1、专题：英语句子结构l 一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主主要成分要成分。句子的次要成分次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语，同位语，插入语等。一句子成分分析一句子成分分析1 主语（主语（subject）句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由名句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由名词，代词，数词，不定式，动名词，从句词，代词，数词，不定式，动名词，从句担任担任,常置于句首。常置于句首。Professor Zhang is a famous scientist.（名词做主语）（名词做主语）I like football.（主格代词做主语）（主格代词做主语）lTo swi
2、m in the Lijiang River is a great pleasure.（不定式做主语）lSmoking dose harm to the health.（动名词做主语）lWhen we are going to have an English has not been decided.（主语从句做主语）2.谓语（谓语（predicate）对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语l(1).简单谓语简单谓语l由一个动词或者动词短语构成lThe train leaves at 6 oclock.（动词）lShe tak
3、es good care of her mother.（动词短语）l(2).复合谓语复合谓语l 由情态动词情态动词或其他助动词助动词加动词原形构成l You may keep the book for two weeks.（情态动词+动词原形）l She doesnt seem to like dancing.（助动词do+动词原形）l He has caught a bad cold.（助动词has+动词原形）l 补充补充：协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词l 被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。l 最常用的助动词有：be,do,have,shall,will,should
4、,would.l 助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，l 例如：l He doesnt like English.他不喜欢英语。l（doesnt是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义)l由系动词系动词加表语构成（即主系表结构）lWe are students.（状态系动词be+表语）lHe looked a bit excited.（表象系动词look+表语）l补充：系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词。有些不具词义；有些具有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。系动词分类l 1状态系动词 l 用来表示主语状态，
5、性质和身份，只有be一词，例如：l He is a teacher.他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）l 2持续系动词 l 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,rest,stay,lie,remain,stand.例如：l He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。l This matter rests a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。l 3表像系动词 l 用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：l He looks tired.他看起来很累。l He seems(to be)ve
6、ry sad.他看起来很伤心。l 4感官系动词 l 感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：l This kind of cloth feels very soft.l 这种布手感很软。l This flower smells very sweet.l 这朵花闻起来很香。l 5变化系动词 l 这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有 become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run 例如：l He became mad after that.自那之后，他疯了。l She grew rich within a short time.她没
7、多长时间就富了。l 6终止系动词 l 表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turn out,表达“证实”，“变成“证明是，结果是”之意，例如：l The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。l His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）3.宾语（宾语（object）l 表示动作的对象或承受者，常由名词表示动作的对象或承受者，常由名词,代词代词,不定式（短不定式（短语），动名词（短语），从句担任。放在及物动词或者介语），动名词（短语），从句担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。词之后。如：l They a
8、re teachers.（名词）l He is going to buy a book.（名词）l I play with him.(代词)l He pretended not to see me.（不定式）l She didnt know what to do next.（不定式短语）l He practises speaking English every day.（动名词）l I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）l Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is?（宾语从句）宾语的种类：（1）直接宾语表
9、示动作的承受者或结果，通常指物。Lend me your dictionary,please.(me是间宾，dictionary是直宾)（2）间接宾语表示动作所向或所为的人或物，通常指人。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前，也可位于之后，但此时在它前面必须加介词to The company sent us a few computers last year.He sent a birthday gift to me yesterday.l(3)复合宾语l 有些动词出了接宾语外，还需要一个词来说明宾语的身份或状态，以补充其意义的不足，这样的词或短语叫做宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语，他们
10、在逻辑上有主谓关系。如果直接宾语是不定式，动名词或从句，常用it作形式宾语）l They elected him their monitor.（代词+名词）l I found the baby always happy.（名词+形容词）l I find it easy to answer this question.（it作形式宾语）4.宾补（宾补（objective complement）有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语外还要有一个宾语补足语来补充说明宾语的情况.名词，动词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语，现在分词，过去分词，都可以做宾语补足语。后面接宾语补足语的及物动词常见的有make,le
11、t,have,get,find,call,see,consider,cause等 l Electricity can make a machine run.l I consider the book too expensive.l We found Lily out when we arrived.l Make yourself at home.l I saw a girl go into the building.省略to的不定式l The boy ordered the dog to lie down.带to的不定式。l The boss kept them working all day
12、.现在分词表示主动、动作和进行。l Yesterday he got his leg broken.过去分词表示被动、状态和完成。5.表语（表语（predicative）l用来说明主语的性质，特征或状态。一般由名词或者形容词担任。置于系动词之后。lHe is a student.（名词）lThis table is long.（形容词）6 定语（定语（attributive）对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示,通常位于被修饰的成分前（注意：它和表语的区别在于定语后面可以直接接名词，表语必须接在系动词之后）名词，形容词，介词短语，不定式，从句都可以做定语。lThey
13、made some paper flowers.（名词）lHe is a tall boy.lI have lots to eat and drink.不定式做定语时后置。lThe boy in the room is our teachers son.介词短语做定语时后置。lThe boy who is standing there is Peter.（从句作定语）注意注意l 说明1：当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing,anything,everything,something 等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语。l I tell him something interesting.l 说明2
14、：不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。l The boys in the room are in Class Ten.l Do you have any piece of music to listen to.to 不可以省略。l 说明3：个别表示方位的词做定语时后置。如nearby bellow downstairs.l They took the boy to the hospital nearby at once.7 状语（状语（adverbial）定义：用以修饰adj./adv./v.及整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，位置灵活。修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。修
15、饰动词时可以放在动词之前，也可以放在动词之后。通常由副词担任。l The bag is too heavy.（修饰形容词heavy，置于之前）l He went out just now.（修饰副词now，置于之前）l I often write to him.（修饰动词write，置于之前）l The students study hard.（修饰动词 study,置于之后）8.同位语同位语 同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者解释加以说明的成分，近乎于后近乎于后置定语置定语。lWe students should study hard./(students是we的同位语，都是指同一
16、批学生）lWe all are students./(all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们）lThe truth that he failed the test surprised me.小结l通常情况下,主语和宾语前的成分是定语，谓语前的成分是状语，时间词作状语放在句子后面。句子的成分分布如下：l（定语）主语（状语）谓语（定语）宾语（状语）l(The tall)boy(often)go to(the big)zoo.l(The happy)child went(his)home（yesterday）二句子类型二句子类型 句子主要有三种类型：简单句，并列句，复合句。（一）简单句（一）简单句l定
17、义：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一定义：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。个谓语（或并列谓语）。lHe often reads English in the morning.lTom and Mike are American boys.lShe likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.l 我们可以给句子的动词加上副词修饰，给名词加我们可以给句子的动词加上副词修饰，给名词加上形容词、介词短语修饰，给句子加上状语进行上形容词、介词短语修饰，给句子加上状语进行修饰等，以使整个句子的意思变得更加的
18、丰富和修饰等，以使整个句子的意思变得更加的丰富和充实。但不管如何变，都充实。但不管如何变，都只有一个主谓结构只有一个主谓结构。l He worked hard all his life.(划线部分在句中作划线部分在句中作状语，修饰动词状语，修饰动词worked)l He is a school student in No.1 Middle School.(划线部分在句中作定语，修饰名词划线部分在句中作定语，修饰名词student)五大句型 英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。我们常说的五大句型就是指的简单句的五种类型。换言之，绝大多
19、数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。1.Things changed.主 +谓2.Trees are green.主+系+表3.We dont beat children.主 +谓 +宾4.He gave his sister the piano.主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语5.I found the book easy.主+谓+宾 +宾补（二）（二）.并列句并列句l由并列连词连接、含有两个或更多主谓结构的句子叫并列句。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。l句型：简单句+并列连词+简单句lYou help him and he helps
20、 you.lThe future is bright;the road is tortuous.一、表示转折对比关系的并列连词l 1.but但是，可是，而，却l 连接两个简单句，有时句中某些词可以省略；连接两个并列成分，可以放在一个句子的句首，后面不接逗号。l 例：I hope you dont mind me asking，but where did you buy those shoes？l 2.yet但是；尽管如此l 可连接两个句子，用逗号分开，也可在yet 前加and，还可以放在一个句子的句首。l 例：The car is old，yet it is in good condition
21、.这辆车旧了，但车况很好。l3.while而，但是，可是，却lwhile 作连词用时，可表示对比或转折关系。I do every single bit of housework while my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then.二、表示因果关系的并列连词l1.for因为l由并列连词for 引导的分句常置于句子后部，而且常用逗号与前面的分句隔开。for 分句主要是对前一分句补充说明理由或推断原因。for 分句不能用来回答why 问句。l例：I did my best not to show pleasure，but what I was
22、 feeling was pure happiness，for my words had the power to make people laugh.l2.so 因此l可以连接两个句子，中间有时用逗号隔开；也可在so前加and；还可以放在一个句子的句首。l例：The shop doesnt open until 11 a.m.，so it loses a lot of business.三、表示选择关系的连词orlor连接并列成分时，意为“或者，还是”；用于否定句中，意为“也不”，这时不宜用and；还有“否则，要不然”之意，相当于otherwise.l例：Would you like a c
23、up of coffee or shall we get down to business right away？lWork hard,or you will get nothing.四、表示并列关系的并列连词l1.and和，同，与，又，并且l例：Stand over there and youll be able to see it better.l2.not only but also 不仅而且l例：Not only I but also Jane and Mary are tired of having one examination after another.l3.neither n
24、or既不也不l例：They worked neither for fame nor for personal gains.他们工作一lEitheror不为名，二不为利。l4.both and既又l例：A man should have both courage and wisdom.人既要有勇气又要有智慧。五、其他并列连词l 1.not but不是而是l It was not the bones of an animal but of a human being.这不是一只动物的骨头，而是人的骨头。l 2.rather than而不是；与其宁愿l Rather than ride on a c
25、rowded bus，he always prefers to ride a bicyclel prefer to do sth.rather than do sth.l would do sth.rather than do sth.宁愿做某事也不要做某事l I would die rather than give in.l 3.when 正当那时，相当于and at that timel Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park when shewas bitten on the leg by a lion.（三）（
26、三）复合句复合句l复合句是由一个主句加上一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。l名词性从句(主语从句表语从句宾语从句同位语从句)l状语从句l定语从句lWho will go is not important.l主语从句（引导词who）系 表lGuilin is not what it used to be.l主 系 表语从句（引导词what）lThe teacher told children that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.l主 谓 间宾 宾语从句（引导词that）l The problem whether we should
27、 continue to do the experiment has been solved.l The truth/fact that he failed the test surprised me.l 主 同位语从句(引导词whether)系 表l If it snows tomorrow,we will build a snowman.l 条件状语从句(if引导)主 谓 宾l The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.l 主 定语从句（who引导）谓 宾状语从句 l(1)时间状语从句时间状语从句l常用的关联词有：
28、as,after,before,since,till/until,when,while,as soon as,whenever等lWait（until you are called）.l（When spring came）,leaves(树叶)turn green.l(2)地点状语从句地点状语从句l常用的关联词有：where,wherever,anywherelPut it（where you found it）.lSit down（wherever you like）.l(3)原因状语从句原因状语从句l常用的关联词有：because,as,sincel（As I didnt know the
29、 way）,I asked a policemanl 4)结果状语从句结果状语从句l 常用的关联词有：so,so that（以至于）,such that,that l I was in the bath（so that I didnt hear the telephone）.l 5)目的状语从句目的状语从句l 常用的关联词有：so,so that,in order that（为了）l Ill show you(so you will see how its done).l I got up early this morning so that I could catch the first b
30、us.l I got up early this morning so that I didnt miss the last bus.l 6)条件状语从句条件状语从句l 常用的关联词有：if,unless(除非不),in case that（以防万一）,on condition that（在这样的条件下）l(If it snows tomorrow),we will build a snowman.l 在条件状语从句中，从句用一般现在时态表示将来。l 7)让步状语从句让步状语从句l 常用的关联词有：though,although,if,even if,even thoughl(Though I
31、m fond of（喜欢）music),I cant play any instrument（设备）l 8)方式状语从句方式状语从句l 常用的关联词有：as（正如，如同，按照）,as if（好像）,as though,howl He did just(as you told him).l He treated(对待)me as if I were（虚拟）his sister.l 9)程度状语从句程度状语从句l 常用的关联词有：so,so that,as far as,so long asl(So long as you need me),Ill stay.exercisesl 练习：l 分析下
32、列句子成分 l 1.Our school is not far from my home.l 2.It is a great pleasure to talk with you l 3.All of us considered him honest.l 4.My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.l 5.He broke a piece of glass.l 6.He made it clear that he would leave the city l 7.-I love you more than her，child l 8.Tee
33、s turn green when spring comes.l 9.They pushed the door open.、l 10.Grandma told me an interesting story last nightl 11.He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.l 12.All the students think highly of his teaching.l 13.We need a place twice larger than this one.l 14.He asked us to sing an English
34、 song.l 15.Dont get nervous help yourself to what you likel 16.We will make our school more beautiful.l 17.He didnt comeThat is why he didnt know l 18.She showed us her many of her pictures.l 19.The old man lives a lonely life.l 20.Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town.l 2
35、1.The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany l 22.There are so many people in the hall that its hard for me to find himl 23.No matter how difficult the task may be,we must fulfil（finish）it this month.l 24.Go back where you came from.l 25.We must do whatever the people want us to do.l 26
36、.At last he got home,tired and hungry.l 27.Would you please pass me the cup?l 28 Mary handed her homework to the teacher.l 29.Do you know the latest news about him?l 30.Ill get my hair cut tomorrow.l get sth.done(状态)get sb.do sth.(let make 使役动词)专题：状语从句专题：状语从句l用来修饰主句中的动词、副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。l状语从句放在主句之前时，用
37、逗号分开；放在主句之后，一般不用逗号。根据其含义及作用状语从句可分为：l时间状语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句，原因状语从句，结果状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，让步状语从句。l 1.时间状语从句 l(1)时间状语从句常用 when,as,while,before,after,since,till,until,as soon as 等连词来引导。例如：It was raining hard when i got to school yesterday.l While he was doing his homework,the telephone rang.l As he walked
38、along the lake,he sang happily.(as表示一边一边)l He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China.l After finishing his homework,he goes out playing football.l(2)在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。l例如：lIll ring you up as soon as I get to New York.lI will tell him everything when he comes back.lHe wo
39、nt believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.l(3)在带有 till 或 until 引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是“一直到 时”，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是“直到才”,“在以 前不”,谓语动词可用瞬间动词。l 例如：The young man read till the light went out.l Lets wait until the rain stops.l We wont start until Bob comes.l Dont get off until the bus
40、 stops.l 2.条件状语从句 l(1)条件状语从句通常由 if,unless(ifnot)引导。l 例如：What shall we do if it snows tomorrow?Dont leave the building unless I tell you to.l(2)在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。l 例如：Ill help you with your English if I am free tomorrow.He wont be late unless he is ill.l(3)“祈使句+and(or)+陈述句”在意思上相当于一个带有条件状
41、语从句的复合句。l 例如：Hurry up,or youll be late.=If you dont hurry up,youll be late.l Study hard and you will pass the exam.=If you study hard,you will pass the exam.l3.原因状语从句 l(1)原因状语从句通常由 because,since,as 引导。l例如：He didnt come to school because he was ill.lAs it is raining,we shall not go the zoo.lSince you
42、 cant answer the question,Ill ask someone else.l(2)because 表示直接原因，语气最强。Because 引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由 why 提 出的问题，只能用 because。As 和 since 语气较弱。because 和 so 不能同用在一个句子里。l 由 as 和 since 引导 的原因状语从居多放在句首。l 例如：Why arent going there?Because I dont want to.l As he has no car,he cant get there easily.l Since we h
43、ave no money,we cant buy it.l4.结果状语从句 l(1)结果状语从句由 sothat,suchthat,so that 引导。l例如：He is so poor that he cant buy a bike for his son.lShe is such a good teacher that everybody likes her.lMy pencil fell under the desk,so that I couldnt see it.l(2)sothat 与 such.that 可以互换。例如：在由 so.that 引导的结果状语从句中，so 是副词，
44、与形容词连用。其结构是:“.so+形容词（副词）+that+从句”。l 例如：He was so glad that he couldnt say a word.l The hall is so big that it can hold 2,000 people.l Mother lives so far away that we hardly ever see her.l 在由 suchthat 引导的结果状语从句中，such 是形容词，它修饰的可以是单数或复数可数名 词，也可以是不可数名词；名词前面可以带形容词，也可不带。如果是单数可数名词，前面需加 不定冠词 a 或 an。l例如：lIt
45、 was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything.lHe had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.lHe made such rapid progress that he did very well in the mid-term.l 有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。l 例如：l It was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it again.l=The film was so wonderfu
46、l that all of us wanted to see it again.l It is such an important match that nobody wants to miss it.l=The match is so important that nobody wants to miss it.l(3)如果名词前由 many,much,little,few 等词修饰时，只能用 so,不用 such。l 例如：Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses.He has so little ti
47、me that he cant go to the cinema with you.l 比较状语从句 比较状语从句通常由 asas,比较级+than等连词引导。l 例如：Tom runs faster than John does.This classroom is as big as that one.l5.目的状语从句 l(1)目的状语从句通常由 so that,in order that 引导。l例如：We started early so that we could catch the first train.He studies hard so that he could work
48、better in the future.We used the computer in order that we might save time.l(2)so that 既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句。l 区别这两种从句的办法有两个：l 1)目的 状语从句里往往带有情态动词 can,could,may,might 等。l 2)从意思上看，目的状语从句往往表示的 目的很明确。l 例如：Speak clearly so that they may understand you.(目的状语从句)l Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest.(结
49、果状语从句)l 6.让步状语从句 l 让步状语从句通常由 although,though,as,even if,however,whatever,no matter how(what,who)等连词引导。l 例如：Though he is young,he knows a lot.Young as he is,he knows a lot.Child as he is,he knows a lot.Although I am tired,I must go on working.l although(though)与but不能用在同一个句子中。l 例如：我们不能说：Though it was
50、raining hard,but he still went out.应该说：Though it was raining hard,he still went out.或 It was raining hard,but he still went out.l 7.地点状语从句 l 地点状语从句常常由 where wherever(no matter where不管在哪里)来引导。l 例如：l Go where you like.l Where there is a will（意志，意念）,there is a way.l（有志者，事竟成。）l Where there is,there is (
