1、上海牛津版八年级下册同步讲义move v. 移动movement n. 动作feel v. 感到feeling n. 情感thin adj. 瘦的thinner 比较级thinnest 最高级flow v. 流动flew 过去式flown 过去分词million n. 百万millionaire n. 百万富翁visible adj. 看得见的invisible adj. 看不见的version n. 视力succeed v. 成功success n. 成功successful adj.成功的care n./v. 关心，照顾careful adj. 仔细的carefully adv. 仔细地p
2、olite adj. 礼貌的politely adv. 礼貌地politeness n. 礼貌Impolite adj. 不礼貌的impolitely adv. 不礼貌地hope v. 希望hopeful adj. 有希望的chemical adj.化学的chemistry n. 化学chemist n. 化学家worry v. 担心worried adj. 感到担心的begin v. 开始，起始beginner n. 初学者bury v. 埋buries 一般现在时三单buried 过去式/过去分词scratch v. 抓挠scratches 一般现在时三单scratched 过去式/过去分
3、词real adj. 真实的really adv. 真实地battery n. 电池batteries pl. 电池（复数）servant n. 仆人serve v. 服务service n. 服务electricity n. 电electrician n. 电工electric adj. 发电的explain v. 解释，说明explanation n. 解释，说明energy n. 能量energetic adj. 精力充沛的Unit 3 Electricity1. servant n. 仆人；佣人 e. g. Fire and water may be good servants, bu
4、t bad masters. 谚水火是忠仆，用之不慎成灾主。 A politician should be a servant of the people. 政治家应当是人民的公仆。【知识拓展】 serve v. 服务，待客e.g. They served the guests a wonderful dinner. 他们以盛宴招待客人们。service n. 服务e. g. The train service to the capital is very good. 开往首都的火车服务设施非常好。注：除了跟学生讲解servant的三个词性转换外，还要告诉学生serve 是及物动词，后面直接跟
5、sb.2. trick v. 欺骗；坑人e. g. Her tricked me into giving him the money. 他哄骗我给了他钱。（常与out of连用）骗走，恶作剧e.g. His partner tried to trick him out of his share. 他的合伙人企图骗走他的股份。【知识拓展】 trick n. 诡计；骗术，花招e. g. I can do magic tricks. 我会变魔术。 The children played a trick on their teacher. 孩子们捉弄了他们的老师。注：根据同类短语讲解trick，例如：
6、play a trick on sb. /make jokes about sb.开某人的玩笑3. electricity n. 电 e.g. The power station supplies electricity to this area. 这个电站供应这个区域的电。【知识拓展】 electrician n. 电工 electric adj. 发电的，由电产生的e.g. an electric cenerator发电机 an electric plug电源插头 an electric iron电熨斗注：总结类似词性转换，history-historical-historic/econo
7、my-economic等等4. flow v. 流动e.g. The cars flowed in a steady stream along the main road. 汽车在主干道上不停地驶过。【常用搭配】 flow away流走；流逝 flow down流下 flow into流入e.g. Time flows away quickly. 时光飞逝。 Waterfall flows down to the bottom of the hill. 瀑布飞流直下到山脚下。 Rivers flow into the sea. 江河流入海中。5. meter n. 仪表；计量表【常用搭配】 a
8、 gas meter煤气表 an electricity meter电表 a speed meter速度表e.g. Theres a gas meter in every home. 在每间屋里都有煤气表。注：meter还有“米”的意思，例如 three meters 三米，顺便讲解three meters tall 和three-meter -tall hole这样的类似用法和区别。6. amount n. 数量；量e.g. No amount of washing will remove them. 怎么洗也洗不掉。 What is the amount of this? 这总共是多少？注
9、：通过以前学习的number引导学生回忆amount的相关词组 a large amount of amounts of a number of the number of 7. monthly adv. 每月一次e.g. A monthly paper is printed every month. We read it monthly. 月刊是每月印刷的，我们按月读它。 We pay the telephone bill monthly. 我们每月付一次电话账单。【知识拓展】 daily adv. 每天一次，每天地 weekly adv. 每周一次，每周地 yearly adv. 每年一次
10、，每年地8. explanation n. 解释；解说；说明e.g. The only explanation for his behaviour is that hes mad. 对他的行为的唯一解释就是他疯了。【知识拓展】 explain v. 解释；说明e.g. Can you explain why you were late? 你能解释一下你为什么迟到吗？注：举一些动词 加 tion 变名词的例子。 invite-invitation、invent-invention、promote-promotion、locate-location、add-addition、等等9. scratc
11、h v. 搔；挠 e.g. He scratched the insect bite on his leg with his nails. 他用指甲挠他腿上虫咬的地方。 （常与out，off，through连用）刮掉，削去；擦去：删掉；划掉 e.g. Her name had been scratched out of the list. 她的名字已从名单上划掉了。 Could you help me scratch the rust off the wheel? 你能帮我把轮子上的锈刮掉吗？10. invisible adj. 看不见的；无形的 e.g. Air is invisrble,
12、but we can feel it when it moves. 空气是看不见的，但是当它移动的时候我们能感受到。【知识拓展】 visible adj. 看得见的；明显的；显著的 vision n. 视力e.g. Air isnt a visible object. 空气不是可见物体。 She has good vision. 她的视力很好。注：in 否定前缀，归纳英语中的否定前缀，老师可以按照学生的程度有选择性的讲解。英语否定的前缀主要有a- ab- anti- counter- de- dis- il- im- in- ir- mal- mis- non- un- 等。a-ab-主要加在
13、形容词动词前，例如atypical非典型性的，abnormal非正常的；abuse滥用、错误使用、虐待；anti-加在名词、形容词前边。最常见的是anti-Japanese抗日战争、anti-social厌恶社会的 反社会的、antidite解毒的药；counter-加在名词、动词前，例如：counterstrike反击、counteract抵抗阻碍、counterrevolution反革命。de-加在名词、形容词前，常见的例词有decrease减少，deteriorate恶化，demobilize遣散 使复员、decolor 脱色 漂白；dis-主要加在名词、形容词，动词之前，dis-为否定
14、前缀的词有：disadvantage缺点、dishonorable不光彩的、disagree不同意、disappear消失、disarm解除武装、disconnect失去联系il-主要加在以1开头的单词的前边，比如：illegal非法的、illiterate文盲的、illogical不合逻辑的；im-加在字母m,b,p之前，这样的词有impossible不可能的、impolite不礼貌的in-常加在形容词，名词之前，如incorrect不正确的、inability无能 无力、inaccurate不准确的等；ir-放在以r开头的英语单词前面，比如：irregular不稳定的、irresistab
15、le不可抵抗的、irresolvable不能分解的 不能解决的； mal-主要加在形容词名词之前，例如malfunction功能紊乱，malicious恶意的；mis-加在动词、名词前，例词misunderstand误解、misjudge误判、misleading误导、misfortune不幸；non-加在形容词、名词前，这样以non-为否定前缀的词有non-existence不存在、non-essential不主要的、non-electrical非电的； un-主要放于名词，形容词，副词前面，常见的例子有unfinished未完成的、undoubted无疑的、unemployment失业。
16、11. form n. 形状；形式e.g. He seems to dislike any form of exercise. 他好像讨厌任何方式的运动。【知识拓展】 form n. 方式；制度e.g. Different countries have different forms of government. 不同的国家有不同的政治制度。l2. energy n. 能量e.g. Young people usually have more energy than the old. 年轻人通常比老年人有活力。 Each year Americans use a high percentage
17、 of the worlds energy. 每年美国人消耗掉世界能源的比例很高。【知识拓展】 energetic adj. 精力充沛的e.g. He is an energetic child.他是个精力旺盛的孩子。注：辨析 energy, force, power, strength这组词的共同意思是“能”“能量”“精力”。其区别在于:1.energy在物理学定义中为“能”“能量”,用于生理学上指“精力”。2.power系一般用语,可指动力、思维能力等各种力量或能力。例如:A car needs a lot of power to go fast.汽车高速行驶需要很大动力。3.streng
18、th指某人或某物所具有的内在力量,可指体力、力气或抽象的力量。例如:He hasnt got enough strength to get out of bed.他没有足够的力气下床。Union is strength.团结就是力量。4.force指的是物质或精神力量,多指为做成某事而使用的力量,也常指武力。例如:We had to use force to get into the house.我们不得不强行进屋。13. bulb n. 电灯泡e.g. The bulb is broken. Please change another one. 这个灯泡坏了，请再换一个。14. connec
19、t v. 连接，联合e.g. Will you connect this wire to the television? 你把这根电线和电视机连上好吗？ This thick wire is connected to my computer. 这根粗电线连接到我的电脑上。 This flight connects with a flight for New York. 这个航班可接上飞往纽约的一班飞机。【常用搭配】 connect with和有联系，和有关e.g. People connect Vienna with waltzes and coffee-houses. 人们一提到维也纳就会联
20、想到华尔兹圆舞曲和咖啡馆。注：connect with是和有关,和有联系 的意思.如: He is connected with the murder.那件谋杀案和他有关.也可以这样用:connect sth./sb with sb./sth.connect to 的意思是 把连接到如:Please connect the computer to internet.把电脑连到因特网上15. bury v. 埋葬，掩埋e.g. The house was half buried under snow. 房子一半埋在雪中。 Many men were buried underground when
21、 there was an accident at the mine. 矿上发生意外事故时，许多矿工都被埋在地下。 He buried himself in his work. 他埋头工作。16. politely adv. 客气地，斯文地e.g. You should serve our guests pohiely. 你必须有礼貌地服务我们的客人。 Tom offered me a cigarette. I refused politely. 汤姆给我一支烟，我礼貌地拒绝了。【知识拓展】 polite adj. 有礼貌的；斯文的 politeness n. 有礼，优雅e.g. It was
22、nt very polite of you to serve yourself without asking. 你也不问一声就自己吃起来是不太礼貌的。注：复习形容词变副词的规则，并且让学生自己举例子17. grin v. 露齿笑，咧嘴笑e.g. There was a grin on his face when he opened his birthday presents. 当他打开他的生日礼物时，他的脸上露齿一笑。【知识拓展】 grin vt. 咧嘴而笑e. g. He was grinning with delight. 他高兴得咧开嘴笑。注：讲到这个单词稍稍放松一下，跟学生一起分享各种
23、“笑”的单词，用英文的表达。各种笑的英文单词 burst into laughter 突然大笑 crack a smile 展颜微笑，莞尔一笑 explode with laughter 哄堂大笑 force a smile 强作欢颜 burst into gales of laughter 爆发出阵阵笑声 grin with delight 高兴的咧嘴而笑 a hearty burst of laughter 一阵爽朗的欢笑 in stitches 笑不可支 laugh at 嘲笑 laugh it off 一笑而过 laughingstock 笑料；笑柄 laugh in the bree
24、ze 迎风欢笑 laugh oneself to death 差点没笑死 laugh a hearty laugh 放声大笑，开怀大笑 roars of laughter 大笑声 a saccharine smile 谄笑，谄媚的笑 roll in the aisles 乐不可支，笑得东倒西歪 scream with laughter 笑得前仰后合 snicker 窃笑 snort （讽刺、轻蔑地）高声大笑 shriek with laughter 尖声狂笑 smile shyly 羞嗒嗒地微笑 beam with smiles 笑容满面；笑逐颜开 simmer with laughter 忍
25、俊不禁 smile on sb. 朝某人微笑 smirk 傻笑；假笑 smile bitterly 苦笑 giggle 咯咯地笑 grin 咧嘴而笑 grin from ear to ear 嘴咧得大大地笑 chuckle 轻声笑；咯咯笑 18. battery n. 电池e. g. Our bus wont start because the battery is flat. 我们的大客车发动不起来了，因为电池坏了。 This pocket calculator needs two batteries. 这个袖珍计算器需用两节干电池。注：提醒学生battery的复数形式为batteries1
26、9. contain v. 包含，含有e. g. Pig iron may contarn 4%of carbon. 生铁可含百分之四的碳。 The bottle contains two pints. 这瓶装两品脱。指点迷津：contain, hold 两个单词都含“包含，容纳”的意思。contain着重“其中确实包含有”。 e. g. The bottle contains water.这个瓶子里有水。 hold指“能容纳”。 e. g. The house holds 20 people. 这房子能住下20人。二、重要句型Important Sentences structures 1.
27、1. She thinks she can buy it in packets, like sweets！ 句中can是一个情态动词，意为“能，可能”。情态动词无词性变化，表主语或说话者的语气。(1)肯定句：主语+can+动词原形 e.g. I can play football. 我能踢足球。(2)否定句：主语+cannot (cant)+动词原形 e.g. I cant play football. 我不能踢足球。(3)疑问句：Can+主语+动词原形 回答：Yes, +主语十can. /No, +主语+cant. e.g. Can you play football? Yes, I can
28、./No, I cant. 你能踢足球吗？是的，我能。不，我不能。2. although electricity is much more dangerous than water.(1) more+ adj. +than e.g. Is this snake more dangerous than that one? 这条蛇比那一条更危险吗？(2) more十n./phrase十than e.g. There are more students in Class 3 than those in Class 2. 三班的学生比二班的多。【知识拓展】 关于比较级和最高级:(1) 对于单音节或双音
29、节的形容词我们一般在后面加上-er和-est。e.g. small- smaller- smallest; big- bigger- biggest, funny- funnier- funniest slow- slower- slowest; fast- faster- fastest但要注意一些由形容词变化而来的副词，虽然其形式上为双音节，但它们的比较级和最高级要加more和most。e.g. slowly-more slowly-the most slowly; friendly-more friendly-the most friendly; happily- more happil
30、y- the most happily(2)对于多音节的形容词，它们的比较级和最高级要加more和most。e.g. beautiful- more beautiful- the most beautiful; dangerous- more dangerous- the most dangerous, difficult-more difficult-the most difficult3. You must always be careful with it. 句中must是一个情态动词，意为“必须，一定”。 (1)肯定句：主语+must+动词原形 e. g. I must go home
31、 now. 我现在必须回家。 (2)否定句：主语+must not (mustnt)+动词原形 e.g. I mustnt go home now. 我现在不准回家。(3)疑问句：Must+主语+动词原形 回答：Yes, 十主语+must. No, +主语十neednt. e.g. Must I go home now? Yes, you must.No, you neednt. 现在我必须回家吗？是的，你必须。不，你不必。4. May I have my packet of electricity? 句中may是一个情态动词，意为“可以”。(1)肯定句：主语+may+动词原形e. g. Yo
32、u may sit down. 你可以坐下。(2)否定句：主语+may not+动词原形 You may not sit down. 你不可以坐下。(3)疑问句：May+主语+动词原形 回答：Yes, +主语+may. /No, +主语+may not. e.g. May I sit down? Yes, you may. /No, you may not. 我可以坐下吗？是的，你可以。不，你不可以。. Read and choose the best answer.( )1. Must I go to buy the ticket for my parents now?No, you.mus
33、tntB. cantC. may notD. neednt【答案】D【解析】must提问否定回答用neednt或者dont have to ( )2. He is _ electrician , he can deal with the _ problem . A. a; electrical B.an; electrical C.the; electrical D.the; electric 【答案】B【解析】electrician电工，所以用an，electrical与电相关的，electric带电的 ( )3. These _ thick wires that are buried un
34、der the street . A . connect to B.connect with C. are connected D.are connected to【答案】D【解析】be connected to连接上，这些连着电线被埋在街道下 ( )4. We can change electricity into forms of energy that we can see ,hear or feel . Here “forms” means “_” A. parts B. ways C. kinds D.species【答案】B【解析】form 做动词表示形成，养成，做名词表示形式，方
35、式，表格类似于ways ( )5. My home is about _ our school . A. 10 miles far away B.10 miles from C. 10 miles far from D.10 miles for【答案】B【解析】10 miles from school距离学校10里路II、Rewrite the following sentences as requiredIts about twenty minutes walk from my home to our school .(对划线部分提问) _ _ is it from your home to
36、 your school.The old man spent nearly one and a half hours going to his daughters house on foot.(改为同义句) It _ the old man spent nearly one and a half hours _go to his daughters house on foot.You should take a good rest after working every day .(改为同义句) It is _ for you _ take a good rest after working
37、every day .He is going to visit her uncle next week . (对划线部分提问) _ _ he going to visit her uncle?The boys were playing when I got there .(改为一般疑问句) _ the boys _ when I got there ?【答案】1.How far 2.took ; to 3.necessary ; to 4. When is 5. Were ; playingIII、Read the passage and fill in the blanks with pro
38、per words. The most w_ spoken language in the world is English . Many people understand and use it t_ the world . Indeed ,English is a very i_ and useful language . If we know English, we can travel anywhere and we w_ have no difficulty making ourselves understood .English is greatly used in the stu
39、dy of all k_ of subjects. Several books are w_ in English every day to teach people many useful things . Therefore, the English language has helped to spread knowledge to all parts of the world . English has also served to boring t_ the different people of the world by helping them to talk with one
40、another .【答案】 widely ; throughout ;important ; will ; kinds ; written ;together阅读提高Choose the best answer. Arnold Schwarzenegger was born in Graz, Austria on July 30, 1947. He enjoyed playing sports as a child, and he began lifting weights to build up his strength（力量）for football and swimming.Then,
41、when he was around 15 years old, he started to lift weights seriously for body building（健美）. He also began taking part in body building competitions in England at this time. When he was 18, he won the Junior Mr. Europe Competition. Then, he later won Mr. Olympia.In 1968, when he was 21 years old, Mr
42、. Schwarzenegger went to the United States. He continued to enter and win body building competitions, but he also started a company which helped build buildings to earn more money.In 1970, he made a movie called Hercules in New York. For the movie, he changed his name to Arnold Strong instead of usi
43、ng his real name. This was his first acing job. In 1973, he acted in a smart part in another movie called The long Goodbye.Mr. Schwarzenegger finally decided that he should retire from body building in the late 1970s after he had won 13 world championships（冠军）. Around the time of his retirement from
44、 body building, he made another film called Pumping Iron in which the body builder played himself.He finally decided that his future was in acting. However, many people did not think that the body builder with the funny way of speaking was cut out for acting. It was not until movies like Conan the Barbarian and Terminator made millions of dollars that H
