1、第4讲 语法填空之不给提示词课前热身2018年浦东新区二模Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America. When reports came into the London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts decided to investigate.
2、The hunt (1) _ the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw “a large cat” only five yards away from her. It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being (2) _ it is concerned. The search proved difficult, for the pu
3、ma was often observed at one place in the morning and at (3) _ place twenty miles away in the evening. (4) _ it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits. Several people complained of “cat-like noises” at night and a businessman on a fishing trip saw the puma up a t
4、ree.The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, (5) _ where had it come from? As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one (6) _ have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape. The hunt went on for several weeks, b
5、ut the puma was not caught. It is disturbing to think a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.Keys: 1. for 2. unless 3. another 4. Wherever 5. but 6. must 年份考查内容2014201520162017.12017.62018.12018.6介词1111111代词11111/情态动词/1/冠词111/定语从句2111111名词性从句122/112状语从句2211111特殊句式1111/1/【
6、考纲解读】语法填空题是2014年高考改革出现的新题型之一，2017年又再次改革由原来的两篇16题改为一篇10题，分值从16分降为10分，是较为容易得分的题型之一。该题型主要分为给提示词和不给提示词两部分，不给提示词的空格处主要考查介词、代词、情态动词、冠词、连词以及倒装句中的助动词。近五年来不给提示词部分各考点的分值占1到2分，考查频率适中；整体在语法新题型中占到一半以上的分值。【考点分析】不给提示词部分考查形式及考点分布见以下表格：出题方式考点分布考纲要求备考建议不设关键词介词掌握表示时间、地点、方式、所属关系的介词用法和常用的介词短语；了解分词介词的使用，如concerning, rega
7、rding, considering, including, given等。熟练掌握固定搭配、本身用法以及语境理解。代词掌握人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词和疑问代词；理解指示代词扥使用规则，正确判断it在句中作形式主语和形式宾语，并根据情境正确运用。注意判断句子结构（尤其是所缺成分）以及语境的呼应。情态动词掌握情态动词本身用法以及表推测和虚拟的使用。注意观察语境中暗含的情感和态度；注意时态。冠词不定冠词、定冠词、零冠词准确判断语境是特指还是非特指。定语从句正确理解定语从句的构成规则，判断先行词并用适当的连词使句子完整。熟练判断各种复合句结构，掌握连接词的特定用法；判断上下句之间的逻辑关
8、系。名词性从句读懂含有主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语的句子，并选用适当的连词使句子完整正确。状语从句正确使用时间、原因、条件、让步、比较、结果、目的、方式、地点等九类状语从句的常用连词。特殊句式掌握强调结构的使用规则；理解完全倒装和部分倒装的构成规则；知晓省略、插入语的使用总结倒装、强调等其他句式的特殊结构。介词篇【解题技巧】1. 常考难点介词不管、尽管：despite /regardless of /in spite of 而不是：instead of 因为、由于：because of/owing to/due to没有、包括without /including举例：such as 2
9、. 答题策略当空格后的名词在句中不是作主语，表语或动词宾语时，选填介词；注意固定搭配常为介词考查主要内容依据，同时要结合上下文语义理解。【真题拾遗】1. Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution (40) _those village without a local shop. （2014年上海高考）【参考答案】to【考查内容】介词短语【思路
10、解析】横线后面是名词短语，所以横线处填介词，根据词组“solution to某事物的解决方法”可知答案。考纲中介词“to”的搭配非常多，要注意帮助学生积累。2.”You are just so much (30) _ her. You helped those people, I noticed, and you seemed so happy.” （2015年上海高考）【参考答案】like【考查内容】介词【思路解析】横线后面是代词，所以横线处填介词，根据语义理解“你和她（指作者的妈妈）很像”可知答案。注意很多学生容易把介词like“像”和连词as“正如”混淆。3. I gave her a
11、big hug and told her she didnt need to keep it a secret (31) _ me. （2016年上海高考）【参考答案】from【考查内容】介词短语【思路解析】横线后面是代词，所以横线处填介词，根据同义词组“hide/ conceal sth. from sb.隐瞒不让某人知道某事”可知答案。4. The film explores racism and other issues in the description of relations（23）_ two kinds of animals in the city. （2017年1月上海高考）
12、【参考答案】between【考查内容】介词【思路解析】横线后面是名词短语，所以横线处填介词，根据语义理解“两种动物之间的关系”可知答案。注意此处容易看成是relation的搭配而误填to。5. Studies show that a year（27）_ heart surgery, survival rates for heart patients were higher for those with pets in their homes than those without pets. （2017年6月上海高考）【参考答案】after【考查内容】介词【思路解析】横线后面是名词短语，所以横线
13、处填介词，根据语义理解“手术后的一年”可知答案。6. Do I feel united for having lost my primary role in life? No, because over the year, I took great pride (26) _ the fact that my identity was not dependent on theirs. （2018年1月上海高考）【参考答案】in【考查内容】介词短语【思路解析】横线后面是名词，所以横线处填介词，根据词组“take pride in以为傲”可知答案。7. educate the lawbreakers
14、 _ involving the police. （2018年6月上海高考考生回忆版）【参考答案】without【考查内容】介词【思路解析】横线后面是动名词，所以横线处填介词，根据语义“不包含警察”，可知答案。代词篇【解题技巧】1.常考代词人称代词：I, we, you, he, she, they, him, them, her指示代词：it, that, those, the one不定代词：all, each, every, both, neither, others, something, another, both, none, someone, either物主代词：our, yo
15、ur, their, her, his, its反身代词：myself, yourself, themselves, himself2. 答题策略首先找出代词所指代的名词，根据其在句中所充当的成分确定用哪个代词。如果空格后是名词，就应该考虑空格处是否用物主代词(my, your, his等)、指示代词(this, that等)、不定代词(few, little, many, much, all, each, every, both, neither, other, one, none, nothing等)、名词所有格或形容词等进行修饰；如果空格前是动词 , 就应考虑用人称代词和反身代词。【真题
16、拾遗】1. He said, “I had this idea a few years ago but I couldnt find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by (36) _.（2014年上海高考）【参考答案】myself【考查内容】反身代词【思路解析】横线在介词后面，所以横线处填代词，根据词组“by oneself独立、单独”可知答案。2. he say, “In a minute.” but still checks to see if (38) _ has posted something n
17、ew on the Internet. （2015年上海高考）【参考答案】someone/ somebody【考查内容】不定代词【思路解析】宾语从句中缺少主语，结合语义“他想知道是否有人发布了新的内容在网上”，所以横线处填不定代词someone或者somebody。3. Do you, for instance, feel that too much is being expected of (37) _, and yet find it impossible to say no? （2016年上海高考）【参考答案】you【考查内容】人称代词【思路解析】介词后面缺少成分，所以横线处应该填代词，
18、根据expect短语expect too much of sb.对某人期望太高，结合文章语义“你是否感觉别人对你期望太高”，可知答案。注意此处很容易误填yourself,理解成自己对自己期望太高。4. They said to (26) _something like this, “Whats this world like? Whats the history of this world?” （2017年1月上海高考）【参考答案】themselves【考查内容】反身代词【思路解析】介词后面缺成分，所以横线处填代词，结合语义“他们自言自语”，可知答案。5. They involve (30)
19、_ in playing with animals and the presence of animals comforts them greatly. （2017年6月上海高考）【参考答案】themselves【考查内容】反身代词【思路解析】及物动词后面缺成分，所以横线处填代词，根据词组“involve oneself in使自己参与”可知答案。情态动词篇【解题技巧】1. 常考情态动词表示能力、可能、委婉语气：can, could 表示必须，表示推测：may, might 表示应该、劝告（should有表示竟然的意思）：should, ought to 表示将来时的助动词、表意愿：will,
20、 would 表示规定、命令、较为肯定的推测：must 2. 答题策略如果空格后为动词原形，就应该考虑此空填情态动词。根据注意上下文语境，确定填写合适的情态动词。注意情态动词也有时态，如can的过去式could, may的过去式might。【真题拾遗】1. This (29) _ sound crazy but I was on my way to drop some of my mothers things off at the charity bins.” （2015年上海高考）【参考答案】might【考查内容】情态动词【思路解析】主语是第三人称单数，横线后面是动词原形，所以横线处填情态动
21、词，根据语义“这也许听上去很疯狂”以及整体句子是一般过去时，可知答案。冠词篇【解题技巧】1. 常考冠词下列情况很可能填不定冠词：(1)_+可数名词(单数)；(2)_+形容词+可数名词(单数)。下列情况下很可能填定冠词：(1)_ (+定语)+名词+ of等介词短语(表示特指)；(2)_ (+定语)+名词+定语从句(表示特指)；(3)_ (+定语)+名词+不定式短语或分词短语(表示特指)。2. 答题策略名词之前,尤其是泛指”一”,或特指某个人或事物;泛指用a/an,特指用the 。【真题拾遗】1. Peter Fox, who is (33) _electrical engineer, spent
22、 two and a half years working on the project. （2014年上海高考）【参考答案】an【考查内容】不定冠词【思路解析】可数名词单数engineer不能单独出现，所以要填冠词，在此处该名词是第一次出现，并且注意electrical是以元音开头，所以填不定冠词an。2. Just as I approached my car, 1 saw the woman Id let have my car space earlier. She was giving me (27) _ odd lookhalf puzzled, half intent (热切的).
23、 （2015年上海高考）【参考答案】an【考查内容】不定冠词【思路解析】可数名词单数look不能单独出现，所以要填冠词，在此处该名词是第一次出现，并且注意odd是以元音开头，所以填不定冠词an。3. You can tell when you are over the top and on the downward slope, by asking yourself (36) _ number of questions. （2016年上海高考）【参考答案】a【考查内容】不定冠词【思路解析】可数名词单数number不能单独出现，所以要填冠词，number有两个常用搭配“a number of 许
24、多”和“the number of 的数量”，根据语义“问自己许多问题”，可知答案。定语从句篇【解题技巧】1. 定语从句关系词六代（whichthatwhowhomwhoseas）三副 (wherewhenhow)定语从句就是在复合句里充当定语的从句，它通常紧靠在所修饰的名词或代词后面。注： (1) 先行词是occasion常用when，先行词是case, situation, scenes等时常用where。(2) 以下情况只能用that引导定语从句： 当先行词是指物的all, little, few, much, any, anything, everything, nothing, no
25、ne, the one时，或先行词被all, little, few, much, any, every, no等修饰时。 先行词是序数词或最高级形容词时，或者先行词被序数词(包括last, next)、最高级形容词及the only, the very等修饰时。 先行词包括人和物时。 当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时，为了避免重复，多用that引导。(3) 不能用that引导定语从句的情况 在非限制性定语从句中，不以能用that引导。 直接在介词后作宾语时，不能用that引导，要用whom, whose或which，且不能省略。 当先行词是指人的all, any, few, one
26、(s), anyone, everyone, those, people, he等时，只能用who。 当先行词与关系代词之间有较复杂的短语或从句隔开时。(4) 在非限制性定语从句中，表示“部分与整体”的关系时，用of which/whom或者of which/whom都可以。2. 答题策略若两个句子(有两个主谓结构)之间，没有句号或分号，也没有连词，那空格处必定是填连词，如果符合特征主句中的某个名词或者代词能带入后面从句中，则从句为定语从句，一旦判断是定语从句，就根据定语从句的先行词和代表先行词的关系词在从句中作什么句子成分，来确定关系词。若先行词在从句中做主语、宾语或定语则选择关系代词，若在
27、从句中做状语，则选择关系副词。解题时要注意其他句型的干扰。【真题拾遗】1. So I decided to leave home for New York, (25) _I might have a better chance to find a good job. （2014年上海高考）【参考答案】where【考查内容】关系副词【思路解析】本题考查非限制性定语从句，从句完整，先行词是“New York”,可知答案。2. Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, (35) _ is set to be installed in other villages in
28、 the area over the coming months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities. （2014年上海高考）【参考答案】which【考查内容】关系代词【思路解析】本题考查非限制性定语从句，从句缺主语，先行词是“invention”,可知答案。3. I recently read an article about “nomophobia,” (40) _ is a real illness people can suffer from the fear of being withou
29、t your phone! （2015年上海高考）【参考答案】which【考查内容】关系代词【思路解析】本题考查非限制性定语从句，从句缺主语，先行词是“nomophobia”,可知答案。4. She was taking the food to the refugee camp, in (27) _ she distributed it to children. （2016年上海高考）【参考答案】which【考查内容】关系代词【思路解析】本题考查介词+关系代词，先行词是“camp”,可知答案。5. The movie starts with a rabbit police officer an
30、d a fox criminal (21)_team up to find a missing otter (水獭). （2017年1月上海高考）【参考答案】who/ that【考查内容】关系代词【思路解析】本题考查限制性定语从句，从句缺主语，先行词是“a rabbit police officer and a fox criminal”,可知答案。6. They are more easy-going when there are animals around, with (29) _ company they tend to calm down more easily. （2017年6月上
31、海高考）【参考答案】whose【考查内容】关系代词【思路解析】本题考查非限制性定语从句，从句缺定语，先行词是“animals”,可知答案。7. The rooms (30) _ the boys used to live look vacant. （2018年1月上海高考）【参考答案】where【考查内容】关系副词【思路解析】本题考查限制性定语从句，从句完整，先行词是“rooms”,可知答案。8. .a thief _ name is not in the police database. （2018年6月上海高考考生回忆版）【参考答案】whose【考查内容】关系代词【思路解析】本题考查限制性
32、定语从句，从句缺定语，先行词是“thief”,可知答案。名词性从句篇【解题技巧】1. 名词性从句连词名词性从句有主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。引导这些从句的连词有： 人 物 主语 ： who, whoever what, whatever 宾语：whom, whomever what, whatever名词性从句 表语： whom what 定语： which, what, whose 状语：when, where, why, how, whenever, however, wherever 不做成份：that, if/whether, as if /as though注意：(1)
33、连词that：只起连接作用，没有任何意思，不作任何句子成分，在宾语从句中可省略。(2)连词whether：有“是否”之意，但不作句子成分；引导宾语从句时，还可用if。(3)连接代词：who(m), whose, which, what等均有各自的意义，在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。其中what除有“什么”“多么”外，还有“所的”之意，相当于the thing(s) that。(4)连接副词：when, where, why, how等，有意义，在从句中作状语。(5)whoever, whatever, whichever等也可引导名词性从句，意为“无论/不管”。(6)It做形式主语和形式宾语
34、It is +n /adj. /Ved + that从句 feel it difficult/depressing/a pity; make it convenient/possible等等。2. 答题策略 (1)从句子结构入手，首先分清楚主句和从句，判断属于哪种名词性从句：从句在复合句主语位置则为主语从句；从句在be动词或是系动词后则为表语从句，从句在介词、形容词或及物动词后则为宾语从句，同位语从句的判断可从句中的抽象名词以及它和从句的解释说明关系入手。一般考察that引导的同位语从句比较普遍；从五种句子基本结构角度分析从句句子成分。 (2)连词的选用依据 “缺什么补什么”原则，从句子成分及
35、语境确定正确的连词。如果句子中缺主语，指人用who、whoever，指物用what、whatever；如缺宾语，指人用whom、whoever，指物用what、whatever；如缺时间状语用when；地点状语用where；原因状语用why；方式状语用how；定语用what或which；什么都不缺用that, whether 和if（是否）。【真题拾遗】1. Perhaps (30) _my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. （2014年上海高考）【参考答案】what【考查内容】连接代词【思路解析】本题考查主语从句，从句缺主语，指
36、代妈妈告诉我的事情，可知答案。2. Hes so addicted to it that he just cant stand the idea (34) _ there may be an important text. （2015年上海高考）【参考答案】that【考查内容】从属连词【思路解析】本题考查同位语从句，从句完整，可知答案。3. The temptation to see (36) _ is connecting him is just too great. （2015年上海高考）【参考答案】who【考查内容】连接代词【思路解析】本题考查宾语从句，从句缺主语，根据语义“想知道谁在联
37、系他”，可知答案。4. Eventually, I decided to follow her and (26) _ happened truly amazed me. （2016年上海高考）【参考答案】what【考查内容】连接代词【思路解析】本题考查主语从句，从句缺主语，指代发生的事情，可知答案。5. I was so impressed by (32) _ selfless she was. （2016年上海高考）【参考答案】how【考查内容】从属连词【思路解析】本题考查宾语从句，从句是感叹句，可知答案。6. In recent years, scientists have finally
38、 begun to find proof (23) _ contact with animals can increase a sick persons chance of survival（2017年6月上海高考）【参考答案】that【考查内容】从属连词【思路解析】本题考查同位语从句，从句完整，可知答案。注意此题学生很容易当成定语从句填“that”，把contact当成是动词理解。7. I have seen (25) _ vigorously they grow without me. （2018年1月上海高考）【参考答案】how【考查内容】从属连词【思路解析】本题考查宾语从句，从句是感叹
39、句，可知答案。8. . its unclear _ courses are as helpful as（2018年6月上海高考学生回忆版）【参考答案】whether【考查内容】从属连词【思路解析】本题考查主语从句，根据语义“人们不清楚是否这些课程有帮助”，可知答案，注意名词性从句中表示“是否”一般都填whether。9. There are signs _ （2018年6月上海高考学生回忆版）【参考答案】that【考查内容】从属连词【思路解析】本题考查同位语从句，从句完整，可知答案。状语从句篇【解题技巧】1. 状语从句连词从句种类连 词时间状语从句when（当时），while（在期间），as（
40、当，一边一边），before（在之前），after（在之后），since（从以来），till/until（直到），whenever（无论何时），as soon as（一就）地点状语从句where (在的地方)，wherever(在的任何地方)原因状语从句because(因为), as(由于), since(既然), now that(既然), when(既然), seeing (that) (由于，鉴于), considering (that)(考虑到), given (that) (考虑到)目的状语从句in order that (为了，以便)；so that(以便，为了),so(以便),
41、that(以便),in case(以防，以免), lest(免得，以防), for fear that(以免，惟恐)结果状语从句sothat, suchthat（如此以至于）， so that（以致，结果）条件状语从句if, unless (=ifnot如果不，除非), as/so long as(只要), while(=as long as只要), supposing (that)/provided /providing (that)(假如), in case(假使), on condition that(在的条件下)让步状语从句although, though, as, while(虽然)
42、, even if/though(即使), whetheror(不论/不管还是) 以及“疑问词+ever”和“no matter+疑问词”比较状语从句as.as（和一样），not as/so.as（和不一样），than（比），the more.the more（越越）方式状语从句as(正如)，as if或as though(好像)2. 答题策略(1)填入状语从句引导词的空格特征：_完整句子，完整句子或完整句子_完整句子，后一种句子结构也有可能是定语从句中选关系副词的情形，此时的判断方式为看有没有先行词。当然有两种情况不容忽视：_adj/adv+主语谓语，完整句子以及_(n)+主语谓语，完整句子
43、。此时很明显是应该填入however（no matter how）和whatever(no matter what)的让步状语从句句型。 (2)确定从句是状语从句后，可根据主从句的逻辑关系以及所给空格个数选择适当引导词。注意一些句型：be doing sth/be about to do sth/have done sth, when.It will be/is+一段时间+before, It was/had been+一段时间+before, It has been/is+一段时间+sinceas引导让步状语从句时的倒装句型以及hardly. when., no sooner.than.倒装
44、句型（hardly, no sooner不提到句首时，此句型不倒装）。【真题拾遗】1. I believed that (27) _ _ _ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once. （2014年上海高考）【参考答案】as long as/ as soon as【考查内容】条件/时间状语从句【思路解析】根据语义“只要我得到好工作/ 我一得到好工作，我就立刻辞职”，可知答案。2. Mother had just said that (29) _ I wanted to have a better career advanceme
45、nt, I had to find work in the city. （2014年上海高考）【参考答案】if【考查内容】条件状语从句【思路解析】根据语义“如果我想要一个更好的职业提升，我不得不去市区找工作”，可知答案。3. My local supermarket is always busy. The first parking space I found was convenient, but Id noticed a woman in a blue car circling for a while. (25) _ I was in a good mood, I let her have
