1、 上海牛津版八年级下册同步讲义Unit 4 Newspapers单词听写publish v. 出版，发行publishing n. 出版业，发行业publisher n. 出版人，发行人 editor n. 编辑edit v. 编辑elect v. 选举election n. 选举experience n. 经历/经验experienced adj. 有经验的，经验丰富的brief adj. 简短的briefly adv. 简短地decision n. 决定decide v. 决定free adj. 自由的freedom n. 自由conclude v. 结束conclusion n. 结论a
2、rrange v. 安排arrangement n. 安排agree v. 同意agreement n. 协议，合同cooker n. 厨具cook n. 厨师typewriter n. 打字机typist n. 打字员choose v. 选择choice n. 选择一、词汇Words 1.publish v. 出版 e.g. This company publishes childrens books. 这个公司出版儿童书籍。 The book was published in 1988. 这本书是1988年出版的。【知识拓展】 publishing adj. 出版的；出版业的e.g. a
3、publishing house出版社2. hold v. 举行 e.g. A debate will be held in the school hall tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午学校礼堂将举行辩论会。 The Motor Show is usually held in October. 汽车展览会通常在十月份举行。3. headmaster n. 男校长 e.g. Cai Yuanpei was the headmaster of Beijing University. 蔡元培曾是北大的校长。注：在讲到这个单词的时候老师可以补充下构词法，这里是典型的合成法，例如此类
4、的单词我们学过合成名词spaceship, afternoon, highway. 合成形容词hard-working, 合成副词anywhere, however, 合成代词anyone, anybody4. elect v. 选举；推选 e.g. The government is made up of men and women elected by the people of the country. 政府是由这个国家的人民选出的人员组成的。【知识拓展】 election n. 选举e.g. Tom is standing for election. We elect him chai
5、rman of the club. 汤姆是候选人，我们选他为俱乐部主席。5. chief adj.主要的 e.g. Rice is the chief crop in most southern provinces. 稻子是大多数南方省份的主要作物。 The President of the US is the chief executive of the country. 美国总统是美国的最高行政长官。6. editor n. 编辑；编者 e.g. She is a fashion editor. 她是一名时装栏编辑。【知识拓展】 edit v. 编辑；校订e.g. He is editin
6、g a Shakespeare play for use in schools. 他正在编辑一部莎土比亚剧本供学校使用。7. experience n.(1) 经历e.g. Please tell us your experiences in America. 请你告诉我们你在美国的经历。(2) 经验e.g. My father is a man of rich experience. 我爸爸是一个经验丰富的人。注：这个单词一定要和学生讲解清楚在做经历时候是可数名词，在做经验的时候是不可数名词。让学生比较例句，以及试比较many experiences和much experience。【知识拓
7、展】 experienced adj. 有经验的；经验丰富的；老练的；熟练的e.g. She is experienced in looking after children. 她有照料孩子的经验。8. vote v. 投票选举 e.g. Vote for Johnson-the peoples friend! 请投约翰逊一票他是人民的朋友！【知识拓展】 vote v. 投票选择e. g. secret vote不记名投票 I gave my vote to Mr Wang. 我投王先生的票。 He won the election because he got most votes. 他选举
8、获胜了，因为他得到了大多数的选票。9. suggestion n. 建议e.g. We ordered the shrimp, a suggestion of the waiter.听取服务员的建议，我们点了虾。 He made the suggestion that we go by train. 他建议我们坐火车去。【常用搭配】 at/on ones suggestion根据某人的建议make/offer a suggestion提议；建议注：表示建议的我们还学过advice注意区分：suggestion为可数名词，而suggestion为不可数名词。注意动词的搭配：advise sb t
9、o do sth.以及suggest doing sth.10. free adj.免费的e.g. Anyone who buys this breakfast food gets a free gift of a fine greeting card. 购买这份早餐的人都可得到一张免费的精美贺卡。【知识拓展】 freedom n. 自由 freely adv. 自由地e.g. The prisoner has no freedom in the jail. He cant walk freely there, 囚犯在狱中没有自由。他不可以随便走动。11. consider v. 考虑，认为e
10、.g. I am considering going abroad. 我正在考虑出国。 We consider that the driver is not to blame. 我们认为这不是司机的过错。指点迷津：consider(as), regardas与treatas这三个词组都含“认为是”的意思。(1) consider侧重“经过考虑而认为”，表示一种比较客观的看法。e.g. I consider what he said (as) reasonable. 我认为他说的有道理。(2) regard指“把认为，把看作”，表示以外部形象得出认识或个人的主观认识。e. g. He was r
11、egarded as the foremost authority on chemistry. 他被认为是化学最高权威。(3) treat表示在某种认识的基础上看待或对待，重在行动，而不在认识。e. g. They will not be treated as enemies. 他们不会被当作敌人对待。12. briefly adv.简要地e.g. Id like to comment very briefly on that last statement. 我想就最后一句简要地谈谈我的看法。 Briefly, you are fired. 一句话，你被解雇了。 【知识拓展】 brief ad
12、j. 简短的；短暂的 e. g. a cold and brief welcome冷淡而简短的欢迎make a brief visit作短暂的访问13. decision n. 决心；决定e.g. Have they reached a decision yet? 他们是否已有所决定？ She could not make a decision about the dress. 她对（买不买）这件裙子下不了决心。 【常用搭配】 come to/arrive at/ reach a decision作出决定 give a decision for/against判决对有利不利make a dec
13、ision作出决定；下决心 注：decision的动词形式为decide 注意搭配形式为decide to do sth.14. conclude v. 结束；决定 e. g. To conclude, I wish you all good health and a long life. 最后，祝大家健康长寿。 The doctor concluded that the patients disease was cancer. 医生断定病人患的是癌症。【知识拓展】 conclusion n. 结束，结论 e.g. I found the conclusion of her story ver
14、y exciting. 我觉得她那故事的结尾很激动人心。二、Daily expressions. 日常表达1. take charge of负责 e.g. Mr Smith will take charge of our class next term. 下学期史密斯先生将负责我们班。 You take charge of making the salad.=Youre in charge of making the salad. 你负责做沙拉。 charge n. 主管 v. 使承担（任务、责任）【常用搭配】 take charge of负责，看管 under the charge of在看
15、管（负责）之下 in charge of负责 e.g. The chief engineer was in charge of directing the building of the subway. 主要工程师负责指导地铁的建造工程。 This ward is in/ under the charge of Dr Green. 这间病房是由格林大夫负责的。 Dont forget to charge the money of the shoes to my account. 别忘了把鞋钱记在我账上。注：在讲到take charge of 词组时，老师要告诉学生注意对于句型转换中，同义句的转
16、换，它就相当于be in charge of 以及be responsible for。2. talkover详细讨论；详谈e.g. We should talk it over among ourselves. 我们应该详细讨论一下。3. make a decision作出决定e.g. We talked and talked but couldnt make a decision. 我们谈来谈去可是没办法决定。 My parents made a decision about my future study at the family meeting. 父母在家庭会议上对于我今后的学业作出
17、了决定。【知识拓展】 arrive at/come to / reach a decision作出决定e.g. Have they come to a decision yet?他们是否已有所决定？4. in one weeks time在一周内 e. g. We will be back to school in one weeks time. 在一周内我们将回到学校。【友情提示】相当于in a week。由于这个时间状语用在一般将来时态中，所以这里的in表示“在后”，而不是“在里”。注：在对于in +一段时间的时间状语我们要用一般将来时态，同时注意在对于对划线部分提问中我们要用疑问词how
18、 soon 进行提问。三、重要句型Important Sentences structures1. I started taking notes. start doing sth.开始做某事 e.g. We should start doing our homework when we get home. 我们一到家就应该开始做家庭作业。批注：start doing sth.=start to do sth. 2. or should they pay for it? payfor sth. 为付款 它与spendon及cost意思相近。 e.g. I paid 20 yuan for the
19、 book.=I spent 20 yuan on the book.=The book cost me 20 yuan. 我花20元钱买的这本书。注：注意在话费句型上带着学生进行知识的回顾，注意对于spend, pay, take以及cost的句型总结：Sb spend some money on sth./in doing sth.Sth. cost sb some moneyIt takes/took sb some time to do sth.Sb pay some money for sth.3. What should we call it? e.g. Pansy said we
20、 ought to call it the Mayfield Sun. 情态动词(should/should not, ought to/ought not to) should和ought to多用于劝告或建议，语气委婉。 e.g. You ought to/should obey your parents. 你应该听你父母的话。 You ought not to/shouldnt smoke so much, you are wasting your money. 你不应该吸这么多烟，你是在浪费钱。 I told him that he ought to/should do it. 我告诉
21、他他应该做这件事。注：注意在情态动词上注意根据句子意思来进行做题判断，同时注意提醒学生ought to的否定形式。I. Complete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms. (5%)1. The lovely little girl smiled when she looked at _ _ in the mirror. (she)2. Everyone should follow the rules and never break them. (safe)3. Tom gave a speech because
22、time was limited. (brief)4. Please make a _ (decide) as soon as possible.5. Joyce gave me many good when I met some difficulties. (suggest)【答案】1her 2. safety 3. briefly 4. decision 5. suggestionsII. Rewrite the sentences as required. (10%)1. My mother said to me, “Dont go alone at night.” (改为简单句) My
23、 mother told me _ _ go alone at night.2. The Browns came to China in 1997. （对画线部分提问） _ _ the Browns _ to China?3. Mr. Fat has few good friends. （改为反意疑问句） Mr. Fat has few good friends, _ _？4. My home is about twenty minutes by bike. （改为同义句） It _ me twenty minutes _ _ there from my home by bike.5. Its
24、 a good idea. （改为感叹句） How _ _ _is!【答案】1. not to 2. when did come 3. does he 4. takes to get 5. good the idea现在完成时一、现在完成时含义 现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，但其结果却和现在有联系, 也就是说, 动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在。e.g. I have lost my wallet. (含义是：现在我没有钱花了。)Jane has laid the table.(含义是：已可以吃饭了。) Michael has been ill. (含义是：现在仍
25、然很虚弱。) He has returned from abroad. (含义是：现在已在此地)二、现在完成时结构与句型1、助动词have /has+动词过去分词，主语为第三人称单数用has，其他人称用have 。句型： 1、肯定句：主语+have /has+动词过去分词+其他。 I have studied English for 5 years.2、否定句：主语+have /has+not +动词过去分词+其他。 We havent been there.3、一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词过去分词+其他？ Has he eaten that apple?4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词
26、+ have /has +主语+动词过去分词+其他？ Where have you been to recently?三、现在完成时用法1、现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的、持续到现在的情况,常与for, since连用。 e.g. Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998.2、现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用, 如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等：e.g. He has already obtained a scholarship
27、. I havent seen much of him recently/lately. We have seen that film before. Have they found the missing child yet?3、现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用，如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasions等：e.g. Have you ever been to Beijing? I have never heard Bunny say anything against her. I have used this
28、 pen only three times. It is still good. George has met that gentleman on several occasions.4、现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to present, so far等。e.g. Peter has written six papers so far. Man has now learned
29、 to release energy from the nucleus of the atom. There has been too much rain this year. The relations between us have been enhanced in the past few years. Up to the present everything has been successful.5、现在完成时表示现在之前就已完成的动作, 虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续, 但是有一些现在完成时的句子，在后面加上for+一段时间，则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性。E.g. Thom
30、as has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语) Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.)6、现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作。e.g. We have had four texts this semester.7. 现在完成时中的时间状语：already通常用于肯定句中，意为“已经”，位于行为动词之前, be动词、助动词之后。有时可放在
31、疑问句句尾，表示惊讶。例如： We have already cleaned the classroom. Have you finished it already？yet用于疑问句中表示“已经”；用于否定句中，表示“还(没)”。例如： Has he found his watch yet？他还没找到他的表吗？ No, not yet. 是, 还没有。ever意为“曾经”，常用于疑问句或否定句中，位于助动词和过去分词之间，表示从过去到目前为止的时间。例如： Have you ever been there？你曾经去过那里吗？ Nothing has ever happened here. 这里
32、未曾发生过什么事。never意为“（曾经）从未、没有”, 是否定副词，在句中位于助动词和过去分词之间。ever与否定词not连用相当于never。例如： I havent ever spoken to her. = I have never spoken to her. 我从未跟她讲过话。just意为“刚刚”, 用于现在完成时, 表示行为刚刚过去, 位于助动词与过去分词之间。e.g. He has just come back from school.他刚从学校回来。注意：just now意为“刚才”, 表示过去某时, 用于一般过去时, 位于句首或句尾均可。e.g. He came from
33、school just now.他刚才从学校回来。for 和since的用法及区别。for 与一段时间连用，since 与时间点连用。 注意：since 后接过去时的时间状语或过去时的句子。e.g. I have been to Shanghai twice since 1970. I havent seen her since she left Shanghai. I saw Pingping six years ago. Since I have never seen her. have/has gone to、have/has been to 和have/has been in的区别:
34、have/ has gone to 去了,在去某地的路上或在某地, 人还未回来 have/ has been to 曾经去过, 人已经回来了 have/ has been in 已经在, 常与一段时间连用 e.g. She has been to Shanghai before. 她以前曾去过上海。 She has been in Shanghai for ten years. 她在上海10年了。 Has he gone to Qingdao? 他去青岛了吗？但不能说 Have you gone to Qingdao?【巩固练习】1. Bothhisparentslooksad. Maybe
35、they_whatshappenedtohim. A.knew B.have known C.must know D. will know【答案】B【解析】现在完成时表示对现在的影响，强调已经知道结果了。2. Hehas_ beentoShanghai, hashe? A.already B. never C. ever D. still【答案】B【解析】反义疑问用肯定，前面的句子为否定，可知为never从未。3. HaveyoumetMr.Li _? A.just B.ago C. before D. a moment ago【答案】C【解析】before为现在标志词，且放句末，可知选C.4
36、. The famous writer _ one new book in the past two years. A. iswriting B. waswriting C. wrote D. haswritten 【答案】D【解析】in the past two years现在完成时标志词，可知选D.5. -Our country_ a lot so far.-Yes. I hope it will be even _. A. haschanged ; well B.changed ; good C. haschanged ; better D.changed ; better【答案】C【解
37、析】so far现在完成时标志词，even+形容词/副词比较级。6. Zhao Lan _already_in this school for two years. A. was ; studying B. will ; study C. has ; studied D. are ; studying【答案】C【解析】for+时间段，现在完成时的标志词，可知选C.7. We _ XiaoLisinceshe wasalittle girl. A. know B.hadknown C. haveknown D.Knew【答案】C【解析】since现在完成时标志词，可知选C.8. Harry Po
38、tter is a very nice film. I_ it twice. A.willsee B.haveseen C.saw D. see【答案】B【解析】twice两次，表示经历，现在完成时标志词，可知选B.9. -ThesefarmershavebeentotheUnited States.-Really? When _there? A. willtheygo B.didtheygo C.dotheygo D.havetheygone【答案】B【解析】Have been to去过某地，可知用did，表示已经发生，选B.10. -_ you _ yourhomeworkyet? -Ye
39、s. I _itamomentago. A.Did; do; finished B.Have; done; finished C.Have; done; havefinished D.will; do; finish【答案】B【解析】yet现在完成时标志词，可知选B,C因为ago一般过去时标志词可知只能选B.过去完成时1.表示过去某时以前已经发生的事情，否定式表示过去某时以前尚未发生的事情。We had learned 2,000 English words by 2006.2.表示开始于过去的过去并持续到过去某时的事情。When I got to the cinema, the film h
40、ad been on for ten minutes.3.表示在过去先后发生的两个动作中，先发生的动作通常用过去完成时。I didnt see the film because I had seen it before. He told me that he had made a serious mistake. 4.过去完成时的动词形式通常以助动词had及动词原形加-ed即动词的过去分词表示。5.过去完成时的时间状语有：for ten years, by 2007, by the time he was born 等。【巩固练习】1. We _ (paint) the house befor
41、e we _ (move) in.2. That rich old man _ (make) a will before he _ (die).3. They _ (study) the map of the country before they _ (leave).4. The robbers _ (run away) before the policemen_(arrive).5. I _ (turn off) all the lights before I _ (go) to bed.6. Paul _ (go) out with Jane after he _ (make) a ph
42、one call.7. Tom _ (say) he _ (read) the book twice.8. Our plan _ (fail) because we _ (make) a bad mistake.9. When the chairman _ (finish) speaking, he _ (leave) the hall.10. The Reads _ _(have) lunch when I _(get) to their house.【答案】1. had painted. moved 2. had made . died 3. had studiedleft 4. had run away.arrived 5. had turned off went 6. went had made 7. said had read 8. failed had made
