则狭窄，闭塞时间10mm，成角（ 90）狭窄，或狭窄周围有许多细小新生血管，闭塞时间3个月治疗 径路（Access）分型型：适度迂曲，管壁光滑型：较严重的迂曲型：严重迂曲，管壁不光滑治疗 术前准备 术前7天，口服阿司匹林 300mg，qd 氯吡格雷
14、 75mg，qd 术前2小时，静脉泵注尼膜同 对于次全闭塞的病变可给予抗凝治疗 心、肺功能的评价（全麻）治疗 手术过程 全麻或局麻 入路的选择 上肢 下肢 术中肝素治疗 手术过程 导引导管的置入 微导丝的放置 直接放置 交换技术 支架的置入 常规置入方法 特殊置入方法治疗 颅内专用支架 国际 Wingspan 国内 Apollo治疗 术后的治疗和监护 TCD的监测和术后评价 即刻神经功能的评价 即刻头颅CT 术后抗凝、抗血小板 血压的调控 危险因素的治疗有待探讨的问题 PTA与支架的对照研究 药物与支架的随机、对照研究 颅内血管的定义 颅内血管病变性质的确定 最佳支架置入时机 药物洗脱支架的应用谢 谢
