1、Unit 3 Environmental ProtectionLearning About LanguageBuild up your vocabulary1Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the words in the box.broadcast comprehensive ecology starve seize1.The Amazon basin,known as the“lungs of the world”,not only provides some _ balance for the plant,but also
2、 food and resources for the local natives.2.Thousands of baby penguins _ to death because the changing climate forced their parents to leave them and travel long distances in search of food.3.Many experts link Chinas economic success to the _ reform that China has undergone since 1978.4.The speaker
3、said the media should make more _ that spread awareness of the climate crisis and possible solutions.5.To deal with climate change,we must _ the initiative to do whatever is necessary to protect our environment.ecologicalseizestarvedcomprehensivebroadcastsfuel policy release restrict sustain trend f
4、uel:a substance such as coal,oil,or petrol that is burned to provide heat or power policy:a set of ideas or plans that is used as a basis for making decisions,especially in politics,economics,or business release:to let a substance flow out restrict:to limit or control the size,amount,or range of som
5、ethingsustain:to cause or allow something to continue for a period of time trend:a general tendency in the way a situation is changing or developing 2Complete the passage with the correct forms of the words in the box.Build up your vocabulary2Complete the passage with the correct forms of the words
6、in the box.Carbon dioxide is _ through human activities such as destroying forests and burning fossil _,as well as natural processes such as volcanic eruptions.The measurements by climate experts show a rising _ of carbon dioxide emissions.If this continues,our planet will face further environmental
7、 disasters.In response to this environmental issue,China is implementing significant _ and measures to address climate change,aiming to _ coal consumption,promote a harmonious relationship between man and nature,build a _ energy system,and advocate a moderate,green,and low-carbon lifestyle.releasedf
8、uelstrendpoliciesrestrictsustainablefuel policy release restrict sustain trend Build up your vocabulary3The following words and phrases can all mean“to make something happen”.Look them up in the dictionary and discuss their differences.Then create sentences of your own using each of them.EXAMPLEAcco
9、rding to the report submitted by researchers,between 20 and 25 percent of all annual carbon dioxide emissions are caused by the destruction of tropical forests.A breakdown in the computer system was responsible for yesterdays chaos in the subway station.cause be responsible for bring about lead to r
10、esult inBuild up your vocabularycauseto make something happen,especially something bade.g.Heavy traffic is causing delays on the freeway.be responsible for to be the person who caused something to happen,especially something bade.g.Who is responsible for this terrible mess?Keys:3The following words
11、and phrases can all mean“to make something happen”.Look them up in the dictionary and discuss their differences.Then create sentences of your own using each of them.cause be responsible for bring about lead to result inBuild up your vocabularybring about to cause it to happene.g.The only way they ca
12、n bring about political change is by putting pressure on the country.lead to to result in(something)e.g.There is no doubt that stress can lead to physical illness.result into cause(something)to happene.g.The disease resulted in his death.3The following words and phrases can all mean“to make somethin
13、g happen”.Look them up in the dictionary and discuss their differences.Then create sentences of your own using each of them.cause be responsible for bring about lead to result inBuild up your vocabulary重点词汇1.restrict vt.restriction n.2.undergo vt.3.implement vt.4.tropical adj.5.vt.&vi.播送；广播；传播 n.广播节
14、目，电视节目6.n.政策；方针；原则 7.vt.抓住；夺取；控制8.vt.&vi.改革；（使）改正；改造 n.改革；变革；改良9.adj.和谐的 10.vt.&vi.提交；呈递；屈服 11.adj.敏感的；善解人意的；灵敏的限制；限定；束缚 限制规定；限制法规；约束 经历；经受（变化、不快等）使生效；贯彻；执行热带的；来自热带的 broadcastpolicyseizereformharmonious submit sensitiveBuild up your vocabulary1.代表（代替）某人2.二氧化碳3.化石燃料4.逐渐消亡；灭绝5.温室效应6.与分享7.volcanic erup
15、tion 8.deal with _9.be responsible for 10.nuclear power 11.dozens of 12.low-carbon lifestyle on behalf ofcarbon dioxidefossil fueldie outgreenhouse effectshare.with.火山喷发 处理；应付 对负责 核能 许多；很多 低碳生活方式 重点词汇Build up your vocabulary重点词汇短语讲解1.Many experts link Chinas economic success to the comprehensive ref
16、orm that China has undergone since 1978.许多专家把中国经济的成功与中国自1978年以来所经历的全面改革联系在一起。reform vi.&vt.改革；（使）改正；改造改革；（使）改正；改造 n.改革；变革；改良改革；变革；改良 The education system in Britain was crying out for reform.英国的教育制度急需改革。We need to consider how the law might be reformed.我们得斟酌法律应如何修订。Build up your vocabularyPart 1 Bui
17、ld up your vocabulary2.promote a harmonious relationship between man and nature,.促进人与自然之间的和谐关系，harmonious adj.和谐的和谐的 a harmonious combination of colours和谐的色彩搭配 If everyone can reach out a helping hand to others,the world around us will be more and more harmonious.如果每个人都能伸出援助之手，那我们的世界将会变得越来越和谐。【词汇拓展】
18、harmony n.和谐；协调；和睦；融洽harmoniously adv.和谐地重点词汇短语讲解3.According to the report submitted by researchers,.根据研究人员提交的报告，submit vt.&vi.提交；呈递；屈服提交；呈递；屈服 Completed projects must be submitted by 10 March.完成的方案必须在3月10日前提交上来。She refused to submit to threats.她面对威胁，拒不低头。【词汇拓展与搭配】submission n.屈服；投降；提交（物）submit sth
19、to sb 向某人提交/呈递某物submit oneself to 顺从于；屈服于重点词汇短语讲解Build up your vocabulary4.The reporter asked,“Will polar bears die out because of climate change?”记者问道，“北极熊会因为气候变化而灭绝吗？”die out 逐渐消亡；灭绝逐渐消亡；灭绝 Many species will soon die out if we dont take action.如果我们不采取行动，许多物种将很快灭绝。True love will never die out and l
20、ast forever.真爱永远不会消失，而会永存。【词汇拓展与搭配】die away（声音、光线、风等）逐渐减弱 die down 逐渐变弱；逐渐平息（有递减的过程）die off 相继死去（有递减的次序）The wind died away at dusk.黄昏时风逐渐减弱了。The noise has died down.喧闹声逐渐消失了。Many trees are dying off for lack of water.由于缺水，许多树相继枯死。重点词汇短语讲解Build up your vocabulary5.Im doing a project on behalf of my s
21、chool about global warming.我正在代表我校做一个关于全球变暖的项目。on behalf of 代表（代替）某人代表（代替）某人 The legal guardian must act on behalf of the child.法定监护人应该维护这个孩子的利益。On behalf of everyone here I want to thank you for your help.我代表在场的各位感谢你的帮助。重点词汇短语讲解Build up your vocabulary1Work in groups.Look at the sentences in both c
22、olumns and discuss the differences between each pair.Summarise the rules for changing direct speech into indirect speech.1.The expert said,“From the position of its dead body,the bear appeared to have starved and died.”2.The reporter asked,“Will polar bears die out because of climate change?”3.The r
23、eporter asked,“How can we save polar bears from extinction?”4.“Lets work together to stop climate change,”the expert said.1.The expert said that from the position of its dead body,the bear appeared to have starved and died.2.The reporter asked whether polar bears would die out because of climate cha
24、nge.3.The reporter asked how we could save polar bears from extinction.4.The expert advised us to work together to stop climate change.Direct SpeechIndirect SpeechBuild up your vocabulary直接引语&间接引语英语中常用两种方式引用别人说的话。一种是直接引述别人英语中常用两种方式引用别人说的话。一种是直接引述别人的原话，把它放在引号内，叫直接引语；另一种是用自己的话的原话，把它放在引号内，叫直接引语；另一种是用自己
25、的话转述别人说的话，叫间接引语。转述别人说的话，叫间接引语。She said,“Im an English teacher.”她说：“我是一名英语老师。”（直接引语）She said that she was an English teacher.她说她是一名英语老师。（间接引语）Discover useful structures如果把直接引语变为间接引语，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间如果把直接引语变为间接引语，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语和地点状语等一般均要做相应的改变。其变动的一般规则如下状语和地点状语等一般均要做相应的改变。其变动的一般规则如下：一、人称变化的三原则一、
26、人称变化的三原则1.“第一人称随主第一人称随主”原则原则如果直接引语中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称修饰，在间接引语中，从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称而变化。Mary said,“I want to have a computer of my own.”玛丽说：“我想有一台我自己的电脑。”（直接引语中为第一人称）Mary said that she wanted to have a computer of her own.玛丽说，她想拥有一台她自己的电脑。（间接引语中随主语改为第三人称）Discover useful structures2.“第二人称随宾第二人称随宾”原则原则如果直接引语中
27、的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人称修饰，在间接引语中，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。Her colleague said to her,“Who did you ask for a leave?”她的同事问她：“你向谁请假了？”（直接引语中为第二人称）Her colleague asked her who she had asked for a leave.她的同事问她向谁请假了。（间接引语中随宾语改为第三人称）Discover useful structures3.“第三人称不更新第三人称不更新”原则原则直接引语变间接引语时，如果直接引语中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称修饰，在
28、间接引语中，从句中的人称一般不需要变化。Mr Li said,“Jack is a good worker.”李先生说：“杰克是一位好工人。”（直接引语为第三人称）Mr Li said Jack was a good worker.李先生说杰克是一位好工人。（间接引语中人称不变）Discover useful structures二、时态的变化二、时态的变化直接引语变间接引语时，如果主句为过去时态，则间接引语的时态相应直接引语变间接引语时，如果主句为过去时态，则间接引语的时态相应向前推一个时态。向前推一个时态。如下表所示：如下表所示：直接引语直接引语间接引语间接引语句子时态句子时态一般现在时一
29、般现在时一般过去时一般过去时现在进行时现在进行时过去进行时过去进行时现在完成时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时一般过去时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时不变不变一般将来时一般将来时过去将来时过去将来时 Discover useful structuresHis friend said to him,“We are planning to have a picnic.”他的朋友对他说：“我们计划去野餐。”（直接引语为现在进行时）His friend told him that they were planning to have a picnic.他的朋友告诉他说，他们计划去野餐
30、。（间接引语为过去进行时）The organizer said,“We have begun our plan.”组织者说：“我们已开始了我们的计划。”（直接引语为现在完成时）The organizer said that they had begun their plan.组织者说，他们已开始了他们的计划。（间接引语为过去完成时）Discover useful structures【注意】【注意】当直接引语是客观真理、谚语或格言的情况下，直接引语变间接引语时，时态无变化。My teacher said to us yesterday,“Early birds catch worms.”昨天老
31、师对我们说：“早起的鸟儿有虫吃。”（直接引语是谚语）My teacher told us yesterday that early birds catch worms.昨天老师告诉我们早起的鸟儿有虫吃。（变成间接引语时态不变）Discover useful structures三、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语及方向性动词的变化三、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语及方向性动词的变化引语引语 用词用词直接引语直接引语间接引语间接引语指示代词指示代词this 这个that 那个these 这些those 那些时间状语时间状语now 现在then 那时today 今天that day 那天this mor
32、ning 今天上午that morning 那天上午tonight 今天晚上that night 那天晚上tomorrow 明天the next/following day 第二天 Discover useful structures时间状语时间状语yesterday 昨天the day before 前一天last night 昨天晚上the night before 前一天晚上the day before yesterday 前天two days before 两天前three days ago 三天前three days before 三天前next week 下一周the next/f
33、ollowing week 第二周ago（至今）以前before（那时）以前地点状语地点状语here 这儿there 那儿方向性动词方向性动词bring 带来take 带走come 来go 去 Discover useful structuresShe asked,“Is this book his?”她问：“这本书是他的吗？”（直接引语中用this）She asked whether that book was his.她问那本书是不是他的。（间接引语中改为that）“Ill be very busy today,”said the man.那个人说：“我今天会很忙。”（直接引语中用toda
34、y）The man said he would be very busy that day.那个人说，那天他会很忙。（间接引语中改为that day）Discover useful structures四、连接词的选择四、连接词的选择1.直接引语是陈述句直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时变为间接引语时，常变成由常变成由that引导的宾语从句。在引导的宾语从句。在口语中口语中，that可以省略。可以省略。He said,“I am very happy to help you.”He said(that)he was very happy to help me.2.直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句
35、或反意疑问句时，间接引语中用直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句时，间接引语中用whether(.or.或或.or not)或或if引导引导。He said,“Are you interested in English?”He asked(me)if/whether I was interested in English.【注意】【注意】如果主句中谓语动词是said，则将其改为asked。Discover useful structures3.直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语仍用原句中的特殊疑问词来引导，其直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语仍用原句中的特殊疑问词来引导，其余的变化遵照直接
36、引语和间接引语之间的转换规则来进行。余的变化遵照直接引语和间接引语之间的转换规则来进行。“Whats your name?”he asked me.He asked me what my name was.“Where is your textbook?”the teacher asked me.The teacher asked me where my textbook was.【注意】【注意】疑问句的直接引语变间接引语时，要把疑问语序变成陈述语序。Discover useful structures五、直接引语为祈使句时的变化五、直接引语为祈使句时的变化直接引语为祈使句变间接引语时，要根据
37、说话人的情感和语气使用直接引语为祈使句变间接引语时，要根据说话人的情感和语气使用ask、invite、advise、warn、tell、order等词，再把祈使句的动词原形变为带等词，再把祈使句的动词原形变为带to的的不定式。如果祈使句为否定式，在不定式前加不定式。如果祈使句为否定式，在不定式前加not。He said to me,“Dont be late tomorrow.”He told me not to be late the next day.The official said,“Get ready before lunch.”The official ordered us to
38、get ready before lunch.Discover useful structures2Here are some statements and questions by children who attended scientific lectures.Guess who they were talking to and then change the sentences into indirect speech.NameStatements/QuestionsDiane“What made Hurricane Katrina unusual?”“Was it the worst
39、 natural disaster in American history?”Martha“I want to become a scientist and help the world.”“Im doing a project on behalf of my school about global warming.”Bob“Why is nuclear power a sensitive topic?”“Could you explain how the nuclear disaster happened?”Laura“How many animals have disappeared be
40、cause of human hunting?”“What can we do to help wild animals?”Vincent“Ive never been to the Amazon Jungle.”“Will scientists discover new species there?”Part 2 Discover useful structuresNameStatements/QuestionsDianeDiane asked what had made Hurricane Katrina unusual.Diane asked if/whether it had been
41、 the worst natural disaster in American history.Martha Martha said she wanted to become a scientist and help the world.Martha said she was doing a project on behalf of her school about global warming.BobBob asked why nuclear power was a sensitive topic.Bob asked if/whether I could explain how the nu
42、clear disaster happened.LauraLaura asked how many animals had disappeared because of human hunting.Laura asked what they could do to help wild animals.VincentVincent said he had never been to the Amazon Jungle.Vincent asked if/whether scientists would discover new species there.2Here are some statem
43、ents and questions by children who attended scientific lectures.Guess who they were talking to and then change the sentences into indirect speech.Discover useful structures3Work in groups.Do a survey on what your group members are doing to help the environment and what else they can do.Then report t
44、o the class.EXAMPLEI asked my group members what they did to limit the amount of carbon dioxide produced in their daily lives.Jack told me that he often walked or rode a bike instead of taking a taxi.Joe advised us to share books with others.Sally asked us.MichelleI always use my cloth bag when I go shopping,rather than use plastic bags.JackI often walk or ride a bike instead of taking a taxi.SallyDont print out documents unless really necessary.JoeWould it be best to share books with others?Homework Discover useful structures
