1、状语从句的翻译英语中的状语从句种类繁多，用法复杂，可以用来表示时间、地点、条件、目的、结果、原因、让步、方式、比较等意义。由于英汉两种语言在表达习惯上的不同，在状语从句的安排上存在着明显的差异。英语中的状语从句多用在主句后面，而汉语中则习惯于将状语从句放在主句之前，因此在翻译成汉语时一般将状语从句置于主句前面。当然，对于不同的状语从句，在翻译时也需要根据汉语习惯来灵活翻译。下面将具体介绍各种状语从句的翻译方法。一、时间状语从句 在英语中，时间状语从句的连接词有：when（当的时候），whenever（每当），as（当时）， since（自从），until（直到，如果不），till（直到），be
2、fore（在前），after（在后），as soon as（一就），once（一旦），the moment（一就），immediately（一就），no sooner than（一就），hardly/scarcely when（一就），the instant（一就），instantly（一就），the minute（一就），the second（一就），every time（每当），by the time（等到的时候）等。在翻译成汉语时，一般应将这些连接词引导的状语从句置于主句前面。1） 译成相应的表示时间的状语。与原句顺序一致。例如：After he had worked in the fa
3、ctory for ten years, he decided to go abroad.在这家工厂工作了十年之后，他决定出国。While Jack was reading, Jim was writing.杰克阅读的时候，吉姆在写东西。后置改前置。例如：Please turn off the light when you leave the room.离屋时请关灯。He entered the room when the meeting was going on.正当开会的时候，他走进了房间。2)译成并列的分句。译文前置。例如：They set him free when his ranso
4、m had not yet been paid.他还没有交赎金，他们就把他放了。Shell be coming over as soon as Ive settled down.我一安顿下来，她就会过来。顺序不变。例如：I was about to speak when Mr. Smith cut in.我正要说话，史密斯先生就插嘴了。She stood there until he had passed out of sight.她站在那里看着，直到他消失在视野之中。3)译成“刚（一） 就”的句式。例如：She came to the scene the moment she heard o
5、f the accident.她一听说发生了事故，就立刻到现场来了。No sooner had he got off the train than his daughter ran towards him.他刚一下车，女儿就冲他跑了过来。二、地点状语从句 状语从句由where, wherever和everywhere引导，可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后。where指“在某个地方”，wherever指“在任何一个地方”，everywhere指“每一地方”。按照汉语的习惯，地点一般放在句子中比较靠前的位置，而英语中的状语从句大多放在主句的后面，因此翻译的时候一定要根据具体情况进行必要的调整。1）
6、译成相应的表示地点的状语与原句顺序一致。例如：Wherever we go, we must build up good relationship with people.无论我们走到哪里，都要和人们建立良好的关系。You should put the book where it was.你应该把书放在原来的地方。后置改前置。例如：Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions.在任何存有疑问的地方做一个记号。He is useless where tact is needed.需要用到手腕的时候，他就不行了。2）译成条件关系句或让步关系句
7、由于where引导的状语从句除了可以表示地点关系，还可以表示条件和让步等关系，所以在翻译时，需要将这样的句子译成表示条件或让步关系的句子。例如：Where there is love, there is faith.只要有爱，就会有诺言。（表示条件）There is never peace where men are greedy.人类贪欲不止，世界和平无望。（表示条件）Go where you should, keep on studying.无论你到哪里，你都应该继续学习。（表示让步）Unfortunately, where we should expect gratitude, we o
8、ften find the opposite.遗憾的是，虽然我们本该得到感激，但得到的却常常是怨恨。（表示让步）三、条件状语从句 状语从句的引导词主要有：if（如果）, unless（除非）, only if（只要）, if only（但愿）, suppose/supposing（假如）, as/so long as（只要）, when（如果）, given that（假设）, provided/providing that（假如）, granted/granting that（假定）, on condition that（条件是）。条件状语从句可以位于主句的前面或后面，而在汉语中条件状语大多
9、置于主句之前，所以译成汉语时，大多数的条件状语从句一般需要前置。但是在少数的表示补充说明条件时，也可以将条件状语从句置于主句之后。1）译成表示条件的分句，一般前置。例如：When this question is answered, even better and cheaper magnetic materials can be developed.如果这一问题得到解决，就能研制出更好、更便宜的磁性材料。So (As) long as you keep on trying, you will surely succeed.只要你继续努力，你就一定会成功。I shall go tomorrow
10、 unless it rains.除非明天下雨，否则我就要走了。2）译成表示“假设”的分句，一般前置。例如：If one of them collapsed, as they often did, the guide used to carry him over the mountains.如果其中一个人垮了，这种事常在他们中间发生，向导就要背着他过山。We would lend him the money if he didnt break his promise.如果他不违背诺言的话，我们就会把钱借给他。In case Tom comes, please tell him to wait.
11、假如汤姆来了，请让他等一下。The tyres would burst if they did not have the pressure of the atmosphere against the surface.如果没有空气对轮胎表面的压力，轮胎就会爆裂。You may use my bike provided you give it back to me tomorrow.要是你明天早上能还我，你就可以骑我的自行车。3）译成补充说明情况的分句，一般后置。例如：You can drive tonight if you are ready.你今晚就可以出车，如果你愿意的话。四、目的状语从句
12、目的状语从句一般由that（为了，以便）, so that（为了，以便）, in order that（为了）, lest（以防，以免）, for fear that（以防，以免）, in case（以防，以免）等引导。目的状语从句的译法比较灵活，既可以译成前置状语，也可以置于主句之后，区别不大，翻译时可以根据具体情况选择。1）译成表示目的的前置分句，常用“为了”、“省（免）得”、“以免”、“以便”、“生怕”等引导。例如：They stepped into a helicopter and flew high in the sky in order that they might have a
13、 birds eye view of the city.为了鸟瞰这座城市，他们跨进直升机，高空飞行。She got up early this morning so that she could catch the first bus.为了能够赶上头班公交车，今天早晨她很早就起床了。They hide themselves behind some bushes for fear that (in case) the enemy should find them.为了不让敌人发现，他们躲在树丛后面。2）译成表示目的的后置分句，常用“省（免）得”、“以免”、“以便”、“使得”、“生怕”等引导。例如
14、：The murderer ran away as fast as he could so that he might not be caught.凶手尽快地跑开，以免被人抓住。The teacher underlined the words so that (in order that) the students might pay special attention to it.老师在一些词语下面划线，为的是让同学们特别注意这些词。He emphasized it again and again, lest she should forget.他反复强调这一点，免得她忘记了。五、结果状语从
15、句 结果状语从句一般由sothat, suchthat, so that, such that, so, that, to such a degree that, to such an extent that, with the result that等引导，通常翻译成“如此以至于”、“结果”、“所以”、“因此”。翻译成汉语时，结果状语从句通常放在表示原因的主句之后。1）译成表示结果的后置分句，句中使用连接词。例如：He delivered such an inspiring speech that everybody got excited.他所作的演讲如此鼓舞人心，以至于大家都非常激动。H
16、e made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted.他做了错误的决定，结果毁掉了半生。He didnt abide by the contract, so he was fined.他没有遵守条约，因此被罚了款。2）译成表示结果的分句，但是不使用任何连接词。例如：The professor speaks so fast that we find it difficult to follow him.这位教授说话太快，我们很难理解他的意思。He speaks quickly, the tone of his voice
17、 so arresting that it sobers everyone.他很快地讲下去，语调十分引人注意，大家都安静地听着。The swan was protected by law, so that it increased in number rapidly.天鹅得到了法律保护，其数量很快地增加了。六、原因状语从句 原因状语从句一般由because（因为）, since（既然，由于）, as（由于，因为）, now that（既然）, seeing that（既然）, considering that（考虑到，因为）, in that（在于）, by reason that（因为）,
18、in view of the fact that（鉴于，考虑到）。翻译成汉语时，原因状语从句通常置于表示结果的主句之前，也就是“前因后果”的形式。翻译原因状语从句时，可以考虑连接词使用的多样性，不要一味地翻译成“因为所以”，还可翻译成“由于”、“既然”、“原因是”等等。1）译成表示原因的分句。具体分为以下两种情况：“因”在“果”之前。将表示原因的分句置于主句之前，体现出“前因后果”这一关系。例如：Because he did not obey the regulations, he was punished.因为他没有遵守规定，所以受到了处分。Now that you are old enou
19、gh to judge things, you should start your own career.既然你已经长大，能辨明事理了，就应该去开创自己的事业。She looked down on him by the reason that he was poor.因为他穷，她看不起他。He disliked her on the grounds that she is lazy.因为她很懒，所以他不喜欢她。“果”在“因”之前。将表示原因的分句置于主句之后，有时也可以套用“之所以是因为”这一结构。例如：She could get away with anything, because she
20、 looked such a baby.她能渡过任何风险，因为她看上去简直还像娃娃模样。She probably didnt attend the meeting because I didnt see her in the hall.她可能没有参加会议，因为我在大厅里没有看到她。Because he was too careless, he didnt pass the exam.他之所以没有通过考试，是因为他太粗心大意了。2)译成因果偏正复句中的主句。例如：Pure iron is not used in industry because it is too soft.纯铁太软，所以不用在
21、工业上。Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion.他深信这件事正确可靠，因此坚持己见。3)译成无关联词的因果关系并列分句。例如：There must be no one in the house for the door is locked.门锁着，屋子里肯定没人。After all, it did not matter much, because in 24 hours they were going to be free.反正关系不大，24小时以后他们就自由了。七、让步状语从
22、句 英语中表示让步关系的连接词主要有：though (虽然), although (虽然), even if (即使), while (尽管), as (尽管), wherever (无论哪里), whatever (无论什么), whenever (无论何时), whoever (无论谁), however (无论怎样), no matter (不论，不管), for all that (尽管), granted that (即使), in spite of the fact that (尽管), despite the fact that (尽管)。翻译的时候，通常将这些连接词引导的让步状
23、语从句置于主语之前，译成表示让步的分句。例如：Poor speaker of English though I was at the time, I still managed to make myself understood.尽管当时我的英语说得不好，我还是让他们听懂了我的意思。Whoever (No matter who) you are, you must obey the school regulations.不管是谁，都必须遵守校规。I still think that you made a mistake while I admit what you say.就算你说得对，我仍认
24、为你做错了。Small as it was, the army had great fighting capacity.这支部队虽不大，战斗力却很强。八、方式状语从句 英语中引导方式状语从句的连接词主要有：as (正如，按照), just as (正如，犹如), as if (好像，仿佛), as though (好像，仿佛)。1）译成“按照”时，一般需要置于主句主语和谓语之间。例如：Please do as I told you.请按照我所讲的去做。I have changed it as you suggest.我已按照你的建议做了修改。2）译成“正如”或“好像，仿佛”时，一般需要置于主句
25、之后。例如：Just as water is the most important of liquids, so air is the most important of gases.空气是气体中最重要的一种，正如水是液体中最重要的一种一样。Some flowers shut up at night as if they do this in order to sleep.有些花在夜间就会收拢，仿佛要睡眠一样。She stood at the door as if she was waiting for someone.她站在门口，好像在等谁似的。九、比较状语从句 比较状语从句通常由as或th
26、an引起，其中as表示同级比较，than表示不同程度的比较，有些句子成分通常省略。这类从句和大多数状语从句不同，它们不修饰动词，而是修饰as，so，less，more等副词，或其他比较级的词。翻译时，首先确定好进行比较的两个对象，将as引导同级比较译为“像”，将than引导的不同程度的比较译为“比”或“比较”。例如：I havent done as much as I should have liked. 我没有干得像我希望的那么多。No other men work as hard as his brother （does）.没有人像他哥哥那样努力工作。The project was completed earlier than we had expected.这项工程完成得比我们预计的早。You are a little heavier than when I saw you last.你比我上次见到你时胖了一点。8
