1、英语句子类型第1页，共88页。英语句子可分为：简单句并列句复杂/合句 名词性从句状语从句定语从句主语从句 表语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句（时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步等）第2页，共88页。第3页，共88页。简单句的基本词序简单句的基本词序主语主语 动词部分动词部分 宾语宾语 状语状语（谓语）（谓语）(方式方式/地点地点/时间时间)I bought a hat yesterday.The children ran home.We ate our meal in silence.The car stopped suddenly.第4页，共88页。并列句并列句由并列连词把两个或两个
2、以上的简单句连接起来的句子叫并列句。常见分类：1表示同等、平行或承接关系，常用连词有and，both.and.，not only.but also.，neither.nor.，as well as等。He helps me and he also helps others.She not only gave us a lot of advice,but also helped us to overcome difficulties.2表示转折关系，常用连词有but，however,yet（然而），while（而）等。He is young,but he works hard.She is ta
3、ll,while her elder sister is short.第5页，共88页。并列句3表示选择关系，常见连词有or，not.but（不是而是），either.or.（要么要么）等。Hurry up,or well be late.Either you come to my home or I get to yours.4表示因果关系，常见连词有as，for（因为），so等Mike didnt come to school,for he was ill.He works hard,so he is a top student of class.第6页，共88页。复杂句/复合句由一个主句
4、和一个或一个以上的从句构成。名词性从句状语从句定语从句主语从句 表语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句复合句第7页，共88页。状语从句时间:Everybody was assigned a job as soon as they left university.地点:Where there is a will,there is a way.方式:You must do the exercises as I show you.原因:Since the speaker cant come,well have to cancel the meeting.结果:He was very angry,so tha
5、t he left the room without saying a word.目的:The teacher must speak clearly so that his students can understand well.条件:Provided(that)he wins the support of the minority groups,he will be able to win the election.让步:Rich as he is,Mr.Johnson is by no means a happy man.第8页，共88页。定语从句英语中的定语是一个词时，放在被修饰词的前
6、面，a beautiful girl a lovely boy （形容词作定语）定语是两个以上的词组、短语或从句则放在被修饰词的后面，如：She is the girl in red.（介词短语作定语）The lady carried a bag full of money.（形容词短语作定语）He is the man who you are looking for.（定语从句作定语）放在名词或代词名词或代词后面，由关系代词或关系副词关系代词或关系副词引导的修饰该名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词先行词。第9页，共88页。Harry Porter is a boy who
7、 has magic power.先行词先行词关系词关系词定语从句定语从句关系关系代词代词关系关系副词副词that，which,who,whom,whosewhere,when，why第10页，共88页。先行词和关系词的关系先行词和关系词的关系1.A plane is a machine that can fly.2.The boy who broke the window is called Tom.3.The boy whose parents are dead was brought up by his grandfather.4.The school where I study is
8、far from my home.a machine=thatthe boy=whothe boys=whosein the school=where关系代词实际上是先行词的复指关系代词实际上是先行词的复指关系词关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格实际上是先行词的所有格关系副词实际上是介词先行词关系副词实际上是介词先行词第11页，共88页。Join the following sentences into one:A plane is a machine.The machine can fly.关系代词的实质关系代词的实质第12页，共88页。Join the following senten
9、ces:A plane is a machine.The machine can fly.A plane is can fly.关系代词的实质关系代词的实质a machinethe machine第13页，共88页。Join the following sentences:A plane is a machine.The machine can fly.A plane is can fly.关系代词的实质关系代词的实质a machinethat/which第14页，共88页。关系代词的实质关系代词的实质Join the following sentences:The girl is Mary.
10、We saw her yesterday.第15页，共88页。关系代词的实质关系代词的实质Join the following sentences:The girl is Mary.We saw her yesterday.we saw yesterday is Mary.herThe girl第16页，共88页。关系代词的实质关系代词的实质Join the following sentences:The girl is Mary.We saw her yesterday.we saw yesterday is Mary.herThe girl第17页，共88页。关系代词的实质关系代词的实质J
11、oin the following sentences:The girl is Mary.We saw her yesterday.we saw yesterday is Mary.that/who/whomThe girl第18页，共88页。关系代词的基本用法关系关系代词代词指代指代在定语从句中所充当的在定语从句中所充当的成分成分人人物物句子句子主语主语宾语宾语定语定语whowhomwhichthatwhose第19页，共88页。关系副词的基本用法关系副词关系副词指代指代所充当的句子成分所充当的句子成分whenwherewhytimeplacereason时间状语时间状语地点状语地点状语原因
12、状语原因状语第20页，共88页。主语宾语定语宾语指出关系代词在定语从句中的成份：指出关系代词在定语从句中的成份：1.The man who came to our school is Mr.Wang.()2.The girl(whom)I met is Lucy.()3.A child whose parents are dead is called Tom.()4.I like the book(which)you bought yesterday.()第21页，共88页。定语从句定语从句限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句第22页，共88页。区别限制性定语从句：不用
13、逗号与主句隔开，是先行词不可缺少的定语，删去后原句句意不完整。非限制性定语从句：用逗号与主句隔开，对先行词进行补充说明，删去后原句句意仍然完整。对比以下两句话：His sister who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.His sister,who is now a doctor,always encourages him to go to college.第23页，共88页。(1)(1)which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略作宾语时，可省略。These are
14、 the trees which were planted last year.This recorder（which）he is using ismade in Japan.第24页，共88页。He is the man(that)I told you about.(2)(2)that 指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略作宾语时，可省略。A plane is a machine that can fly.注意：当关系代词前有介词时，不能用注意：当关系代词前有介词时，不能用thatThis is the school about which
15、 we are talking.第25页，共88页。（3）who 和和whom 的用法举例：的用法举例：Who,whom只能指人只能指人做主语：用做主语：用who或或thatThe teacher who got sick last week has come back to school.做宾语：可用做宾语：可用who,whom,that或省略或省略The man(who/whom/that)you met yesterday is an actor.The tall man(who/whom/that)you just talked to is my uncle.The tall man
16、to whom you just talked is my uncle.第26页，共88页。(4)Whose(4)Whose的用法的用法关系代词whose表示“的”，是关系代词who、which的所有格，因此既可指人，也可指物。在从句中，whose作定语修饰名词，被修饰词可以是从句的主语、宾语或介词宾语。They cleaned the house whose windows face south.He is the boy whose pen I borrowed yesterday.The gentleman,with whose daughter I worked,looked down
17、 upon women.第27页，共88页。The house whose window is broken is mine.whose=the houses(window)The house is mine.the window of which is brokenof which the window is brokenWhoseWhose与与whichwhich的换用的换用:第28页，共88页。When表时间Do you remember the day when we left you in charge?I remember the time when Eric won the sp
18、eech competition.（5）when的用法举例：的用法举例：第29页，共88页。I can never forget the year of 2003 when I got my postgraduate degree.试比较：试比较：I can never forget the year of 2003(that/which)I spent in a small village.第30页，共88页。Where表地点Shanghai is the city where he was born.This is not a family where bad behavior goes
19、unpunished.（6）where的用法举例：的用法举例：第31页，共88页。The small house where she gave birth to her son was burnt down yesterday.试比较：试比较：The small house which was left by her father was burnt down yesterday.第32页，共88页。（7）why的用法举例：的用法举例：Why表原因I dont know the reason why the house is so dirty.I wont listen to the reas
20、on why you didnt do your homework.第33页，共88页。This is the reason why I was late.试比较：试比较：This is the reason(that/which)you gave to me.第34页，共88页。关系代词的用法注意点关系代词的用法注意点一、一、that和和which都可以指物，都可以指物，that和和who都能指都能指人，但以下人，但以下6种情况种情况只能用只能用that 不能用不能用which/who。(1)当先行词中当先行词中有人又有物有人又有物时。如：时。如：Do you know the things
21、 and persons that they are talking about?第35页，共88页。(2)当先行词为当先行词为anything,everything,nothing,something,few,all,none,little或者是由或者是由any,every,some,all,no,little,few,much修饰时。如修饰时。如：This is all that I want from the school.(3)当先行词被当先行词被the only,the very,the last,the next 等修饰时。如：等修饰时。如：This is the very boo
22、k that I am looking for these days.He is the only man that I want to see before I die.第36页，共88页。(4)当先行词被当先行词被最高级最高级修饰时。如：修饰时。如：The TV tower is the highest building that has been built in this city.(5)当先行词被当先行词被序数词序数词修饰时。如：修饰时。如：The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.(6)当先行词前面有当先行词前面
23、有who,which等疑问代词等疑问代词时。如：时。如：who is the man that is standing there?Which is the hotel that was recommended?第37页，共88页。关系代词的用法注意点关系代词的用法注意点二、二、that和和which都可以指物，但以下都可以指物，但以下2种情况种情况只只能用能用which不能用不能用that:(1)在在非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句中。如：中。如：English,which is becoming very popular in our country,is learned by more
24、and more people.第38页，共88页。(2)当关系代词前面有当关系代词前面有介词介词时，如：时，如：A zoo is a park in which may kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.This is the room in which I lived when I was young.第39页，共88页。关系代词与关系副词When,where,why 可被“介词+which”替换Do you remember the day when we left you in charge?Do you remember the day
25、 on which we left you in charge?Shanghai is the city where he was born.Shanghai is the city in which he was born.I dont know the reason why the house is so dirty.I dont know the reason for which the house is so dirty.第40页，共88页。先行词为way 或time的定语从句先行词是way（方式、方法），且关系词在从句中作状语时，关系词用that,in which或省略：I dont
26、 like the way(that/in which)he laughs at her.先行词是time，若表示“次数”则用that引导定语从句：It is the first time that the President has visited our country.第41页，共88页。一、一、as引导限制性定语从句引导限制性定语从句主要固定结构有：主要固定结构有：the sameas suchas asas soas主句中出现主句中出现the same,as,such,so修饰先行词，需选择修饰先行词，需选择as做关系代词在做关系代词在定语从句中做主语或宾语。定语从句中做主语或宾语。
27、特殊的关系代词特殊的关系代词asas的用法的用法1.Its the same book as we wanted to find yesterday.这和我们昨天要找的那本书是一样的。这和我们昨天要找的那本书是一样的。2.Such girls as he knows are good at English.他所认识的女孩都擅长英语。他所认识的女孩都擅长英语。3.Do you have such books as we like?你有我们喜欢的那种书吗？你有我们喜欢的那种书吗？4.There is so warm a house as we want to live in.这里有如此暖和的房子，
28、我们都想住在里面。这里有如此暖和的房子，我们都想住在里面。5.He has so difficult a problem,as none of us can solve.他有如此难的一个问题，我们没有人能解决。他有如此难的一个问题，我们没有人能解决。第42页，共88页。二、引导非限制性定语从句二、引导非限制性定语从句 as引导非限制性定语从句，意为引导非限制性定语从句，意为“正如正如”“”“就像就像”“”“据据”as has been said above 如上所说如上所说as anybody can see正像每个人所看到的那样正像每个人所看到的那样as we had expected正如我
29、们所预料的那样正如我们所预料的那样第43页，共88页。as引导非限制性定语从句引导非限制性定语从句指代整个主句内容指代整个主句内容，从句可置于句，从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，但首，句中或句尾，但由由which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句后句后。1.As everyone knows,China is a beautiful country with a long history.每个人都知道，中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。每个人都知道，中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。2.The earth,as we know,moves round the sun
30、.我们都知道，地球围着太阳转。我们都知道，地球围着太阳转。3.Tom works hard and is willing to help others,as/which we all know.汤母工作努力，并且乐于助人，这一点我们都知道汤母工作努力，并且乐于助人，这一点我们都知道第44页，共88页。as引导定语从句引导定语从句不是指代主句的整句话不是指代主句的整句话时，如果运时，如果运用的是用的是被动语态被动语态，be动词可省略动词可省略，即，即“as+过去分词过去分词”，但但which没有这种用法。没有这种用法。He repeats that he is telling the story
31、 as seen by himself at the time.I hope all the precautions against air pollution,as suggested by the local government,will be seriously considered here.第45页，共88页。特殊的关系代词but的用法but可被看作关系代词，引导定语从句，在句中作主语，在意义上相当于 who/which/that not，即用在否定词或具有否定意义的词后，构成双重否定。There is no mother but loves her children=There
32、is no mother who doesnt love her children.没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。2.There is no rule in English but has exceptions.=There is no rule in English that does not have exceptions.英语中没有无例外的规则。第46页，共88页。特殊的关系代词than的用法than作关系代词时，一般用在形式为比较级的复合句中，其结构为形容词比较级than从句，than在从句中作主语或宾语，相当于that，代表它前面的先行词。在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词单复数形式与先行词
33、保持一致。1.We often advise him not to drink more wine than is good for his health.(than在从句中作主语）我们经常劝他为了身体健康不要喝过量的酒。2.He smoked more cigarettes than he bought.(than在从句中作宾语）他吸的香烟比他买的要多。3.He smoked fewer cigarettes than were normally available.(than在从句中作主语）他吸的香烟比他弄到的要少。第47页，共88页。名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句(Nou
34、n Clauses）名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等第48页，共88页。Point out the function of each noun in the following sentences:1.The world loves nature.2.Knowledge is power.3.We Chinese are peace-loving.subjectobjectpredicativesubjectsubjectsubjectappositionpredicative第49页，共88页。名词性从句在功能上相当于名词名词性从句在功能上相当于名词
35、主语主语 His job is important.What he does is important.表语表语This is his job.This is what he does every day.第50页，共88页。宾语宾语 I dont like his job.I dont like what he does every day.同位语同位语 I dont know about the man,Mr.White.I dont know about the fact that he is a teacher.第51页，共88页。名词性从句 noun clause 主语从句subje
36、ct clause 宾语从句object clause 表语从句predicative clause 同位语从句appositive clause：第52页，共88页。引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连接词：连接词：that,whether,if（不充当从句的任何成分，that 只在宾语从句中的某些情况下可省略，在其他从句中都不可省略）连接代词：连接代词：what,who,whom,whose,which连接副词：连接副词：when,where,how,why以及由它们加ever构成的词如：whatever,whomever,whenever,however
37、还有所有带how 的词组如：how often,how many,how far,how much第53页，共88页。主语从句主语从句在复合句中作主句的主语在复合句中作主句的主语.引导词有连词引导词有连词that(that 不可不可省省),whether;代词有代词有who,what,which;副词副词 when,where,how,why 等等.如如:1.That he is a famous singer is known to us.2.When he will go to America is not yet fixed.第54页，共88页。It It 作形式主语作形式主语为了避免主
38、语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语，但主语从句的连接词没有变化。That he is a famous singer is known to us.(It is known to us that he is a famous singer.)When he will go to America is not yet fixed.(It is not yet fixed when he will go to America.)第55页，共88页。1.It+be+形容词 that从句It is necessary/important/obvious thate
39、.g.:It is certain that she will come here tomorrow.2.It+be+-ed分词 that从句It is reported that 据报道It is known to us all that.众所周知It has been decided that 已经决定e.g.:It is said that Mr.Bill has arrived in Shanghai.it作形式主语的常见结构注意：以下结构中谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should)+do”：It is necessary(important,natural,strange,etc.)th
40、at It is suggested(requested,proposed,desired,ordered,etc.)thate.g.:It is necessary that we(should)get up early.It is requested that we (should)be quiet in the hospital.第56页，共88页。3.It+be+名词 that从句It is common knowledge that 是常识It is a surprise that.令人惊奇的是It is a fact that 事实是It is no wonder that 难怪.
41、e.g.:It is a pity that we cant go to Beijing with you.4.It+不及物动词 that从句It seems/appears that 似乎It happens that.碰巧It occurred to me that 我突然想起e.g.:It happened that I was out that day.第57页，共88页。1).主语从句一律用陈述句语序主语从句一律用陈述句语序,即主语在前即主语在前,谓语在后谓语在后.例例:误误:When will he come is not known.2).连接词连接词that在主语从句中无实际意
42、义在主语从句中无实际意义,但不能省略但不能省略.例例:误误:He will not come to the meeting this evening is true.正正:When he will come is not known.正正:That he will not come to the meeting this evening is true.主语从句中语序与主语从句中语序与that的省略：的省略：注意注意第58页，共88页。主语从句中的主语从句中的“主谓一致主谓一致”：3).主语从句通常被看作一个整体主语从句通常被看作一个整体,主句的谓语动词用单数形式主句的谓语动词用单数形式.Th
43、at they will come _certain.4).What 引导主语从句时引导主语从句时,主句谓语动词的单复数由表语的单主句谓语动词的单复数由表语的单复数决定复数决定.What he wants _these books.What he wants _some water.注意注意isareis第59页，共88页。We believe(that)he is honest.We told him why we came back.Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried.宾语从句宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语在复合句中作主
44、句的宾语.引导词有连词引导词有连词that(that 常可常可省略省略),whether,if;代词有代词有who,what,which;副词副词 when,where,how,why 等等.如如:第60页，共88页。一、连接词（引导词）一、连接词（引导词）1.当宾语从句是陈述句时（包括肯定句和否定句），连接词由that引导，因为that在从句中不作任何成分，也没有任何具体意思，因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略vLin Tao feels(that)his own team is even better.vShe says(that)she wont take part in the sport
45、s meeting next Sunday.vJim thought(that)the train was like a big moving party.第61页，共88页。宾语从句中的连接词宾语从句中的连接词that在以下三种情况下不能省略：在以下三种情况下不能省略：（1）当）当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，第从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，第2个个that不能省；不能省；He said(that)he would go there the next day and that his family wouldnt go there.（2）当）当that作介词宾语时，作介词宾
46、语时，that不可省掉不可省掉 The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do.（3）用）用it做形式宾语的宾语从句做形式宾语的宾语从句 I think it necessary that you should read English aloud.第62页，共88页。在主句为动词be加某些形容词（如sorry,sure,afraid,glad等）作表语时，后面所跟的省略that的从句也可算是宾语从句vIm sorry(that)I dont know.vWere sure(that)our team will win.v
47、Im afraid(that)he wont pass the exam.第63页，共88页。2.当宾语从句是一般疑问句时，由连词whether或if引导（口语中常用if），因为if/whether翻译成：“是否”，具有一定的意义，所以不能省略vLily wanted to know if/whether her grandma liked the handbag.vLets see if/whether we can find out some information about that city.vShe asked me if/whether she could borrow thes
48、e books.第64页，共88页。whether与与if的辨用的辨用表“是否”时，在下列情况下用whether。1.主语从句、表语从句中e.g.:Whether she will come is still a question.The question is whether she will come.2.Whether置于句首，不能换成if:e.g.:Whether this is true,I cant say.3.介词后的宾语从句:e.g.:I worry about whether I hurt her feeling.第65页，共88页。whether与与if的辨用的辨用4.在不
49、定式前用whether:e.g.:He hasnt decided whether to go by bus or by train.5.whether or not 连在一起引导宾语从句时不用if:e.g.:I dont know whether or not I will stay.6.若用if会引起歧义时，则用whether：e.g.：Please let me know if you like the book.此句可理解为：Please let me know whether you like the book.If you like the book,please let me k
50、now.第66页，共88页。3.当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时，由连接代词（what,who,whom,which,whose）或连接副词（when,where,how,why）引导，因为连接代词或连接副词在从句中担任一定的句子成分，具有一定的意义，所以不可以省略vDo you know what he said just now?v I dont remember when we arrived.v I asked him where I could get so much money.v Please tell me who(whom)we have to see.v Do you know w
