1、 Part IVStative vs.Dynamic第1页，共42页。Translate the following sentences:1)医生迅速到达，并非常仔细地检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了。2)他能吃能睡 3)他既不抽烟，也不喝酒。4)他失业以后，就很不合群了。第2页，共42页。5)The computer is a far more careful and industrious inspector than human beings.6)I used to be a bit of a fancier myself.7)他们立刻出动去追击敌人.8)有人给他撑腰。第3页，共42页。
2、9)他在读书。10)机器正在运行 11)说完这些话，她便走开了。第4页，共42页。English:Static Chinese:Dynamic第5页，共42页。R.Quirk:Broadly speaking,nouns can be characterized naturally as stative in that they refer to entities that are regarded as stable,whether these are concrete(physical)like house,table,paper,or abstract(of the mind)like
3、hope,botany,length.第6页，共42页。At the opposite pole,verbs can be equally naturally characterized as dynamic:they are fitted(by their capacity to show tense and aspect,for example)to indicate action,activity and temporary or changing conditions.第7页，共42页。Stative English 1.Nominalization 2.Agentive nouns
4、in place of verbs.3.Preparation-Prominent 4.Verbs-weaken 5.Ajectives and adverbs in place of verbs第8页，共42页。1.Nominalization Nominalization refers to the replacement of clauses,which contain finite verbs,with complex structures consisting of nouns and noun adjuncts.第9页，共42页。名词化主要指用名词（短语）来表达原来属于名词化主要指
5、用名词（短语）来表达原来属于动词（短语）所表达的信息，如用抽象名词来表达动词（短语）所表达的信息，如用抽象名词来表达动作、行为、变化、状态等动作、行为、变化、状态等。第10页，共42页。For example:because the surface of the retina is spherical-because of the sphericity of the retinal surface something is near the nucleus-something occupies a juxtanuclear position第11页，共42页。Dennis Freeborn p
6、oints out:Formal acdemic writing tends to use a characteristic style which caters for other academic rather than the general public.第12页，共42页。1)医生迅速到达，并非常仔细地检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了。The doctor arrived extremely quickly and examined the patient uncommonly carefully;the result was that he recovered very speed
7、ily.The doctors extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.第13页，共42页。2.To use Agentive Nouns in place of Verbs 第14页，共42页。1)他能吃能睡 He is a good eater and a good sleeper 2)他既不抽烟，也不喝酒。He was a nonsmoker and a teetotaler.3)他失业以后，就很不合群了
8、。Since he lost his job,hes been a loner.第15页，共42页。4)The computer is a far more careful and industrious inspector than human beings.计算机比人检查的更细心、更勤快。5)I used to be a bit of a fancier myself.过去我常常胡思乱想。第16页，共42页。3 Preparation-prominent第17页，共42页。3.1Preparation phrases in place of verb phrases 英语常用介词短语代替动
9、词短语，即“以静代动”3.2noun+preparation 名词+介词的优势常见于英语里大量的弱式短语。第18页，共42页。3.1 Preparation phrases in place of verb phrases1）他们立刻出动去追击敌人。They immediately set out in pursuit of the enemy.2）有人给他撑腰。He has someone behind him.3)他在读书。He is at his books.第19页，共42页。4)机器正在运行。The machine is in operation5)说完这些话，她便走开了。With
10、these words,she went away.第20页，共42页。3.2名词名词+介词的优势常见于英语里大量的弱式短语。介词的优势常见于英语里大量的弱式短语。give rise to (arouse)make contact with (meet)arrive at a decision (decide)bring to a conclusion (finish)undertake a study of (study)take into consideration (consider)afford an opportunity to (allow)第21页，共42页。carry out
11、experiments (experiment)conduct an investigation into (investigate)of a kindly nature (kind)of an unusual character (unusual)beyond the shadow of a doubt (certain)due to the fact that (because)on two separate occasions (twice)in view of the foregoing circumstances (therefore)第22页，共42页。4.Verb-weaken动
12、词的弱化与虚化动词的弱化与虚化 4.1 英语里最常用的动词正是动作意味最弱的动词-to be，其各种形式包括must be,maybe,should have been都缺乏动态感，由it或there与be构成的句式，其静态意味更加明显：第23页，共42页。There was a tropical storm off the east coast of Florida 佛罗里达东海岸有一场热带风暴 A tropical storm lashed the east coast of Florida.一场热带风暴袭击了佛罗里达东海岸第24页，共42页。4.2 英语还常把动词转化或派生成名词,置于虚
13、化动词(have,make,take,do)之后做其宾语,如have a look,take a walk,make attempts,pay visits,do some damages,put up a proposal等。这类动词短语显得虚弱而平淡无味。如：第25页，共42页。After he had a quarrel with his boss,Jack quit.After he quarreled with his boss,Jack quit.杰克与老板争吵之后就辞职了第26页，共42页。5.Ajectives and Adverbs in place of Verbs 5.1
14、英语常用动词的同源形容词与弱化动词相结合的方式表达动词的意义。1)I am doubtful whether he is still alive(doubt,live)我怀疑他是否还活着 2)The doctor felt sympathetic with his patients(sympathize)医生同情他的病人第27页，共42页。5.2英语还常用副词来表达动词的意义。英语还常用副词来表达动词的意义。1)Im afraid Mr.Brown is out,but hell be in soon 恐怕布朗先生出去了，但是他很快会回来的 2)Hell be home in half an
15、hour 他将在半小时内到家第28页，共42页。3)The newspaper was down at six yesterday 昨天报纸六点钟付印 4)Down with the old and up with the new.破旧立新。第29页，共42页。Dynamic Chinese 1.动词连用是汉语常见现象 2.动词（词组）可充当汉语句子的各种成分 3.汉语动词常常重复或重叠第30页，共42页。1.动词连用是汉语常见现象动词连用是汉语常见现象 连动式、兼语式、把字式、被动式 1）He thought his way out of the dilemma.他想办法摆脱了困境（连动式）
16、2）We asked her to sing 我们请他唱歌（兼语式）第31页，共42页。3）Go to the classroom and call him back 你去教室把他叫回来（把字式）4）I was called to the office by the teacher to make a self-criticism 我被老师叫到办公室去做检讨（被字式）第32页，共42页。2.动词（词组）可充当汉语句子的各种成分动词（词组）可充当汉语句子的各种成分 2.1可充当助动词，置于主要动词的前后，形成动词连可充当助动词，置于主要动词的前后，形成动词连用。用。他来借书 他借书来了 他来借书
17、来了 Hes come to borrow books第33页，共42页。2.2汉语动词可充当介词汉语动词可充当介词 葵花朵朵向太阳 Sunflowers turn towards the sun 向自然开战 to wage a battle against nature 人们来来往往 People are coming and going 他往东走去 He went in an eastward direction第34页，共42页。2.3汉语动词常常重复或重叠汉语动词常常重复或重叠 1）我等着要上路，越等越不耐烦，哪里是等一会儿，一等就是老半天。I waited with growing
18、impatience to get on my way,not for one minute but for quite a considerable time.第35页，共42页。2）要吃有吃，要穿有穿。You will have enough to eat and enough to wear.3）来的来，去的去。Some come,and others leave.4）学问，学问，要学要问，边学边问，才有学问。Acquistion of knowledge entails learning and seeking for explanation第36页，共42页。汉语许多日常用语和文章标
19、题，常用富于动态的动词，如果译成英语，常常要转换为富于静态的名词、形容词或副词，这样才比较有“洋味”。第37页，共42页。1）走开！Stay away!2）别管我！Leave me alone!3）他吃素，不吃荤 He is a vegetarian第38页，共42页。4）她们飞上了蓝天（报纸标题）Women Pilots in China 5）周阿斗寻父记（文章标题）A Reunion of Father and Son 6）你老是看钟等着下课啊！Oh!Youre a clock-watcher!第39页，共42页。S.Potter:Our western civilization,it h
20、as been said,favours an over-development of the intellect at the expense of the emotions.That is why people prefer nouns to verbs.They suffer from what the Germans call noun disease.第40页，共42页。So instead of saying quite simply and straightwardly London is growing rapidly,they say Londons growth is rapid.Instead of saying John came too soon,they say Johns arrival was premature第41页，共42页。Exercises：Dynamic-Static 1你需要钱，我可以借给你。2这样的岩石最适宜储存地下水。3什么宴会都少不了他 4雨无情地下个不停，我感到惊异。第42页，共42页。
