1、简明英语语法教程第一单元 名词名词（Noun)专有名词 London Mary the United Nations普通名词个体名词 table,computer,gun集体名词 family,committee 物质名词 rain,fire,air抽象名词 youth,success,beauty第1页，共40页。可数名词和不可数名词个体名词和集体名词一般都是可数的，如：two computers a happy family,two football teams.抽象名词和物质名词一般都是不可数的，如 Translation is an art.翻译是一种艺术。Light travels
2、faster than sound.光比声的速度快。第2页，共40页。可数与不可数名词间的转化The trees are now in flower.Theres no school tomorrow.Long Jing is a well-known tea.Two coffees,please.We met with many difficulties.Hes had many odd experiences.不可数的物质名词和抽象名词转化为可数名词可数的个体名词转化为不可数的物质名词第3页，共40页。不可数名词“一件”、“一个”的表达法va piece of news(work,info
3、rmation,furniture)va bar of chocolate,a block of ice,a burst of applause（一阵掌声）a fit of anger(一顿脾气）,a loaf of bread,a slip of paper,a(large)sum of money.补充：第4页，共40页。名词的规则复数形式一般情况加s，如desks,books,girls,以 s,x,sh,ch收尾的词，加es,如glasses,roses,brushes,churches以f或fe结尾的词，则一般变为ves,如:wife(wives),bookshelf(bookshe
4、lves),wolf(wolves),thief(thieves)以辅音+y结尾的词，则变y为i，再加es,如party(parties),city(cities)family(families),university(universities)第5页，共40页。名词的规则复数形式以辅音+o结尾的，一般加es,如hero(heroes),potato(potatoes),tomato(tomatoes),echo(echoes),但有一些外来词只加s，如piano(pianos),radio(radios),photo(photos),studio(studios).有关字母，数字，缩写词以及
5、引语的复数形式详见书本（略）第6页，共40页。名词的不规则复数形式变内部元音：foot-feet,man-men,mouse-mice,tooth-teeth,woman-women,goose-geese,ox-oxen,child-children.单复数同形：deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,means,series,等 某些外来词的特殊的变化:curriculum(curricula)课程，bacterium(bacteria)细菌，medium(media)媒体，crisis(crises)危机，basis(bases)基础第7页，共40页。复合名词的
6、复数形式 主体名词变为复数：looker(s)-on,passer(s)-by,son(s)-in-law,commander(s)-in-chief,editor(s)-in-chief 等 最末一个构成部分变为复数形式：film-goer(s),go-between(s),good-for-nothing(s),forget-me-not(s)勿忘我两个构成部分都变为复数：man-doctor(men-doctors),man cook(men cooks),man-writer(men-writers),woman-doctor(women-doctors)woman cook(wome
7、n cooks),woman writer(women writers).第8页，共40页。复数的一些习惯用法只以复数形式出现的词：trousers,jeans,scissors,glasses,等往往和“a pair of”连用。以s结尾的名词但非复数：mathematics,economics,physicspolitics(政治）,news,gymnasticsa ten-pound note,two 14-year-old girls,a four-week holidaya six-minute walk,five-foot tall(五英尺高）Three years is a lo
8、ng time to be without a job.Six miles is too far for me to walk.Im going to take a taxi.第9页，共40页。名词的所有格s 所有格的构成方法：单数名词在末尾加s，the boys father 以s结尾的复数形式名词，末尾仅加,如the two boysmother 以s结尾的单数人名变为所有格时，一般加s,Thomass brother 几个词作为一个单位时,s应加在最后一个词的末，everyone elses opinion 固定词组：at ones wits end,a stones throw 表示度
9、量，时间，空间，如a weeks holiday,todays post,表示某些国家，城市，天体等名称的，the earths surface,Londons traffic 表示各自的所有关系时，一系列的名词末尾均需加s Johns and Susans desks,(约翰和苏珊各人的书桌）第10页，共40页。Of 所有格的用法用于无生命的东西：如 the subject of the sentence（句子的主语）用于名词化的形容词：the struggle of the oppressed(被压迫人名的斗争）名词的修饰语较多时，如:the name of the man over th
10、ere双重所有格的运用详见书本第11页，共40页。第二单元 冠词定冠词（the)的用法:(需强调的几点）特指一类人或东西：the Japanese,the masses(群众）独一无二的东西：the sun,the moon,the earth,可与一个形容词连用，代表一类人或东西：the dead,the rich,the poor,the wounded(受伤的人）在海洋，江河，山脉，群岛，海湾词前加the,但 Mountain Tai 形容词最高级和比较级前加the,如the best girl 表序数词或next,last,same 构成的名词短语：如 the last one 第12
11、页，共40页。不定冠词（a,an）的用法须强调的几点：表“一类”如：a teacher must love his students.(教师必须爱他的学 生）特殊的用法:The children are just of an age.(同岁）a full moon，have a big lunch.a Chinese and an English dictionary.(一本中文和一本英文字典）a Chinese and English dictionary.(一本汉英字典）第13页，共40页。零冠词的用法补充：在名字，国家，语言，球类，星期，月份，季节前，不用任何冠词，如：China,pla
12、y football,on Monday,in winter.表职位，头衔，社会关系等前，不用任何冠词，如：Lincoln was elected president in 1861.用于by 交通工具时，如：by car,by ship,by plane.第14页，共40页。冠词的一些习惯用法go to university（上大学）,go to church,(做礼拜），in prison(坐牢）详见书本内容区别以下两组词组：out of the question(不可能）out of question(没问题）in case of(万一，如果）in the case of(就.来说)其他
13、一些限定词的用法：both.and .(两者都）either.or（或者或者）neither.nor（两者都不）第15页，共40页。第三单元 代词代词可分为九类：代词可分为九类：人称代词（personal pronoun)物主代词(possessive pronoun)反身代词(reflexive pronoun)相互代词(reciprocal pronoun)指示代词(demonstrative pronoun)疑问代词(interrogative pronoun)关系代词(relative pronoun)连接代词(conjunctive pronoun)不定代词(indefinite p
14、ronoun)第16页，共40页。人称代词单数复数主格宾格主格 宾格 Ime we us youyou you you hehim sheher they them itit第17页，共40页。人称代词的一些其他用法 Let us 与lets 有时有异议，lets 多用表劝告或建议，包括自己与对方在内：lets go,shall we?在不包括自己与对方在内的，please let us know the time of your arrival.He 和she 常用来代表动物。如：Its the farmers cow:she gives lots of milk.国家，车船，大地，月亮等常
15、以she 代替,如:I think England will do what she promised to do.We,you,they 泛指一切人:We(you)should keep calm even when we(you)are in danger.第18页，共40页。物主代词的一些特殊用法物主代词分为名词性物主代词(mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs)和形容词性物主代词(my,your,his,her,its,our,their)作介词宾语的用法(与of连用作定语）：He is a close friend of ours.（他是我们中的一位亲
16、密朋友。）The remark of yours is quite correct.(你的那句话是很正确的。）下面这类结构中常用the 代替物主代词：He was wounded in the leg.I had a cold in the head.He took me by the arm.第19页，共40页。自身代词 自身代词的形式：单数：myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself.复数：ourselves,yourselves,themselves.自身代词的功用：作宾语：please help yourself to some fish.作表语：Im
17、 not quite myself these days.作同位语：He himself is a doctor.一些习惯用法：among themselves(ourselves)在他们（我们）之间 between ourselves 私下说的话 by oneself 一个人，自己干 for oneself 替自己，为自己第20页，共40页。In oneself 就其本身来说，本人(not)be oneself 身体康复（不适）to oneself 供自己用自身代词常和某些动词连用：自身代词常和某些动词连用：I hope youll enjoy yourselves.（希望你们玩的开心。）S
18、he told the boy to behave himself.（她让孩子规矩点。）Please help yourself to some fish.（请吃些鱼）She dressed(herself)quickly and went downstairs.(她匆忙穿上衣服就下楼了。）自身代词第21页，共40页。相互代词 相互代词的形式相互代词的形式：（each other,one another)宾格,(each others,one anothers)属格 相互代词的功用相互代词的功用：作宾语：I think we misunderstand each other.We can he
19、lp one another.作定语：They look into each others eyes for silent moment.They have great concern for one anothers work.(他 们很关心彼此的工作。）分开使用有不同的含义分开使用有不同的含义：We each know what the other thinks.The passengers embarked one after another.(乘客 一个一个地上船了。）第22页，共40页。指示代词指示代词的形式：指示代词的形式：this,that,these,those,such,sa
20、me.指示代词的功用指示代词的功用：作宾语：We should always keep this in our mind.(我们应当经常记住这一点）作定语：This motor-car is for hire.作主语：Those are apples;these are pears.作表语：The reason is this.that和和those 指前面讲到过的事物，指前面讲到过的事物，this 和和these 指后面指后面 将要讲到的事物将要讲到的事物：I had a bad cold.Thats why I didnt come.（我伤风 伤的厉害，这就是我没有来的原因。）I want
21、 to know this:Has John been here?（我想知道 约翰来过没有。）第23页，共40页。That 和those 有时用来代表前面提到的东西，以避免重复：These machines are better than those we turned out last year.(这些机器比我们去年生产的好。）The oil output in 1988 was much higher than that of 1986.(1988年的石油产量比1986年高得多。）如果名词是单数可数名词，用the one（而不是that)的时候更多一些：My room was lighte
22、r than the one next door.(我的房间比 隔壁那间亮一些。）指示代词第24页，共40页。Such（这样或那样的人或物）的功用：（重点）You give me such a fright!(修饰可数名词单数）I have never met such people.（修饰可数名词复数）He did not deserve such fortune.(修饰不可数名词）指示代词Such.as 象.这样的，诸如.之类 Such men as these are dangerous.They export a lot of fruit,such as oranges,lemons,
23、etc.Such as 像.这样的（as 作关系代词，引起定语从句）Let children read such books as will makes them better and wiser.(让孩子们看那种会使他们变好变聪明的书。）第25页，共40页。So 的功用：（重点）的功用：（重点）和动词say,tell,think,suppose等连用（代表一个宾语从句或形容词）I know they enjoy every minute of it.Do you think so?So.that 那样.以致（因而）引起表示程度和结果的从句 He was so young that you m
24、ust excuse him.So that 以便，使能够（引起表示目的的从句）I hired a boat so that I could go fishing.So that 因此（引起表示结果的从句）My pencil fell under my desk,so that I couldnt see it.指示代词第26页，共40页。倒装句型:John drives well.So does he.(约翰车开的很好，他 也开的很好）习惯用法：and so on(forth)（等等）asso（随着.，与.同时，就像.一样)be so kind(good)as to劳驾，请您.even so
25、 尽管如此，即使这样 Is that so?是吗，有意思，胡说 It so happened that.恰好，碰巧 soas to到这种程度，以致 指示代词第27页，共40页。Same 的功用：与定冠词the 连用 作主语：The same is true of our time.作宾语：Whatever he says,we must all say the same.作定语：Men and women now get the same pay for doing the same jobs.作表语：The town will still the same after fifty years
26、.so as to.以便，到这种程度以致 so far so good到现在为止一切不错 so long as(as long as)只要 so so 不太好，不怎么样，一般指示代词第28页，共40页。指示代词习惯用法：all the same尽管如此，仍然 be all the same to 对.都一样 be the same with 也一样 just the same 照样，同样地 one and the same 同一 the same.as 和.一样 The same is true of 也有同样情况，也适用于.The same to you 祝你也如此！第29页，共40页。疑问
27、代词疑问代词的形式：who（谁，主格），whom(谁，宾格），whose(谁的属格），what(什么），which(哪一个）.who,whom,whose,只能指人，what和which 可指人和物。疑问代词在句中充当主语，宾语，表语等。（详见书本）第30页，共40页。关系代词关系代词引导定语从句，一方面在句中担任一种成分，即从句中的主语，表语或定语：另一方面又代表定语从句所修饰的主句中的一个名词或代词（称为先行词）。关系代词的形式（详见书本）关系代词的功用（详见书本）第31页，共40页。连接代词连接代词的形式与关系代词相似，但关系代词引导的是定语从句，而连接代词引导的是名词性从句（主语从句，
28、宾语从句，或表语从句）It is not decided who is to be the chairman.(主语从句）I will prove to the world that he was right.(宾语从句）Thats what I hope.(表语从句）I say whatever comes into my head.我想到什么说什么（宾语从句）Whoever comes will be welcome.(主语从句）Take whichever seat you like.(定语从句）第32页，共40页。不定代词不定代词的形式：all,each,every,both,eith
29、er,neither,one,none,little,few,many,much,other(s),another,some,any,no;还有由someany,no,every 构成的合成代词。代词none和含有some,any,no,every的合成代词不能作定语，而every和no只能做定语。不定代词的功用（详见书本）第33页，共40页。第四单元 数词数词（numeral)分为基数词(cardinal numerals)和序数词(ordinal numerals)基数词：one,two,.fourteen(十四），forty（四十）hundred,thousand,million,bil
30、lion.序数词：first(1st),second(2nd),third(3rd),fourth(4th)fifth,eighth,twelfth,twentieth,fortieth,hundredth,millionth.第34页，共40页。数词的一些习惯用法年，月，日：1995（nineteen ninety-five)美国：8/21/1995（August 21,1995/August 21st,1995)英国：21/8/1995 （21 August 1995/21st August 1995)加，减，乘，除：2+2=4 Two plus two equals four.10-3=
31、7 Ten minus three equals seven.9*6=54 Nine times six equals fifty-four.20/4=5 Twenty divided by four equals five.第35页，共40页。数词的一些习惯用法时刻的表达方式：8:15 a quarter past eight,fifteen past eight,eight fifteen.7:55 five to eight,seven fifty-five.4:30 half past four,four thirty.23:05 twenty-three oh five.24:00
32、twenty-four hundred hours.编号，电话号码，温度的表达方式：part one,unit seven,page 30,Room 201,Bus Number seven,Extension 007(分机号007).8422244 eight four two double two double four.第36页，共40页。数词的一些习惯用法摄氏温度（Centigrade or Celsius)，华氏温度(Fahrenheit)Waters freezes at nought degrees centigrade.Last night the temperature wa
33、s five degrees below zero.分数，小数，百分数，倍数：1/3 a(one)third,2/3 two thirds,1/4 a(one)quarter 或 a(one)fourth72/5 seven and two fifths11.25 eleven point two five,3.728 three point seven two eight,0.56zero point five six.5%five percent,0.5%zero point five percent,300%three hundredpercent.The price was reduc
34、ed by 18 percent.第37页，共40页。数词的一些习惯用法倍数的表达方式如下：xtimes+as+形容词/副词+as This room is three times as large as that one.Xtimes+名词/代词that The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.The volume of the sun is about 1300000 times that of the earth.Xtimes+形容词/副词的比较级+than The output of coal in 1979 was six times g
35、reater than that in 1972.Xtimes+what 引导句 The output of coal in 1979 was six times what it was in 1972.第38页，共40页。数词的一些习惯用法 表示净增意义的动词+xfold,百分比,times:The output of coal in 1979 increased sixfold in the years1972-1979.The output of coal in 1979 rose to 500%of that of last year.The prime cost(成本价格）has decreased by three times as against 1953.用数词表示的习惯用语：at sixes and sevens(乱七八糟）by twos and threes,by ones and twos(三三两两）on second thoughts(进一步考虑）on a fifty-fifty basis(对等的）ten to one(十有八九，很可能）as like as two peas(酷似，一模一样）第39页，共40页。演讲完毕，谢谢观看！第40页，共40页。
