1、 一、写作基本步骤一、写作基本步骤第一步，确定各段主题第一步，确定各段主题四级作文的结构比较固定，一般都是三段式。命题要求中大都会给出两到三个中文或英文提纲，但所给提纲只是规定了文章的主要内容，每一个提纲并不等于每一段的主题，考生需要结合文章题目和所给提纲的内容重新确定各段的主题。例如：Directions:For this part,your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags.You should write at lea
2、st 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:1.一次性塑料袋曾经广泛使用。2.由此带来的问题。3.限制一次性塑料袋。Brainstorm!分析：第一段主题：描述一次性塑料袋在人们生活中的广泛应用情况。第二段主题：指出一次性塑料袋带来的问题和危害。第三段主题：阐述限制使用一次性塑料袋的作用和意义。第二步：列出各段提纲第二步：列出各段提纲 确定各段主题以后，不要匆忙动笔，应该在草稿纸或心中将各段要写的内容大致列出，做到心中有数，这样才能行文流畅，衔接自然。第三步：第三
3、步：逐一展开段落逐一展开段落 一般来说，段落的基本构成包括：主题句，扩展句和结尾句。第四步：通读全文检查第四步：通读全文检查 现象解释模板现象解释模板1 Recently,_.2)What amazes us most is_.3)It is true that _.4)There are many reasons explaining _.5)The main reasons _.6)What is more,_.7)Thirdly,_.8)As a result,_.9)Considering all these,_.10)For one thing,_.11)For another,_.
4、12)In conclusion,_.模板模板1-范文范文-11)Recently,PC games have become very popular on campus,2)What amazes us most is that many students often spend their entire evenings playing such games.3)It is true that PC games can do much harm to us if we indulge in them.4)There are may reasons explaining the harms
5、of PC games.5)The main reason is that laying PC games is an enormous waste of time and we will have little time for our study.模板模板1-范文范文-26)What is more,those who play PC games day and night will be harmed physically for lack of rest and sleep.7)Thirdly,most games are about violent and unhealthy con
6、tents.8)As a result,we benefit less from PC games.9)Considering all these,we should deal with PC games carefully.模板模板1-范文范文-310)For one thing,we shouldnt spend too much time,energy and money on the games because study is our priority.11)For another,we should try to learn something when playing them
7、occasionally.12)In conclusion,we should try to avoid the harms of PC games and live a more meaningful life.现象解释模板现象解释模板2As is known to all,_.2)_seem to get accustomed to_.3)In fact,_.4)The reasons of _lie in several aspects.5)Firstly,_.6)Secondly,_.7)Thirdly,_ 8)Finally,_.9)As a matter of fact,_.10)
8、On the one hand,_.11)On the other hand,_.12 Therefore,_.现象解释模板现象解释模板2-model writing-1As is known to all,nearly everyone on campus has access to computers.2)Students seem to get accustomed to playing PC games.3)In fact,Pc games can do much harm to us if we indulge ourselves in them.4)The reasons of t
9、he PC games harms lie in several aspects.现象解释模板现象解释模板2-model writing-25)Firstly,playing PC games is an enormous waste of time and we will have little time for our study.6)Secondly,those who play PC games day and night will be harmed physically for lack of rest and sleep.7)Thirdly,most games are abou
10、t violent and unhealthy contents.8)Finally,they cost us much money 现象解释模板现象解释模板2-model writing-39)As a matter of fact.We can find best ways to deal with PC games.10)On the one hand,we shouldnt spend too much time,energy and money on the games because study is our priority.11)On the other hand,we sho
11、uld try to learn something when playing them occasionally.12)Therefore,its up to avoid the harms of PC games.现象解释模板现象解释模板3-Model writing-39)As to me,I only play PC games occasionally in summer or winter holidays.10)AS we know,study is our priority,we shouldnt spend too much time,energy and money on
12、games.11)Besides,many games are involved in violent and unhealthy contents.12)In a word,we should try to avoid the harms of PC game.对比选择型对比选择型4There is a heated debate over_.2)It is commonly accepted that _.3)In contrast,others_.4)Those who hold the first opinion suggest_.5)In their view,_.6)However
13、,others think_.7)They argue that _.8)Considering one after another,I stand on the sided of _.9)First of all,_.10)Furthermore,_.Thirdly,_.12)Therefore,_.对比选择型对比选择型 4-Model Writing-1There is a heated over the enrollment of athletic students.2)It is commonly accepted that athletic students can help uni
14、versities win a place in sports competition.3)In contrast,others hold that there are many disadvantages to lower their scores of enrollment.对比选择型对比选择型 4-Model Writing-24)Those who hold the first opinion suggest that universities should improve themselves in sports competition by lowering scores of a
15、thletic students.5)In their view,these students can continue their academic study as well.6)However,others think that its harmful to enrollment system.对比选择型对比选择型 4-Model Writing-37)They argue that it is unfair for those students who get the same scores as athletic students do but cant get an admissi
16、on notice.8)Considering one after another,I stand on the side of the latter opinion.9)First of all,there is an academic gap between athletic students and others.对比选择型对比选择型 4-Model Writing-48)Considering one after another,I stand on the side of the latter opinion.9)First of all,there is an academic g
17、ap between athletic students and others.10)Furthermore,athletic students may feel difficult in study.11)Thirdly,athletic students may be looked down upon in job market.12)Therefore,universities should treat athletic students the same way as they do for the common students.Practice Writing for Model(
18、1)Directions:For this part,you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic:The Role of Man in Modern FamilyYou should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:1)现代社会，越来越多的男人参与家务劳动中；现代社会，越来越多的男人参与家务劳动中；2）男人在工作之余承担家务义务的原因；男人在工作之余承担家务义务
19、的原因；3）我的观点我的观点 Sample 1:The Role of Man in Modern Family-1Recently,Chinese families have been undergoing many changes.What amazes us most is that there are more than 7 out of 10 husbands who volunteer to do housework.It is true that more and more husbands understand what an important role their wive
20、s have played in the family and society.Sample 1:The Role of Man in Modern Family-2There are many reasons explaining the situation shown in the chart.The main reason is that the husband in a double-income family should spend more time on the housework.What is more,husbands participation in childrens
21、 education is helpful to their growing-up.Thirdly,many husbands find it wonderful to do housework.As a result,more and more husbands are glad to share family responsibility.Practice Writing for Contrast Model Patterns 3 News on Internet1）一些人认为因特网上的新闻没有价一些人认为因特网上的新闻没有价值；值；2）另一些人认为因特网上的新闻是最）另一些人认为因特网上
22、的新闻是最及时最有效的新闻；及时最有效的新闻；30 我的看法我的看法 Sample Writing 3:News on the Internet-1There is a heated debate over the news on Internet.It is commonly accepted that Internet news is valuable for the timely report.In contrast,others hold that news on Internet is valueless.Sample Writing 3:News on the Internet-2
23、Those who hold the first opinion suggest that news on Internet can be read by millions of viewers at the same time.In their view,web-page viewers can also give comments on net.However,others think that Internet news is not as objective as newspapers.They agree that many news on Internet is not true
24、at all.Sample Writing 3:News on the Internet-3Considering one after another,I stand on the side of the former opinion.First of all.Internet news represents the trend of development in journalism.Furthermore,the news on Internet is interactive.Thirdly,much news in newspapers is not very objective eit
25、her.Therefore,I believe that Internet news will become the most important source of information in the near future.Writing Topic:The Popularity of Mic-Blog1.近年来近年来”微博微博”越来越流行越来越流行2。微博。微博 流行的原因流行的原因3。你的看法。你的看法Exercise Practice Writing for Contrast Model Patterns 4 Lectures and discussions一些学生赞成讲座式教学；
26、一些学生赞成讲座式教学；另一些学生偏爱讨论式教学另一些学生偏爱讨论式教学1)我的看法我的看法 Sample 4:lecture and discussion-1recently,we may hear quite different opinions about lectures and discussions,2)Most people take it for granted that lectures can help students learn more quickly.3)However,others hold that discussions can stimulate stude
27、nts to learn by themselves.Sample 4:lecture and discussion-24)A dominant idea is that attending a lecture can save more time.5)In this opinion,teachers are passing on their knowledge which is accumulated by them in many years study and research to the students.6)Nevertheless,the objectors think that
28、 a discussion may leave a deeper impression.7)They argue that involving in a discussion,students can develop their ability to analyze problems.Sample 4:lecture and discussion-38)As to me,I prefer neither of the two extreme ideas.9)On the one hand,different methods have different disadvantages.10)On
29、the other hand,each student has his or her favorite.110 Therefore,neither method can be rejected while another is adopted.12)In conclusion,we might adopt different teaching methods according to different subjects.三、常见写作困境及对策三、常见写作困境及对策 一）一）审题审题 1.偏题偏题 审题时，考生应仔细阅读试题要求及相关信息，如图标、图画、数字等，准确把握出题意图。要了解标题的关
30、键词是什么，要确定写作的重点应放在那个部分，比重如何分配，是否要平均等。但如果没能理解题目的核心，那么按照给出的提纲来写也未必会失分。2.漏点漏点 漏点，即漏掉提纲中的内容。漏点在学生四级作文中很常见，从而在不够丢分的地方丢分。对此，学生在考试时应仔细审题，严格按照提纲来确定写作内容。二）衔接与连贯二）衔接与连贯 1.语义不连贯语义不连贯 语义连贯是指文章在内容上是连贯的、统一的，所有的句子都是为全文的中心服务，表达的信息相互关联。就各段而言，其中的每一举火都要仅仅围绕该段的主题句，避免出现与主题句无关的内容。在写作时，要选择那些最能体现文章主题、最具代表型的例子，这些例子要表达一些思想，这样
31、语义才会连贯，文章才会显得一气呵成。2.衔接不当衔接不当 衔接得当是保证语义连贯的重要手段之一。文章处理内容要统一，逻辑关系也要紧密相连。在写作时，可以恰当地御用一些关联词或代词，是文章显得逻辑清楚，结构紧凑。三三)句子句子 1.句子不完整句子不完整 写作不像口头交际，听者可以借助手势、语气、情景等来领悟省略的或不完整的语句。四句写作使用的是书面语，句子必须以完整的结构来表达完整的意思，若句子结构不完整会另意思表达不清。例如：Because smoking will do harm to ones health.People should try not to smoke.划线部分是句子片段，
32、不能独立成句。出现这种情况的原因可能是考生写到后面时忘了前面的内容，误以为要表达的意思已经全面、结构已经完整，于是开始写新的句子。此句完整的应为：People should avoid smoking because it will do harm to their health.2.主谓不一致主谓不一致 对中国学生来说，主谓不一致是十分常见的问题，在四级作文中也屡见不鲜。这应当引起考生足够的重视。在平时联系中应有意识地避免出现这样的错误，多通读，多检查，考试时自然就会少犯了。例如:Average number of hours a student spend on the Internet
33、keeps increasing very fast.应改为：The average hours a student spends on the Internet keep increasing rapidly.相比之下，由于缺乏语法只是导致主谓不一致的情况要复杂的多，仅仅通过细心检查也不一定能够避免，只有在平时注意积累语法知识，并辅以联系加以巩固，才能减少这样的错误。3.句子不间断句子不间断 有的考生习惯在两个简单句之间不用任何关联词，仅用逗号连接，或者前一句还没有结束，下一句就迫不及待地开始了。这种不间断的句子属于语法错误。例如：I have a brother,he thinks tha
34、t“6”and“8”are lucky numbers to Chinese people.两个分句之间缺乏关联此，仅用逗号连接。尽管在现代英语中，用逗号连接两个分句的情况越来越常见，但是在正式的文体中，还是要尽量避免出现此类句子。I have a brother who thinks that“6”and“8”are lucky numbers to Chinese people.4.时态混乱时态混乱 描述过去发生的事情要用过去时，描述一般事实时要用现在时。但由于疏忽或语法知识不牢固，有些考生在写作时经常随意使用时态，使文章令人费解。例如：There are almost no car on
35、 the road.Maybe the drivers got careless.该剧描述已经发生的一起车祸，然后对事故原因进行推测。时态的混乱使句子表达不合逻辑，令人费解。There was almost no car on the road at that time,so the driver must have been very careless.5.逻辑混乱逻辑混乱 逻辑混乱主要有两种表现形式：修饰语错位和悬垂修饰语。1）修饰语错位 修饰语错位可能是形容词、副词、介词短语、从句等，在文章中应紧跟被修饰成分。在英语中，同一修饰语至于不同的位置，句子的含义可能不同。例如：She put
36、the scarf around her neck that she bought yesterday.从句that she bought yesterday 放在her neck后，让人误以为是修饰her neck。She put around her neck the scarf that she bought yesterday.2)悬垂修饰语 所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语所修饰的成分没有明确指出，造成句子逻辑关系的混乱。例如：To do well in college,high marks are essential.句首To do well in college的逻辑主语含糊不清，显
37、然不应该是high marks，应该改为人作主语。To do well in college,a student needs high marks.6.中式英语中式英语 考生作文中经常出现英语汉化的现象，即中式英语的问题。比如Man is iron,and food is steel,Women are half side sky 等说法。如何克服中式思维带来的影响，关键在于动笔前先思考一下类似的英文句式，尽量找到规范的英语表达方式，不能随心所欲。例如：This is because fake commodities can make a lot of money.中文口语中，我们用“假货可以
38、赚很多”来表达“通过生产或销售假货，人们可以赚很多钱”的意思。但这不符合英语的表达习惯，fake commodities 作make a lot of money 的逻辑主语，会让人难以理解。This is because one is likely to make a lot of money by producing or selling fake commodities.四）遣词用字四）遣词用字1.拼写错误拼写错误有的考生受以前做客观题的影响，对于词汇，只注意“识别”，不注意“使用”，背单词时不留心，结果在考试中出现很多拼写错误。下面是一些考生常犯的拼写错误和容易混淆的单词。Enviro
39、ment（environment 环境）goverment（government政府）Morden（modern 现代的）considerate 关心的，考虑周到的 considerable 相当大的，相当多的credible 可信的 credulous 轻信的economic（有关）经济的 economical 节俭的，经济的historic 有历史意义的 historical（有关）历史的industrious 刻苦的，努力的 industrial 工业的satisfied 满意的 satisfactory 令人满意的sensible 合理的 sensitive 敏感的continual
40、持续的（有间隔）continuous 持续的（没有间隔）delighted 感到高兴的 delightful 使人高兴的 farther 更远（表示距离）further更，进一步（表示程度）imaginary 想象的 imaginative 想象力丰富的 imaginable 可以想象的 respectful 尊敬（人）的 respectable 受人尊敬的 respective各自的tired 疲倦的 tiresome 令人疲倦的 2.代词使用错误代词使用错误 考生的作文中经常会出现先行词与代词在数上不一致、代词指代不清以及随意更换代词等错误。1）先行词与代词在数上不一致）先行词与代词在数上
41、不一致 例如：Were going to face a lot of difficulties,but I believe well overcome it.先行词difficulties是复数，后半句overcome的宾语是difficulties，应该用复数them来指代。Were going to face a lot of difficulties,but I believe well overcome them.2）代词指代不清）代词指代不清 代词指代不清是指代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或前后使用的代词不一致。例如：Mary was friendly to my sister be
42、cause she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.读完这句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词所指的对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.3)随意更换代词随意更换代词 一篇文章中不能出现太多的人称代词。很多学生在写作文时，随着思路的转换，不断更换文章中的代词，一会用第一人称，一会用第二人称或第三人称，这样容易造成逻辑意义上的混乱。例如：And we can als
43、o know the society by serving it yourself.人称代词we和反身代词yourself前后不一致。We can also know the society by serving it ourselves 3.其他错误其他错误 1）大小写错误）大小写错误 一般来说，每一句的首字母应该大写，人名、地名的首字母和专有名词的首字母应大写，书名不能用引号或书名号，而用斜体。1）冠词用法错误冠词用法错误 如：a easy job an easy job 2）比较级使用错误）比较级使用错误 如：more better than better than 3）介词搭配错误）介
44、词搭配错误 The stamps I have are identical for my brothers.The stamps I have are identical with my brothers.四、如何灵活变换句式、瞄准用四、如何灵活变换句式、瞄准用词亮点，突破高分词亮点，突破高分 灵活变换长句短句、主动被动、强调倒装等给类句式、巧妙运用限定词语、动态名词、抽象名词等亮点词语可为作文锦上添花，为考试博得高分。一）一）组句技巧组句技巧 1.句子应紧凑连贯句子应紧凑连贯 在写作中可以通过关联词语引道从句或并列句来体现句子的内部关系，也可适当使用分词结构和一些独立的短语或是插入语成分来代
45、替从句，此外，句子之间还要注意指代、时态、语态、人称和数等方面的一致。如：原句：Teenagers are pressured by school work and they are also encouraged by their peers,and under these,they resort to smoking,and sometimes they feel a little guilty.优化：Pressured by school work and encouraged by their peers,teenagers often resort to smoking,though
46、 they feel a little guilty sometimes.2.句式要有变化句式要有变化 句式的变化会使文章内容丰富、语言生动，如主动句和被动句的搭配使用、适当穿插倒装句和强调句等特殊句式。加入插入语，非谓语动词，谚语格言等都是制造亮点句式的好方法。另外，不要一味地使用常见的“主语+谓语”的开头方式，可以适当搭配一些分词、副词等开头的句式。如：原句：They say that people obtain most of their knowledge through reading extensively.优化：They say that it is through readin
47、g extensively that people obtain most of their knowledge.3.句子表达要简洁句子表达要简洁 只要意思表达清楚，多余的词语就没有必要。有时考生未来凑字数，加上了一些不必要的成分，导致语义含混不清，啰嗦冗长。如：原句：I think Gone with the Wind is one of those good films which I enjoyed watching very much.优化：Gone with the wind is a film I enjoyed very much.4.长短句要结合长短句要结合*在写作中，一味地采
48、用长句或短句都是不可取的，要将简单句和带有衔接词的复杂句交替使用，这样才能使文章句式丰富，富有节奏感。5.少用问句，尽量不用感叹句和祈使句少用问句，尽量不用感叹句和祈使句 有些考生喜欢开篇问一连串的问题，想以此引起阅卷老师的注意。一般来说，一篇作文中偶尔出现1-2个问句，太多会使得其反。感叹句和祈使句多用于口语之中，不太适宜在四级的书面写作中出现。尽管在抒发感情和发出呼吁时也可使用，但多数考生对这两种句式的把握能力不够，因此建议考生尽量不要使用。二）二）用词原则用词原则 1.用词要简洁用词要简洁 能一个词表达清楚的意思，就不要加上多余的成分，另外还要注意不要造成意义上的重复累赘。如：原句：Wh
49、at you have done is illegal under the law.优化：What you have done is illegal.2.用词要多样用词要多样 注意不要一味地重复使用某个词汇，可适当转换成同义词或短语。也不要一味地使用同一种词性，要学会使用不同的词性。3.多用朴素、易懂的词多用朴素、易懂的词 太多生僻或华丽的辞藻很容易使阅卷老师困惑，起到负面作用。学生本身也容易使用不当。4.多用具体的词多用具体的词 如果词的概括性太强，往往让人觉得抽象、笼统，会给人模糊不清的感觉，词义比较具体的词会使表达更加准确生动。5.注意使用限定词注意使用限定词 在写作时适当使用限定词来修
50、饰可以使论述更加客观、适度，避免观点的绝对化。如：原句：In general,young people were more prone job-hopping.优化：Nowadays the increasingly severe employment situation is perhaps the biggest challenge facing college students.常用的句型常用的句型开头开头Recently,the problem of has aroused peoples concern.最近,问题已引起人们的关注.Nowadays,_ has become a pr
