1、考研英语基础语法英语词组（名词性、形容词性和副词性词组）谓语动谓语动词词 Verb时间时间状态状态一般一般进行进行完成完成完成进行完成进行过去过去一般过去时一般过去时 过去进行时过去进行时 过去完成时过去完成时 过去完成进过去完成进行时行时现在现在一般现在时一般现在时 现在进行时现在进行时 现在完成时现在完成时 现在完成进现在完成进行时行时将来将来一般将来时一般将来时 将来进行时将来进行时 将来完成时将来完成时 将来完成进将来完成进行时行时过去将来过去将来过去将来时过去将来时过去将来进过去将来进行时行时过去将来完过去将来完成时成时过去将来完成进过去将来完成进行时行时谓语动词谓语动词时间时间状态
2、状态一般一般进行进行完成完成完成进行完成进行过去过去didwas/were doinghad donehad beendoing现在现在do/doesam/is/are doinghave/has donehas/have been doing将来将来will dowill be doingwill have donewill have beendoing过去将来过去将来would dowouldbedoingwouldhavedone wouldhave beendoing谓语动词谓语动词谓语动词谓语动词状状态：完成态：完成时态时态I had notlearnt any knowledgeo
3、f grammarbeforeI took CET-6.在考六级以在考六级以前前，我从来没学过任何语法知识，我从来没学过任何语法知识。Next year,I will havelearnt English for 18years.到明年，我就已经学了到明年，我就已经学了18年英语年英语了了。过去完成过去完成时时过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一一动作动作已已经发经发生生之前之前已已经完经完成成的动的动作作。简简而言之，过去完成时，表而言之，过去完成时，表示示“过过去去的过的过去去”。形式形式：had+动词的过去分词动词的过去分词 He had already bee
4、n to NY earlier in this week.She did not go to bed until she had finished her work.At that time we had not done it.The country had not yet recovered from the effects of the war.She told me she had not enjoyed the film,but I decided to go and see it all the same.过去完成过去完成时时 He had already been to NY e
5、arlier in this week.他在一周前就已经去过纽约了。She did not go to bed until she had finished her work.她直到完成了所有工作后才上床睡觉。At that time we had not done it.直到那时我们还没做到。The country had not yet recovered from the effects of the war.She told me she had not enjoyed the film,but I decided to go and see it all the same.表示较早的
6、过去，表示较早的过去，即即某一时刻之某一时刻之前前已经已经完完成的成的动动作作。过过去完去完成成时常时常见见的的时时 间状语有：间状语有：by(yesterday),by then,by the end of(last)或者由或者由when,before等等 引出状语从句。有时句子中会引出状语从句。有时句子中会有有already,just,once,ever,never等词语，等词语，也会也会有有for或或since构成的时间状语。构成的时间状语。过去完成过去完成时时过去完成过去完成时时 They had already finished cleaning the classroom when
7、 their teacher came.The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat.The patient had died when the doctor arrived.He had already gone when I arrived.After we had landed,the plane was searched thoroughly.By last May I had not seen her since 1993.They had already finished cleaning the classroom w
8、hen their teacher came.在老师进来前，他们已经清理完了教室。The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat.在他意识到她是个骗子前，这个女人已经离开了。The patient had died when the doctor arrived.在医生来之前，病人已经去世了。He had already gone when I arrived.我到达前他已经走了。After we had landed,the plane was searched thoroughly.在我们着陆后，飞机就被彻底的搜查了一遍。By l
9、ast May I had not seen her since 1993.到去年五月为止，我从1993年起就没见过她。过去完成时过去完成时过去完成过去完成时时 过去完成时常用于过去完成时常用于宾语从句宾语从句中中，表示表示一一个个过去过去的的动作动作先先于另于另一一个过个过去去动动作作 的用法，一般主句中使用的用法，一般主句中使用了了realize,know,think,suppose,guess,find,discover,remember,forget等动词的一般过去等动词的一般过去式式，如，如果果宾语宾语从从句中句中的的动作动作 先于主句的动作，通常用过去完成先于主句的动作，通常用过去
10、完成时时。We realized we had lost our way.我们才意识到我们已经迷路了。He knew he had met her before.他知道他曾经见过她。过去完成过去完成时时 强调过去动作的完成。强调过去动作的完成。I began collecting stamps in May,and by November I had collected more than 2000.我在五月的时候开始收集邮票，到十一月为止，我已经收集了超过2000个邮票了。将来完成将来完成时时表示到将来某一时刻已经完成的动表示到将来某一时刻已经完成的动作作或状或状态态。形式：形式：wil/s
11、hall+have+动词的过去分词动词的过去分词 I shall have done it by next week.我将在下周之前完成这件事。I shall have completed my report by Friday.我将在周五前完成我的报告。The snow will have disappeared before the end of February.在二月底前雪就会完全消失的。将来完成将来完成时时表示将来某一个时刻已经完成的表示将来某一个时刻已经完成的动动作，作，一一般要般要用用一个一个表表示将示将来来时间时间的的词，词，如如by引导的介词短语，或引导的介词短语，或when
12、，before引导引导的的状语状语从从句。句。Iwill have finished the job by that time.到那时我将到那时我将会完成我的工作。会完成我的工作。By the year of 2015,thepopulation here will have risen to over 20 million.到到2015年，那里的人口将会增长到超年，那里的人口将会增长到超过过2000万。万。By the year of 2050,China will have become a modern and powerful country.到到2050年，中国将会变成一个现代化强国
13、。年，中国将会变成一个现代化强国。将来完成将来完成时时表示将来某一时间内持续发生的表示将来某一时间内持续发生的动动作。作。He will have reorganized the company in about half a year.他将在未来的半年内重组公司。We will have been married 25 years on this July.到今年七月，我们就结婚25年了。将来完成将来完成时时将来完成时，经常与表示完成的将来完成时，经常与表示完成的动动词连词连用用，比，比如如：build，complete，finish;此外在此外在“believe，expect，hope，s
14、uppose”等动作后，也常用等动作后，也常用 将来完成时。将来完成时。I expect you will have changed your mind by tomorrow.我希望你能在明天前改变你的想法。Workers will have completed the new roads by the end of this year.在今年结束前，工人们将会完成这条新路的建设。主动主动一般一般进行进行完成完成完成进行完成进行过去过去didwas/were doinghad done现在现在do/doesam/is/are doinghave/has done 仅作了解仅作了解将来将来wi
15、ll dowill be doingwill have done过去将来过去将来仅作了解仅作了解时态时态我打你我打你.I beatyou.你你被被我打我打了了顿顿。You are beatenby me.“把把”字句字句“被被”字句字句以示以示“客观客观”语态语态Sheis lovedbyall the children.所有的孩所有的孩 都都爱爱她她。他他被被所有的所有的孩孩爱爱着着。The road is beingwidenrecently.最近我们正最近我们正在在加宽加宽马马路路。最近这条马最近这条马路路正正在在被被加加宽宽。语态语态被动被动一般一般进行进行完成完成过去过去was/we
16、re+donewas/werebeing+donehad been+done现在现在am/is/are+doneam/is/are being+donehave/has been+done将来将来will be+donewill be+beingdonewill havebeen+done语态语态1、so far wenothing from him.A have been heardB did not hear C have heardD have not heardCPracticePracticein that part of the city.2、At present a new ro
17、ad A is buildingB will be built C is changing D is being builtDPractice3、our citya great deal.It doesnt resemble the one of three years ago.A changesB has changed C is changing D will changeBPractice4、when Anna phoned me I had just finished my work and to take a bath.A was starting B have started C
18、startingD will startAPracticesome very bad storms recently.5、there A isB areC have been D haveCPracticeby several factors.6、the future price of this stock A is going to determineB will determineC will be determining D will be determinedDPractice7、the camera was invented in 19th century.at the time,p
19、rofessionals.most photographers A areB wereC have been D had beenBPracticewith us for three months.9、by next Sunday you A will have stayedB will stay C shall stayD have stayedAPracticea cigar.10、we could smell that someone A would be smokingB was smokedC had been smoking D would be smokedC进阶词法进阶词法词组
20、词组&短短语语成分成分地位地位功能功能性质性质形式形式主语主语 宾语宾语动作发出者动作发出者 动作接受者动作接受者n.n.词词/短语短语/句句词词/短语短语/句句谓语谓语表语表语主主成分成分动作动作补充说明主语补充说明主语v.n.+a./a时态时态/语态语态/情态情态/否定否定 词词/短语短语/句句d.补语补语补充说明宾语补充说明宾语n.+a./ad.词词/短语短语/句句定语定语修饰限定名词修饰限定名词a.词词/短语短语/句句状语状语修饰成分修饰成分补充状态补充状态ad.词词/短语短语/句句同位语同位语补充补充+解释解释n.词词/短语短语/句句词组词组&短语短语名词性短名词性短语语/形容词形容
21、词&副词短语副词短语/非谓非谓语语词组词组&短语短语A boy个男个男孩孩名词性短语及其名词性短语及其“延延展展”名词性短名词性短语语名词性短语及其名词性短语及其“延延展展”名词性短名词性短语语A boy个男孩个男孩A smart boy 个机智的个机智的男男孩孩名词性短语及其名词性短语及其“延延展展”名词性短名词性短语语A boy个男孩个男孩A smart boy 个机智的个机智的男孩男孩A smart boywith a confidentsmile 个有着个有着 信信微笑微笑的的机智机智男孩男孩名词性短语及其名词性短语及其“延延展展”名词性短名词性短语语A boy个男孩个男孩A smar
22、t boy 个机智的个机智的男孩男孩A smart boywith a confidentsmile 个有着个有着 信信微笑微笑的的机智机智男孩男孩A smart boy standing in theclassroom 个站在教个站在教室室的的机机智男智男孩孩名词性短语及其名词性短语及其“延延展展”名词性短名词性短语语A boy个男孩个男孩A smart boy 个机智的个机智的男孩男孩A smart boywith a confidentsmile 个有着个有着 信信微笑微笑的的机智机智男孩男孩A smart boy standing in theclassroom 个站在教个站在教室室的
23、的机机智男智男孩孩A smart boy whois standing in theclassroom 个正站在个正站在教教室室 的的机智机智男孩男孩A boyA smart boyA smart boy witha confident smileA smart boy standingin theclassroomA smart boy whois standingin theclassroom+冠词冠词+冠冠词词+形容词形容词+冠冠词词+形容词形容词+介词短语介词短语+冠冠词词+形容词形容词+分词短语分词短语+冠冠词词+形容词形容词+定语从句定语从句后置定语后置定语前置定语前置定语名词短语
24、名词短语名词性短语及其名词性短语及其“延延展展”名词性短名词性短语语名词性短语及其名词性短语及其“延延展展”名词性短名词性短语语【省略限定【省略限定词】词】Clean water【省略前置【省略前置定定语语】A boy【省略名词【省略名词】The rich/the poor/the public名词性短语及其名词性短语及其“延延展展”名词性短名词性短语语限定词限定词【1】数】数词词:one/two/three.;first/second【2】代】代词词:this/that/these/those【3】冠】冠词词:the/a/an名词性短语及其名词性短语及其“延延展展”名词性短名词性短语语限定词
25、限定词【1】数】数词词:one/two/three.;first/second【2】代】代词词:this/that/these/those【3】冠】冠词词:the/a/an名词性短语及其名词性短语及其“延延展展”名词性短名词性短语语限定词限定词【1】数】数词词:one/two/three.;first/second【2】代】代词词:this/that/these/thosethe特指特指a/an 数量一数量一个个“无无“泛指，类指泛指，类指【3】冠】冠词词:the/a/an 名词性短语及其名词性短语及其“延延展展”名词性短名词性短语语前置定语前置定语【1】形容词】形容词&多个形容词并多个形容词
26、并列列【2】名词所有格】名词所有格名词性短语及其名词性短语及其“延延展展”名词性短名词性短语语前置定语前置定语【1】形容词】形容词&多个形容词并多个形容词并列列【2】名词所有格】名词所有格蒂姆的包蒂姆的包 彼彼得的得的手表手表 玛玛丽的丽的猪猪20公里公里的的距离距离中文对应中文对应：A的的 BTims bag Peters watch Marys pigTwenty kilometers distance的的（所有所有）名词所有格名词所有格蒂姆的包蒂姆的包 彼彼得的得的手表手表 玛玛丽的丽的猪猪20公里公里的的距离距离中文对应中文对应：A的的 BTims bag Peters watch M
27、arys pigTwenty kilometers distance的（所有的（所有）名词所有格名词所有格As B(A通常为人，或距离通常为人，或距离)名词性短语及其名词性短语及其“延延展展”名词性短名词性短语语限定限定词：数词、词：数词、代代词、冠词词、冠词前置定前置定语语：常为形容词或多个形容词并：常为形容词或多个形容词并列列&名词所有格名词所有格名名词：单个名词或名词并列词：单个名词或名词并列后置定后置定语语：介词短语：介词短语/不定式不定式/分词分词短短语语/形容形容词词性短性短语语/定语定语从从句句多个形容词并多个形容词并列列名词所有格名词所有格介词短语介词短语复合形容词短复合形容词
28、短语语black or white,youngandoldA s B/B of ATims bag/doorof thehouse【prep.+n.性短语性短语】outlook onvalue outlook on world outlook on life【a.+a.=a.】The mistake typical of the beginners of English形容词性短形容词性短语语多个形容词并多个形容词并列列形容词性短形容词性短语语【EG1】This was not a terrorist attack against the mighty and the powerfulIt w
29、as aimed at ordinary,working-class Londoners,blackand white,Muslim and Christian,Hindu and Jew,youngand old.【EG2】A man approached the official,timid and hesitant.【EG3】All countries,large or small,should be equal.多个形容词并多个形容词并列列形容词性短形容词性短语语那那有很多有很多，不论男不论男 少少，坐在坐在 个个个个 狭狭窄的空间中窄的空间中。【翻【翻译译】多个形容词并多个形容词并列
30、列形容词性短形容词性短语语【翻【翻译译】那那有很多有很多，不论男不论男 少少，坐在坐在 个个个个 狭狭窄的空间中窄的空间中。there are a host of people-old and young,men and women-sitting within narrow spaces.多个形容词并多个形容词并列列形容词性短形容词性短语语【2009年年】描述：】描述：图中有很多图中有很多，不论男不论男 少少，围围绕绕着着 个个环环形形区区域域，坐坐在在 个个个个狭狭窄窄的的 空间中空间中。there are a host of people-old and young,men and wo
31、men-sitting within narrow spaces in a circular area.蒂姆的包蒂姆的包 彼彼得的得的手表手表 玛玛丽的丽的猪猪20公里公里的的距离距离中文对应中文对应：A的的 BTims bag Peters watch Marys pigTwenty kilometers distance的的（所有所有）名词所有格名词所有格中文对中文对应应：A的的 B祖国祖国的的花朵花朵 国家国家的的未来未来 民族民族的的兴旺兴旺介词短介词短语语（定定语语）flowers of the homeland future of the country prosperity of
32、 thenation祖国的祖国的花朵花朵 国家的国家的未来未来 民族的民族的兴旺兴旺中文对中文对应应：A的的 B介词短介词短语语（定定语语）B of A(A通常非人通常非人）中文对中文对应应：A的的 B B of A（A 非非人人）介词短介词短语语（定定语语）.的的?【栗子【栗子】房子房子的的门门The doorof the house.的的?【栗子【栗子】房子房子的的门门The doorof the house中文对中文对应应：A的的 B B of A（A 非非人人）介词短介词短语语（定定语语）.的的?.的的?of+A定语定语中文对中文对应应：A的的 B B of A（A 非非人人）介词短介
33、词短语语（定定语语）.的的?The doorof the house【栗子【栗子】房子房子的的门门房子房子里的里的门门？中文对中文对应应：A的的 B B of A（A 非非人人）介词短介词短语语（定定语语）.的的?【栗子【栗子】房子房子的的门门The doorof the house房子房子里的里的门门？The doorin the house中文对中文对应应：A的的 B B of A（A 非非人人）介词短介词短语语（定定语语）.的的?【栗子【栗子】房子房子的的门门The doorof the house房子房子里的里的门门？The doorin the house“的的”=prep.介词介词
34、常见介常见介词词：on/in/at/along/under/about/from/to/by/for中文对中文对应应：A的的 B B of A（A 非非人人）介词短介词短语语（定定语语）.的的?【栗子【栗子】房子房子的的门门The doorof the house房子房子里的里的门门？The doorin the house“的的”=prep.介词介词常见介常见介词词：on/in/at/along/under/about/from/to/by/for中文对应中文对应：A的的B B+prep.+A介词短语介词短语(A,B 均为名词均为名词）介词短介词短语语（定定语语）【栗子【栗子】人生观人生观
35、价价值观值观 世界世界观观科学发展观科学发展观中文对应中文对应：A的的B B+prep.+A(A,B 均为名词均为名词）介词短介词短语语（定定语语）【栗子栗子】人生观人生观 价值观价值观 世界观世界观介词短语介词短语（关关于于）人人生生（的的）观观（点点）（关关于于）价价值值（的的）观观（点点）（关于）世关于）世界（界（的的）观）观（点点）科学发展科学发展观观（关（关于于）科科学学（的（的）发展发展（的）的）观观（点点）中文对应中文对应：A的的B B+prep.+A(A,B 均为名词均为名词）介词短介词短语语（定定语语）【栗子栗子】人生观人生观 价值观价值观 世界观世界观介词短语介词短语（关关
36、于于）人人生生（的的）观观（点点）（关关于于）价价值值（的的）观观（点点）（关于）世关于）世界（界（的的）观）观（点点）outlook onlife outlook onvalue outlook onworld科学发展科学发展观观（关（关于于）科科学学（的（的）发展发展（的）的）观观（点点）scientific outlook ondevelopment复合形容复合形容词词词词组组核心原理核心原理：a.+a.a.多个形容词多个形容词或或形容形容词词短短语语；连；连接接复合形容复合形容词词词词组组核心原理核心原理：a.+a.a.多个形容词多个形容词或或形容形容词词短短语语；连；连接接【栗子栗子
37、】英语初学者英语初学者的典的典型型错错误误英语（的）英语（的）初初学学者者：beginners of English典典型（的型（的）：typical复合形容复合形容词词词词组组核心原理核心原理：a.+a.a.多个形容词多个形容词或或形容形容词词短短语语；连；连接接【栗子栗子】英语初学者英语初学者的典的典型型错错误误英语（的）英语（的）初初学学者者：beginners of English典典型（的型（的）：typicalThe typical mistake of the beginnersof Englishmistake typical of beginnersof Englishpra
38、cticeVitamins are organic compoundsnecessary for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals,including human.Vitamins are organic compounds necessary【for the normal growth and maintenance】【of life】【of animals】,including human.维维素是素是（包含包含 类类在在内内的的）动动物物生生命命的的正正常常生生长长和和维维持持所所必必须须 的有的有机机化合物化合物。
39、practiceagain and again,quickly and correctly【ad.+ad.=ad.】He speaksEnglish slowly tohis students.多个副词并列多个副词并列介词短语介词短语复合副词短语复合副词短语【prep.+n.性短语性短语】He run fast onhis wayhome.In thecontemporarysociety，核心核心(主要做状主要做状语语）：）：ad.+ad.副词性短副词性短语语非谓语动非谓语动词词吃饭好累。我有些事情要做。这是张由TF boys发的专辑。在校园，我记起了过去的。“谓语”和动作有关，但不是谓语非
40、谓语动非谓语动词词非谓语动非谓语动词词“谓语”和动作有关，但不是谓语吃饭吃饭好累。Eating is so tiring.我有些事情要做要做。I have something to do.这是张由TF boys发行发行的专辑。This is an album released byTF boys.走走在校园，我记起了过去的。Walking in campus,I remember the old days.非谓语动非谓语动词词Passing planes can be heard night and day.The teacher came into the classroom,holding
41、 a book in his hand.He bought a used car.The teacher came into the classroom,followed by five students.I have a lot of home work to do.I am coming to see you.Vinga.V-eda.to V1、（walk)is good form of exercise for both young and old.5、I cant stand(work)with Jane in the same office.She justwalking2、Jack
42、s never willing to alter any of his opinions.It is no usearguing(argue)with him.3、Please remain seated(seat);the winner of the prize will be annouced soon.accepting(accept)the decision without any4、It is difficult to imagine hisconsideration.workingto stoprefuse(stop)talking while she works.practice
43、非谓语动非谓语动词词【做主语】【做主语】To think of you makes meold.【做宾语】【做宾语】I cantbear to look back.【做表语】【做表语】Weare all above to die at last.【做宾语补足语】【做宾语补足语】I prefer him not to come.思念催思念催。往往事不堪回事不堪回。我们最终都会狗我们最终都会狗带带。我宁愿他不来。我宁愿他不来。【做定语】【做定语】She found no pretty dress to wear.她找不到可以穿的她找不到可以穿的好好看看的的裙裙【做状语】【做状语】Welive to
44、 love.（目的状语目的状语）To tell youthe truth,我们为爱我们为爱。实话实说实话实说,本质：一件事本质：一件事性质等同于性质等同于个个句子句子或或从句从句，故可做除谓语外的所有，故可做除谓语外的所有成成分分。非谓语动词非谓语动词句内成分句内成分性质性质动词不定式动词不定式可做除谓语外的所有成分（=从句）n./a./ad.动名词动名词主语，宾语，表语，同位语（名词性成分）n.现在分词现在分词定语，状语，表语，补语（形容词性成分）a./ad.过去分词过去分词定语，状语，表语，补语（形容词性成分）a./ad.非谓语动非谓语动词词核心要核心要义义：“不定不定”do done d
45、oingto do形式形式：to do动词不定动词不定式式动词不定动词不定式式性质等同于性质等同于个个句子或从句子或从句句，故可做除谓语外的所有，故可做除谓语外的所有成成分分。【做主【做主语语】To think of you makes mehappy.【做宾语】【做宾语】I cantbear to look back.【做表语】【做表语】Weare all about to die at last.【做宾语补做宾语补足足语语】I prefer him not to come.【做定语】【做定语】She found a dress to wear.【做状语】【做状语】Welive to lov
46、e.（的状的状语语）只要只要去想去想你你，我我就开就开。我不忍我不忍 去去回头回头看看。我们最终都我们最终都会狗会狗带带。我宁我宁愿他不愿他不要要来来。她她找找了了条条裙裙来来穿穿。我们为爱我们为爱。非谓语动非谓语动词词【做主语】【做主语】Saying is easier than doing.【做宾语】【做宾语】They confessed loving each other.He left without sayingoneword.【做表语】【做表语】The best way is being real.说说做容易做容易。他们承认彼此相爱。他们承认彼此相爱。他他不发就离开不发就离开了了。
47、诚实是上策。诚实是上策。【做定语】【做定语】sleeping-bag/walking sticks/parking lot【做状语【做状语】Generally speaking，通常情况下来说通常情况下来说,与普通名词比较与普通名词比较与动词不定式比较与动词不定式比较动作性动作性I wanttodie,but Imscaredof dying.持续持续性性,确定性确定性本质：动本质：动(持续性，动作性持续性，动作性）名）名词词n.Imnotscaredof death,but Imscaredof dying.非谓语动非谓语动词词本质词性本质词性：翻译特征：翻译特征：现在分词做形容现在分词做形
48、容词词【Clean water】is safe to drink.【Boiled water】is safe to drink.【That black dog】doesntbite.【A barking dog】doesntbite.过去分词做形容过去分词做形容词词非谓语动非谓语动词词T oys【made in Taiwan】are much better now.T oys【whichare madein Taiwan】are muchbetter now.Children【living in orphanages】makea lot of friends.Children【whoare l
49、iving in orphanages】make a lot of friends.【woundedin war】,the soldier wassent home.【Becausehewaswoundedin war】,the soldier wassenthome.The pigeon,【after flying 200miles】,wascaughtupin a net.The pigeon,【after it flew 200miles】,wascaughtupin a net.过去分词过去分词过去分词过去分词现在分词现在分词现在分词现在分词做后置定语做后置定语：ving/ved“v的
50、的n”&n与与v之间是之间是主主动动关关系系ving【E G】她天之内急剧变化的态度让我累觉不爱。分词做定分词做定语语做后置定语做后置定语：ving/ved“v的的n”&n与与v之间是之间是主主动动关关系系ving【E G】她天之内急急剧变剧变化的化的态度让我累觉不爱。分词做定分词做定语语做后置定语做后置定语：ving/ved分词做定分词做定语语“v的的n”&n与与v之间是之间是主主动动关关系系ving【E G】她天之内急急剧变剧变化的化的态度让我累觉不爱。Her attitude changing dramatically within one day has made me so tire
