1、Using language Unit 4 Breaking boundaries目录contentsGrammar IIVVocabulary buildingIIListening&speakingIIIHomeworkIGrammarGrammar:It as an empty subjectLook at the sentences and answer the questions.Sentences(a)and(c)are from the reading passage.a.But it is vital not to take any chances.b.But not to t
2、ake any chances is vital.c.It is important to remember that Ebola doesnt respect national boundaries.d.To remember that Ebola doesnt respect national boundaries is important.Look at the sentences and answer the questions.Sentences(a)and(c)are from the reading passage.1.What does“it”refer to in sente
3、nces(a)and(c)?2.What is the difference between the sentences in each group?Why does the author choose to use sentences(a)and(c)instead of(b)and(d)?Grammar:It as an empty subject1.What does“it”refer to in sentences(a)and(c)?Grammar:It as an empty subject“It”refers to“not to take any chances”in senten
4、ce(a)and“to remember that Ebola doesnt respect national boundaries”in sentence(c).Look at the sentences and answer the questions.Sentences(a)and(c)are from the reading passage.2.What is the difference between the sentences in each group?Why does the author choose to use sentences(a)and(c)instead of(
5、b)and(d)?Grammar:It as an empty subjectThe first sentences in each group use“it”as an empty subject at the beginning of the sentences.The reason why sentences(a)and(c)are chosen is that the sentences are kept balanced and the key information of the sentences is emphasised.Now look for more sentences
6、 with this structure in the reading passage,and summarise its use in your own words.l I felt it was my duty as a doctor to go there and offer my help.l It is so inspiring to have colleagues like Wilton,Maisy and Alfonso,.l.,it is absolutely essential for us all to collaborate to create a global comm
7、unity with a shared future of peace and prosperity.Grammar:It as an empty subjectit 作为形式主语作为形式主语Grammar:It as an empty subjectit 作为形式主语，所代替的是句子的逻辑主语，并作为形式主语，所代替的是句子的逻辑主语，并无无实际词义实际词义。这可以保持句子的结构平衡，。这可以保持句子的结构平衡，避免主语太避免主语太长长，显得头重脚轻。，显得头重脚轻。it 作为形式主语主要分为三种情况：作为形式主语主要分为三种情况：Grammar:It as an empty subject
8、1.代表不定式代表不定式根据句子的谓语又可以分为四种类型：根据句子的谓语又可以分为四种类型：1)be+形容词形容词+不定式不定式例如：It is difficult to translate the book.it 作为形式主语作为形式主语Grammar:It as an empty subject2)be+名词名词+不定式不定式例如：It was her duty to clean the room.3)be+介词短语介词短语+不定式不定式例如：It was against my principle to do that.4)及物动词及物动词+宾语宾语+不定式不定式例如：It cost 15
9、0 yuan to buy the dress.it 作为形式主语作为形式主语2.代表动名词代表动名词Grammar:It as an empty subjectit 代表动名词时，一般以代表动名词时，一般以“be+名词名词”作谓语，也作谓语，也可以以可以以“be+形容词形容词”作谓语。作谓语。例如：It is no use doing that.Its pleasant sitting here.it 作为形式主语作为形式主语3.代表从句代表从句具体又可以分为四种类型：具体又可以分为四种类型：Grammar:It as an empty subject例如：It is natural tha
10、t she knows everything about it.1)it+be+形容词形容词+从句从句2)it+be+名词名词+从句从句例如：It is a question how he did it.it 作为形式主语作为形式主语Grammar:It as an empty subject例如：It is not decided who will take over the company.3)it+动词的被动语态动词的被动语态+从句从句4)it+be/其他系动词其他系动词+that 从句从句例如：It may be/seems that he views the issue from a
11、 different perspective.3.代表从句代表从句it 作为形式主语作为形式主语it 作为形式主语时的一些常见句型：作为形式主语时的一些常见句型：1)It is clear/obvious/true/possible/certain/.that.例如：It is obvious that hes late.很明显他迟到了。Grammar:It as an empty subject2)It is important/necessary/right/strange/natural/.that.(should)do.例如：It is necessary that you do en
12、ough exercises before the race.你在比赛前做足够的运动是有必要的。3)It is said/reported/learnt/.that.例如：It is reported that a seven-year-old girl won the game.据报道，一个七岁的女孩赢了比赛。Grammar:It as an empty subject4)It is suggested/ordered/required/.that.(should)do.例如：It is suggested that the meeting(should)be put off.人们建议推迟会
13、议。it 作为形式主语时的一些常见句型：作为形式主语时的一些常见句型：5)It is a pity/shame/.that.例如：It is a pity that you didnt see such a good film.真可惜你没看到这么好的电影。Grammar:It as an empty subject6)It happens/seems/looks/appears/.that.例如：It happens that I know him.碰巧我认识他。it 作为形式主语时的一些常见句型：作为形式主语时的一些常见句型：7)It doesnt matter whether/if.例如：
14、It doesnt matter if you miss the bus,because theres another one 15 minutes later.你错过了这趟公交车也没关系，15分钟后还有一趟。Grammar:It as an empty subject8)It looks/seems as if.例如：It looks as if he is wrong.看起来像是他错了。it 作为形式主语时的一些常见句型：作为形式主语时的一些常见句型：9)It takes.(some time)to do.例如：It took us three hours to get there.去那里
15、要花费我们三个小时。Grammar:It as an empty subject10)It is+形容词形容词+(of sb)+to do.例如：It is kind of you to think so much of us.你为我们考虑那么多，你真是太好了。it 作为形式主语时的一些常见句型：作为形式主语时的一些常见句型：Rewrite the underlined parts using it as an empty subject.Grammar:It as an empty subjectAccording to the“2017 Hollywood Diversity Report
16、”,to get roles in American film and television is no longer quite so difficult for women and minorities.This is another small but important advance againstgender and racial discrimination.it is no longer quite so difficult for women and minorities to get roles in American film and televisionRewrite
17、the underlined parts using it as an empty subject.Grammar:It as an empty subjectThe report analysed 200 films released in 2015 and 1,206 TV shows from 2014 to 2015,and discovered that to become a leading actor in Hollywood is now a more realistic hope for minority actors.In more good news,to write a
18、nd direct Hollywood films is more common than before for women.it is now a more realistic hope for minority actorsto become a leading actor in HollywoodRewrite the underlined parts using it as an empty subject.Grammar:It as an empty subjectThe report analysed 200 films released in 2015 and 1,206 TV
19、shows from 2014 to 2015,and discovered that to become a leading actor in Hollywood is now a more realistic hope for minority actors.In more good news,to write and direct Hollywood films is more common than before for women.it is more common than before for women to write and direct Hollywood filmsRe
20、write the underlined parts using it as an empty subject.Grammar:It as an empty subjectThe bad news is that there is still a long way to go.Leading roles are more likely to be given to white actors.Asian American actors,in particular,still face problems.Even now,to cast white actors as Asian characte
21、rs is seen as acceptable by film studios.But at least the report shows that things are moving slowly in the right direction.it is seen as acceptable by film studios to cast white actors as Asian charactersDescribe the city using the information provided and it as an empty subject.Grammar:It as an em
22、pty subjectBeijing not a surprising thing/students see different skin colours in the same class possible/people hear many different languages and dialects easy/people find products from all over the world not difficult/foreigners settle down and find a job a common thing/people from different countr
23、ies work in the same companyDescribe the city using the information provided and it as an empty subject.Grammar:It as an empty subjectBeijing not a surprising thing/students see different skin colours in the same class possible/people hear many different languages and dialectsIt is not a surprising
24、thing for students to see different skin colours in the same class.It is possible for people to hear many different languages and dialects.Describe the city using the information provided and it as an empty subject.Grammar:It as an empty subjectBeijing easy/people find products from all over the wor
25、ld not difficult/foreigners settle down and find a jobIt is easy for people to find products from all over the world.It is not difficult for foreigners to settle down and find a job.Describe the city using the information provided and it as an empty subject.Grammar:It as an empty subjectBeijing a co
26、mmon thing/people from different countries work in the same companyIt is a common thing for people from different countries to work in the same company.Describe the city using the information provided and it as an empty subject.Grammar:It as an empty subjectBeijingBeijing today is multicultural.It i
27、s not a surprising thing for students to see different skin colours in the same class.It is possible for people to hear many different languages and dialects.It is easy for people to find products from all over the world.It is not difficult for foreigners to settle down and find a job.It is a common
28、 thing for people from different countries to work in the same company.Describe one of the cities using it as an empty subject where appropriate.Do online research if necessary.Grammar:It as an empty subjectToronto ShanghaiLondonSydneyIIVocabulary buildingVocabulary building Read the passage and ans
29、wer the questions.Pay attention to the expressions in bold.Nowadays,people all over the world are becoming more and more connected,as if the world were getting smaller as if we were living in a“global village”.Technology is largely responsible for bringing people together.bring together 使使团结起来；集合团结起
30、来；集合Vocabulary buildingChannels of communication,such as the mobile phone and the Internet,have made it possible to speak instantly with someone on the other side of the planet,enabling us to form close connections with people of completely different cultures.The television,meanwhile,is a window on
31、the world,giving us quick and easy access to other cultures and lifestyles.形成密切联系形成密切联系了解世界的窗口了解世界的窗口沟通渠道沟通渠道 Read the passage and answer the questions.Pay attention to the expressions in bold.Vocabulary buildingCultural exchange helps us to be more inclusive and to overcome culture shock.But inclus
32、iveness doesnt mean that our cultures will merge into one another.Rather,its about countries and people making a joint effort to come together to create a more harmonious and understanding world,so that we can all enjoy the mutual benefits.更包容的更包容的文化冲击文化冲击共同努力共同努力互惠互利互惠互利 Read the passage and answer
33、 the questions.Pay attention to the expressions in bold.Vocabulary building1.What phenomenon does the passage describe?2.What effect does technology have on cultural exchange?It describes the phenomenon of the“global village”as related to the promotion of technological and cultural exchange.Technolo
34、gy enables us to form close connections with people of completely different cultures and gives us quick and easy access to other cultures and lifestyles.Read the passage and answer the questions.Pay attention to the expressions in bold.Vocabulary building Complete the letter with the correct form of
35、 the expressions in the above activity.Dear Editor,Your article about living in a global village really struck a chord with me because Ive just returned from a teaching project in Cambodia and Thailand.I had been worried about the 1_,but fortunately the other volunteers and local teachers were reall
36、y welcoming.We were able to 2 _ each other as well as our students.culture shockform close connections withVocabulary buildingThroughout,we made 3_ to make our classes a success,so that we could all enjoy the 4 _ of working well together.It was rewarding to see how our work helped 5 _ from different
37、 cultures.a joint effortmutual benefitsbring people together Complete the letter with the correct form of the expressions in the above activity.Vocabulary buildingBefore I went,TV and the Internet were my 6 _,but being there in person was even better.I think the experience has taught me to 7 _ and I
38、 cant wait to do it all over again.Paulwindow on the worldbe more inclusive Complete the letter with the correct form of the expressions in the above activity.IIIListening&speakingListening&speaking Listen to the conversation and choose the main idea.1.More and more foreign words and expressions are
39、 entering the English language,especially those about food.2.Chinese food is popular in the UK,and many Chinese words and expressions are entering English dictionaries as a result.3.Intercultural communication is increasing,and people all over the world have a better understanding of each other.4.Wo
40、rld sports are bringing people together in the same way that food is.Listening&speakingListen again and complete the table.Phenomena ExamplesMore and more 1 _ into dictionaries these days.From Devon:grockleFrom Chinese:wok,chow mein,2 _ and chop sueyregional words are making it wontonListening&speak
41、ingPhenomena ExamplesBesides words,changes also happen to 3 _ _.In a large Asian supermarket,there are 4 _ from Asia.There are 5 _ in the male speakers city,such as 6 _.Many European people can 7 _.the food we now find in shops and restaurants/the food we buy and eatall kinds of food a lot of other
42、restaurants/a lot of choices Italian,French and Japanese restaurantsuse chopsticksListening&speakingPhenomena ExamplesSports also play an important role in 8 _.It is not a surprise to see 9 _ while watching the UEFA Champions League live and not unusual to find people enjoying 10 _ on the other side
43、 of the world.connecting people people in Britain eating Chinese food pizza while watching the same game Really?Thats interesting.Is it really?It is really amazing.I also find it interesting to see.No wonder it isnt a surprise to see.It is not unusual to find.Listening&speaking:SummaryShowing intere
44、stDescribing a common phenomenonComplete the boxes with the expressions from the conversation.Really?Thats interesting.Is it really?Listening&speaking:SummaryShowing interestDescribing a common phenomenonComplete the boxes with the expressions from the conversation.It is really amazing.I also find i
45、t interesting to see.No wonder it isnt a surprise to see.It is not unusual to find.Listening&speaking:Pair work Work in pairs.Talk about another phenomenon of the global village using the expressions in this section.IVHomeworkHomework1.Summarize the usage of It as an empty subject and do the relevant exercises.2.Read more about the global village on the Internet.
