1、Anesthesia for TraumanIn advanced countries,injury ranks as the fourth leading cause of death following heart disease,cancer,and cerebrovascular disease.Preoperative Assessment For trauma patients,in addition to the ordinary preanesthetic evaluation,the severity of the trauma should be evaluated.The
2、 commonly used scoring system including:1.ASA physical status score It is not very useful for discriminating small difference in severely injured patients.The mechanism of injury determines the pattern of injury,and the knowledge focuses the treatment priorities for the patient.For example:Penetrati
3、ng thoracic trauma Blunt Chest trauma The therapeutic approach is quite different.Blunt trauma results in widespread energy transfer to the body.When the limits of lord tolerance are exceeded,Tissues are disrupted depending on the amount of energy transfer.Penetrating trauma injures as the energy be
4、hind the penetrating instrument causes stretching and crushing of tissues.The energy dissipation profiles of different weapons(Knives and bullets determine the anatomic depth and extent of maximum injury.Trauma patients death demonstrate a trimodal distribution.In the first and largest peak of distr
5、ibution curve,death from either blunt or penetrating trauma occurs immediately following widespread laceration of the brain or major blood vessels,including the heart.Such patients can rarely be saved.In the second peak,exsanguinations from vascular injuries causes death within a few hours without m
6、edical treatment.Inadequate or delayed shock resuscitation or surgical treatment leads to late death from infection,sepsis,or multiorgan failure.对于严重创伤病人,必须首先考虑其病情特点:病情紧急;病情严重;病情复杂;有剧烈疼痛;应一律视作“饱胃”病人,慎重处理。复苏是应优先采取的措施。Parr和Grande建议了一个对创伤病人的处理程序。麻醉前的复苏治疗是提高麻醉、手术安全性的重要环节。主要包括:1保存中枢神经系统功能。维持良好的脑血流供应;注意避免
7、造成继发性脊髓损伤;对昏迷病人一般在药物治疗(如用甘露醇)前作气管内插管和轻度过度通气。在作气管内插管时应注意保持颈椎的稳定。2保持气道通畅,充分供氧 (1)使用肌松药作经口腔气管内插管是最常用的方法。正确进行环状软骨加压。对疑有颈椎损伤病人,插管时应由助手人工 固定病人头颈部以稳定颈椎。(2)某些情况下行紧急气管内插管 (3)喉罩(LMA)可用于快速建立通 气途径 (4)纤支镜的应用 (5)气管造口术3休克的复苏 建立能快速输液、输血的静脉通路。对需输入大量液体或血液者,应注意 对输入的液体或血液加温。对输入液体的选择:首先是恢复血容量,其次 考虑必需的血红蛋白浓度,最后是保持凝血机 制正常
8、或基本正常。应注意晶、胶体比例,血 液的合理应用,必要时辅用血管活性药物。75%氯化钠与胶体液的混合液的应用。4应注意纠正酸碱平衡和电解质方面的紊乱。5其他 如适当止痛,进行必要的监测等。Changes in vital signs with percent blood volume lost in hemorrhageVital signs15%15%30%30%40%40%Heart rate100120120140Systolic blood pressureNormalNormalDecreasedDecreasedPulse pressupeNormaltoincreasedDecr
9、easedDecreasedDecreasedCapillary refillNormalDelayedDelayed toAbsentAbsentRespiratory rate14202030304035CNS-mental statusAnxiousMore anxiousAnxiousandConfusedConfusedtolethargic 1严重创伤病人不能耐受深的全身麻醉,也不能耐受其麻醉平面或范围可对病人的血流动力学造成明显影响的椎管内麻醉。2凡经肝代谢、经肾排泄的麻醉用药其作用时间明显延长。3应一律按“饱胃”病人处理。4了解其麻醉前复苏情况,以便进一步处理。5往往难于合作或
10、已昏迷。二、麻醉前用药与麻醉选择1麻醉用药 镇痛、镇静药物 抗胆碱药物 昏迷或危重病人免用或麻醉过程中酌用 小量,经静脉2麻醉选择(1)全身麻醉:多处伤或其他严重创伤、气管内插 管应避免采用在某些情况下不宜采 用的药物:氯胺酮 琥珀胆碱 氧化亚氮 安氟醚、异氟醚等如用于脑外伤病人应用时采 用轻度过度通气,临床上多用异氟醚。(2)椎管内麻醉:椎管内麻醉所致的交感阻滞削 弱失血病人稳定其血流动力学的代偿能力。(3)部位麻醉:较适用于肢体创伤手术的麻醉。休克病人对局麻药的耐量降低。三、适当的监测 有人将对创伤病人的监测汇总如下:Montoring choices for Trauma Patient
11、sNoninvasive Essential Optional ECG for heart rate and rhythm,noninvasive blood pressure,respiratory rate,Temperature,SaO2,ETCO2 with waveform Concentrations of anesthetic and respiratory gases(e.g.Mass spectrometry,Transcutaneous)InvasiveIndications for Pulmonary arterycatheterFoley catheter urine
12、output,intra-arterial pressure catheter,central venous pressure catheterTransesophageal echocardiographyMassive hemorrhagePretraumatic heart diseaseMultiple systems injuries/Mechanism of injuryMonitoring of cardiac output and oxygen consumptionOptimization of fluid therapy in head-injured patient 1检
13、查在麻醉前复苏中所置气管内导管,如 未行气管内插管,应注意在麻醉诱导及苏 过程中避免出现误吸。2施行全麻时,应选用对心血管系统抑制最 小,不升高或不明显升高颅内压的药物。耐受量小,宜采用“滴定”(Titration)的方 法。3.除维持平顺的麻醉外,应注意维护、支持重要 的脏器功能和维持电解质、酸碱平衡等内环境的稳定。(注意监测、处理),例如呼吸、循环、尿量4.除注意创伤病人的共性外,还应注意不同病人的病理特点(个性),进行相应处理。如:张力性气胸 心脏挫伤 并存肺挫伤 腹腔内大量失血5术中可能遇到的问题(1)手术时间延长:注意全面照顾、处理 病人。(2)体温降低:特别易发生于多处伤病 人。应注意从各方面保持体温和减少 体热的丢失。(3)大量输血:常可出现稀释性血小板减少、凝血因 子不足、凝血时间延长、离子钙浓度降低等。需适当补充血小板、凝血因子,依据离子钙浓度 补充钙剂。保持正常体温对保持凝血功能正常非常重要。(4)低氧血症:往往是由于未被发现的气胸加重或是 由于肺部的脂肪栓塞。