1、Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864)纳撒尼尔霍桑 Life StoryvHawthornes family history vHawthornes childhoodvHawthornes college yearsvHawthornes reclusive yearsvHawthornes return to societyFamily HistoryFrom a Puritan familyvHis great-great-grandfather,William Hathorne was active in the persecution of Quakers.vH
2、is great-grandfather,John Hathorne,was the magistrate presiding over the trial of the accused witches of Salem(1692).ChildhoodvBorn July 4,1804 in Salem,MAvFather,a sea captain,died when Hawthorne was four years oldvA serene childhoodvSent to Bowdoin College in MaineCollege in MainevClassmates inclu
3、ded Franklin Pierce and Henry LongfellowvPierce-future President of the USAvLongfellow-poet,educator,linguist vGraduated in 1825Reclusive Years in Salemv1825-1836vLived in virtual solitude in SalemvGathered his writing material by observing and listeningvHarvest the richness of his backgroundBack in
4、to Societyv“Human nature will not flourish any more than a potato,if it be planted and replanted,for too long a series of generations,in the same worn-out soil.”vEditor,customs officer and other political positionsvBecame engaged to Sophia Peabody,married in 1842vAcquainted with Emerson,Thoreau and
5、Melville Hawthornes Major Works 1)Two collections of short stories:Twice-told Tales 故事新编故事新编 Mosses from an Old Manse 古宅青苔 2)The Scarlet Letter 红字masterpiece,which establishedhim as the leading American native novelist of the 19th century Hawthornes Major Worksv3)The House of the Seven Gables 七个尖角阁的
6、房子七个尖角阁的房子v4)The Blithedale Romance 福谷传奇福谷传奇v5)The Marble Faun 大理石雕像大理石雕像vShort stories:vYoung Goodman Brown 小伙子古德曼小伙子古德曼布朗布朗vThe Ministers Black Veil 教长的黑面纱教长的黑面纱vThe Birthmark 胎记胎记 Hawthornes thoughtvHawthorne is influenced by Puritanism deeply.He was not a Puritan himself,but he had Puritan ances
7、tors who played an important role in his life and works.v“the wrong doing of one generation lives into the successive ones.”v“I hereby take shame upon myself for their sakes,and pray that any curse incurred by them may be now and henceforth removed.”vMelville:“霍桑描写黑暗的巨大力量，是由霍桑描写黑暗的巨大力量，是由于受到加尔文派教义关于
8、与生俱来的堕落与于受到加尔文派教义关于与生俱来的堕落与原罪思想的影响。没有一位思想深邃的人能原罪思想的影响。没有一位思想深邃的人能完全摆脱这种思想所发生的各种形式的影完全摆脱这种思想所发生的各种形式的影响响。”Hawthornes point of view(1)Evil is at the core of human life.Hawthornesense of sin and evil in life,“black”vision of life and humanis hauntedEvil exists in the human heart,human heart is the sour
9、ce of evil.Everyone possesses some evil secret.Evil is mans birthmark.a most disturbed and tormented one,discuses sin and evil in almost every bookliterary worldrejects the Transcendentalist optimismlooks more deeply and more honestly into life,finding much suffering&conflict in itHawthornes point o
10、f view(2)Whenever there is sin,there is punishment.Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation.The House of the Seven GablesColonel Pyncheon takes the land of Matthew Maule and builds a house on the land-is haunted by ghost-his offspring wither and die out “God will give him blood to dri
11、nk”霍桑在探讨罪恶时，不是宣扬加尔文教义，而是抨击了它霍桑在探讨罪恶时，不是宣扬加尔文教义，而是抨击了它对人性的摧残，是要使人正视罪的存在，并把人从泯灭人对人性的摧残，是要使人正视罪的存在，并把人从泯灭人性的罪恶感中解脱出来。性的罪恶感中解脱出来。Hawthornes point of view(3)Evil educates.vAchievement is“under the impact of and by engagement with evil”v经历过犯罪，受到其影响，人们才能有所成就经历过犯罪，受到其影响，人们才能有所成就vMan is better for the crime
12、which brings about the fall.v人在犯罪后才能更好的完善自己人在犯罪后才能更好的完善自己Hawthornes point of view(1)Evil is at the core of human life.(2)Whenever there is sin,there is punishment.Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation.(3)Evil educates.there is evil in every human heart,which may remain latent,perha
13、ps,through the whole life;but circumstances may rouse it to activityA piece of literary work should“show how we are all wronged and wrongers,and avenge one another”Writing featuresvHe tends to explore the moral issues of sin and guilt and the consequencesvHe has special interest in the psychological
14、 aspect of human beingsvHe is a master of symbolism what is a symbol?Generally speaking,a symbol is something that is used to represent something other than itself.In literature,it is most often a concrete object which is used to represent something abstract,often a moral,religious or philosophical
15、concept or value.style typical romantic writera man of literary craftsmanship，extraordinary inthe use of symbolrevelation of characters psychologythe use of supernatural mixed with the actualThe symbol serves as a weapon to attack reality.It can be found everywhere in his writingHe is good at explor
16、ing the complexity of human psychology.There isnt much physical movement going on in his works1.In what century is the story of Hester Prynne set?(A)The 16th century (B)The 17th century (C)The 18th century (D)The 19th century B2.What is situated immediately outside the door of the prison in which He
17、ster is kept?v(A)A rosebush (B)A pine tree (C)A gallows (D)A graveyardvAThe Scarlet LetterThe Scarlet Letterv3.How does Hester support herself financially?v(A)As a prostitute (B)As a seamstress (C)As a nurse (D)As a farmhandvBv4.Next to whom is Hester buried?v(A)Dimmesdale (B)Chillingworth (C)Pearl
18、(D)No one;her body is burnedvAThe Scarlet Letterv5.Why does Pearl not recognize her mother when she sees her with Dimmesdale in the forest?v(A)Hester has removed the scarlet letter.(B)Hester has removed her cap to expose her long hair.(C)Hester is not wearing her usual plain gray dress.(D)Mistress H
19、ibbins has cast a spell on Hester,changing her appearance.vAThe Scarlet Letterv6.How does Pearl acknowledge Dimmesdale as her father at his death?v(A)By calling him“father”(B)By interrupting his sermon (C)By kissing him (D)By announcing that she has seen him with her mothervCThe Scarlet Letterv7.Wha
20、t color of clothing does Hester always wear?v(A)Scarlet (B)White (C)Black (D)GrayvCv8.What does Chillingworth pretend to be?v(A)A minister (B)A doctor (C)A madman (D)A scholarvBThe Scarlet Letterv9.What does Hesters letter“A”eventually come to represent to the townspeople?v(A)“Able”(B)“Alone”(C)“Ava
21、ricious”(D)“Absolutely Admirable”vAMajor characters in The Scarlet LetterHester Prynne Arthur Dimmesdale Roger Chillingworth daughterloverhusbandheroinePearl The Scarlet LettervSetting of the story:Boston in the early days of the Massachusetts Colonyv a Puritan society during the 1640svCharacters of
22、 the story:Hester Prynne,Arthur Dimmesdale,ChIllingworth and PearlScene of the public shameScene of public shame:v1.Why was Hester asked to stand on the scaffold?sin of adultery,show her shame and warn the publicv2.How did she look like on the scaffold?Serenely and quietlyv3.What did the ministers a
23、sk her to do and how did she respond?Name the man,but she refusedv4.Who did she see when standing there?Chillington appeared as an elderly,almost deformed manScene of prisonvWhat happened to Chillington after he sent Hester to Boston?his ship was wrecked and he remained a captive among the IndiansvW
24、hat did Chillington want to do with the shame imposed on him?He asked for the name of the man He stated he would stay in Boston to practice medicine and devote the rest of life to discovering the truthAfter imprisonmentvHow did Hester live with her litter girl Pearl?worn the scarlet letter isolated
25、from town people,needleworkvWhat happened between Chillingworth and Dimmesdale?intimately acquainted with each other and lived in the same housevWhat did Hester ask Chillingworth to do with Dimmesdale?to have mercy on Dimmesdale and let go of his revenge on DvWhat did Hester and Dimmesdale decide to
26、 do to get away from the evil influence of Chillingworth?they decided to leave the town togethervScene of church on election day:union of the threevWhat did Dimmesdale do on election day?He delivered an inspiring speech;dreamlike walking;stood together with Hester and PearlvWhat was exposed after he
27、 tore the ministrial band across his breast?A was imprinted on his chestEnd of the storyvDimmesdale died on his admission of his sinvChillingworth died within the year,left his property to Pearl“became the richest heiress of her day”vHester left with Pearl and returned alonevPearl “but where was lit
28、tle Pearl?If still alive,she must now have been in the flush and bloom of early womanhood”“Pearl was not only alive,but married,and happy,and mindful of her mother”Symbolism of The Scarlet LettervSymbolism of scarlet letter“A”vAdulteryvAlone and alienation Imprisonment After imprisonmentvAble,admira
29、ble and angel The letter was the symbol of her calling.Such helpfulness is found in her so much power to do and power to sympathize-that many people refuse to interpret the scarlet letter A by its original signification.Do you see that woman with the embroidered badge?It is our Hester the towns own
30、Hester who is so kind to the poor,so helpful to the sick,so comforting to the afflicted!Symbolism of charactersvHesterHestier(Zeuss sister)symbol of truth,beauty and goodnessvArthur Dimmesdale Initials AD Dimdark and weak,dalevalley Symbol of the dark interior of the clergymanvPearl symbol of beauty
31、:“There was fire in her and throughout her,she seemed the unpremeditated offshoot of a passionate moment”symbol of value and treasure:“I must tarry at home,to keep watch over my little Pearl.Had they taken her from me,I would willingly have gone with thee into the forest,and signed my name in the Bl
32、ack Mans book too,and that with mine own blood”Symbolism of charactersvChillingworth Chillingchilly:cold,heartless and bloodless Symbol of his worthless revengev“All his strength and energyall his vital and intellectual force seemed at once to desert him;insomuch that he positively withered up,shriv
33、eled away,and almost vanied from mortal sight,like an uprooted weed that lies wilting in the sun”Consequences of sinvSin of adultery Hester:shame,imprisonment,alienation from the society Dimmesdale:self punishment by whipping and fastingvSin of revenge:devoted to seeking revenge Herman Melville 梅尔维尔
34、梅尔维尔(18191891)Herman MelvilleDid not receive recognition until the 1920s“He has a very high and noble nature”Herman Melville(1819-1891)vLife story:born in 1819 in New York poor and not well-educated bank clerk,a farmer,a school teacher,sailor a whale ship is“my Yale College and my Harvard”friendship
35、 with Hawthorne unnoticed death in 1891 Melvilles Major Works v1)Typee 泰皮v2)Omoo 欧穆v3)Mardi 玛地v4)Redburn 雷得本v5)White Jacket 白外衣from his adventures among the people of the South Pacific islandsan account of his voyage to EnglandThe man who lived among cannibalsMelvilles Major Worksv6)Pierre 皮埃尔皮埃尔v7)
36、Billy Budd 比利比利巴德巴德(a sign that he had resolved his quarrel with God)vClarel 克拉莱尔克拉莱尔(a poem)Moby-DickvThe cornerstone of Melvilles modern famevA complete failure when publishedvCharactersvIshmael:sailor and narratorvcaptain Ahab:vStarbuck:shipmate,a religious manvStubb:the second mate,fatalistvFlas
37、k:enjoys the thrill of killingvQueequeg:Ishmeals native friendvFedallah:prophetMoby-Dick storyv1st part:before signing on boardvIshmael:a former school master,sailor decided to sign on a whaling ship.vQueegueg:a native American,a friend of IshmaelsMoby-Dick storyvPart II:life on board PequodvStarbuc
38、k,Stubb,FlaskvCaptain Ahab:a leg made of whalebonev a scar from head to footv obsessed with killing Moby Dickv Monomaniac:obsessed with killing the whale Tragic hero:tremendous overconfidenceMoby-Dick storyvPart II:life on board Pequodencounters with other captainsv Captain 1:warned Ahab not to chas
39、e Moby Dickv Captain 2:knew nothing about the whalev Captain 3:his arm made of sperm whalebone;warned that it was almost impossible to chase Moby DickMoby-Dick storyvPart II:life on board PequodvFadallahs prophecy and Queeguegs coffinvProphecy:1)Ahab would die only after he saw two strange hearses c
40、arrying the dead:one not made by mortal hands,the other made of wood grown in Americav 2)Ahab would have no hearse or coffin for his own deathvQueeguegs coffin:used as a chest with some strange designs carved on it Moby-Dick storyvPart III:the encounter with Moby Dickv1st day:the whale split the shi
41、p into piecesv2nd day:dashed three harpoons into his flanks,but the lines twisted and Fedallah was disappearedv3rd day:Fedallahs body was bound to Moby Dick;Moby Dick swam into Pequod and shattered it;Ahab died because rope coiled around his neckv Ishmael survived because of the coffinMoby-Dickv1.Wh
42、ich body part has Ahab lost to Moby Dick?v(A)His legv(B)His armv(C)His eyev(D)His fingersvAMoby-Dickv2.What is the name of Ahabs ship?v(A)The Town-Hov(B)The Rachelv(C)The Samuel Enderbyv(D)The PequodvDMoby-Dickv3.After what is Ahabs ship named?v(A)Its ownerv(B)A vanished tribe of Native Americansv(C
43、)A species of whalev(D)A biblical charactervBMoby-Dickv4.For what were whales primarily hunted?v(A)Oilv(B)Skinv(C)Meatv(D)FinsvBMoby-Dickv5.What does Ahab nail to the ships mast to motivate his crew in his quest for Moby Dick?v(A)A gold coinv(B)A severed headv(C)A drawing of Moby Dickv(D)A pirate fl
44、agvAMoby-Dickv6.What keeps Ishmael afloat after the Pequod sinks?v(A)A coffinv(B)A barrel of oilv(C)A lifeboatv(D)A mattressvAMoby-Dickv7.What frightens Ishmael the most about Moby Dick?v(A)The whales sizev(B)The whales teethv(C)The whiteness of the whalev(D)The sounds that the whale makesvBMoby-Dic
45、kv8.With what is the Pequod adorned?v(A)Sperm whale teethv(B)American flagsv(C)Red paintv(D)Whale finsvAMoby-Dickv9.From what is Ahabs false leg made?v(A)A whales jawbonev(B)Woodv(C)An elephants tuskv(D)LeathervAMoby-Dickv10.How does the Pequod sink?v(A)She is rammed by Moby Dick.v(B)She is overload
46、ed with oil.v(C)She gets lost in a storm.v(D)She is rammed by another ship.vAMoby-DickvHard to trace,to find and impossible to kill/destroyvPowerful,overwhelmingvMysteriousMoby DickvLanguage is difficult to understand:sailors talk;old-fashionedvA story of fantasy and realismvsymbolismSymbols in Moby
47、 DickvThe PequodvMoby DickvAhabvQueequegs CoffinThe Pequoda symbol of doomnamed after a Native American tribe in Massachusettsdid not long survive the arrival of white men (extincted)is painted gloomy black and covered in whale teeth and bonesthe mementos of violent deathlike a primitive coffinthe m
48、icrocosm of human societyMoby Dickis hidden all the timemirrors its environmentunknown and unknowable truthsonly the surface of the ocean is available for human observation and interpretationthe depths conceal unknown truthsa metaphor for the human relationship with the Christain God:God is unkown a
49、nd cannot be pinned downinscrutable,mysteriousvarious symbolic meaningsto the Pequods crewa concept onto which they can diplay their anxiety about dangerous and frightening jobsto Ahaba manifestation of all that is wrong with the worldIt is his destiny to get rid of this symbolic evilto the readers
50、and criticsGod:all powerful,dominant,butunknowabletruth:purpose of the crewnature:complex,mysterious,unpredictable,beautifulQueequegs CoffinvQueequegs coffin alternately symbolizes life and death.vQueequeg has it built when he is seriously ill,but when he recovers,it becomes a chest to hold his belo
