1、-共10页，第 1页浙江海洋大学浙江海洋大学 201201 9 9 年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A A 卷）卷）报考专业：教育硕士考试科目：914 英语阅读与翻译(英语)注意事项：本试题的答案必须写在规定的答题纸上，写在试题上不给分注意事项：本试题的答案必须写在规定的答题纸上，写在试题上不给分。Part One Reading Comprehension(75%)SectionAMultiple choice questions(25 points,2.5 points for each)Directions:In this section there are
2、two passages followed by 10 multiplechoice questions.For each multiple choice question,there are foursuggested answers marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the one that you thinkis the best answer and mark your answers on Answer Sheet.Passage OneCulture is one of the most challenging elements of the internatio
3、nalmarketplace.This system of learned behavior patterns characteristic of themembers of a given society is constantly shaped by a set of dynamic variables:language,religion,values and attitudes,manners and customs,aesthetics,technology,education,and social institutions.To cope with this system,anint
4、ernational manager needs both factual and interpretive knowledge of culture.To some extent,the factual knowledge can be learned;its interpretation comesonly through experience.The most complicated problems in dealing with the cultural environmentstem from the fact that one cannot learn culture,one h
5、as to live it.Two schoolsof thought exist in the business world on how to deal with cultural diversity.One is that business is business the world around,following the model of Pepsiand McDonalds.In some cases,globalization is a fact of life;however,culturaldifferences are still far from converging.T
6、he other school proposes that companies must tailor business approachesto individual cultures.Setting up policies and procedures in each country hasbeen compared to an organ transplant;the critical question centers aroundacceptance or rejection.The major challenge to the international manager is tom
7、ake sure that rejection is not a result of cultural myopia or even blindness.Fortune examined the international performance of a dozen largecompanies that earn 20 percent or more of their revenue overseas.Theinternationally successful companies all share an important quality:patience.They have not r
8、ushed into situations but rather built their operations carefullyby following the most basic business principles.These principles are to knowyour adversary,know your audience,and know your customers.1.According to the passage,which of the following is True?A.All international managers can learn cult
9、ure.B.Business diversity is not necessary.C.Views differ on how to treat culture in business world.D.Most people do not know foreign culture well.-共10页，第 2页2.According to the author,the model of Pepsi _.A.is in line with the theories of the school advocating the business isbusiness the world aroundB
10、.is different from the model of McDonaldsC.shows the reverse of globalizationD.has converged cultural differences3.The two schools of thought _.A.both propose that companies should tailor business approaches toindividual culturesB.both advocate that different policies be set up in different countrie
11、sC.admit the existence of cultural adversity in business worldD.support the international strategies4.This article is supposed to be most useful for those _.A.who are interested in researching the topic of cultural diversityB.who have connections to more than one type of cultureC.who want to travel
12、abroadD.who want to run business on International Scale5.According to Fortune,successful international companies _.A.earn 20 percent or more of their revenue overseasB.all have the quality of patienceC.will follow the overseas local culturesD.adopt the policy of internationalizationPassage TwoLangua
13、ge is one of the most powerful emblems of social behavior.In thenormal transfer of information through language,we use language to send vitalsocial messages about who we are,where we come from,and who we associatewith.It is often shocking to realize how extensively we may judge a personsbackground,c
14、haracter,and intentions based simply upon the persons language,dialect,or,in some instances,even the choice of a single word.Given the social role of language,it stands to reason that one strand oflanguage study should concentrate on the role of language in society.Sociolinguistics has become an inc
15、reasingly important and popular field ofstudy,as certain cultures around the world expand their communication baseand intergroup and interpersonal relations take on escalating significance.The basic notion underlying sociolinguistics is quite simple:Language usesymbolically represents fundamental di
16、mensions of social behavior and humaninteraction.The notion is simple,but the ways in which language reflectsbehavior can often be complex and subtle.Furthermore,the relationshipbetween language and society affects a wide range of encounters from broadlybased international relations to narrowly defi
17、ned interpersonal relationships.For example,sociolinguists might investigate language attitudes among-共10页，第 3页large populations on a national level,such as those exhibited in the US withrespect to the English-only amendment the legislative proposal to makeEnglish the“official”language of the US.Sim
18、ilarly,we might study the statusof French and English in Canada or the status of national and vernacularlanguages in the developing nations of the world as symbols of fundamentalsocial relations among cultures and nationalities.In considering language as asocial institution,sociolinguists often use
19、sociological techniques involving datafrom questionnaires and summary statistical data,along with information fromdirect observation.A slightly different concern with language and society focuses moreclosely on the effect of particular kinds of social situations on languagestructure.For example,lang
20、uage contact studies focus on the origin and thelinguistic composition of pidgin and creole languages.These special languagevarieties arise when speakers from mutually unintelligible language groups needa common language for communication.Throughout the world,there are manysociohistorical situations
21、 that have resulted in these specialized languagesituations in the Caribbean,Africa,South America,Asia,and the PacificIslands.In examining language contact situations,it is also possible to examinenot only the details of a particular language but also the social and linguisticdetails that show how b
22、ilingual speakers use each language and switch betweenthem.Another approach to language and society focuses on the situations anduses of language as an activity in its own right.The study of language in itssocial context tells us quite a bit about how we organize our social relationshipswithin a par
23、ticular community.Addressing a person as Mrs.,Ms.,or by afirst name is not really about simple vocabulary choice but about therelationship and social position of the speaker and addressee.Similarly,the useof sentence alternatives such as Pass the salt,Would you mind passing the salt,or I think this
24、food could use a little salt is not a matter of simple sentencestructure;the choice involves cultural values and norms of politeness,deference,and status.In approaching language as a social activity,it is possible to focus ondiscovering the specific patterns or social rules for conducting conversati
25、on anddiscourse.We may,for example,describe the rules for opening and closing aconversation,how to take conversational turns,or how to tell a story or joke.It is also possible to examine how people manage their language in relationto their cultural backgrounds and their goals of interaction.Sociolin
26、guists mightinvestigate questions such as how mixed-gender conversations differ fromsingle-genderconversations,howdifferentialpowerrelationsmanifestthemselves in language forms,how caregivers let children know the ways inwhich language should be used,or how language change occurs and spreads tocommu
27、nities.To answer these questions related to language as social activity,-共10页，第 4页sociolinguists often use ethnographic methods.That is,they attempt to gain anunderstanding of the values and viewpoints of a community in order to explainthe behaviors and attitudes of its members.Two trends have chara
28、cterized the development of sociolinguistics over thepast several decades.First,the rise of particular specializations within this fieldhas coincided with the emergence of more broadly based social and politicalissues.Thus,the focus on themes such as language and nationalism,languageand ethnicity,an
29、d language and gender has corresponded with the rise of relatedissues in society at large.Second,specialists who examine the role of languageand society have become more and more interested in applying the results oftheir studies to the broadly based social,educational,and political problems thatpro
30、bably gave rise to their emergence as sociolinguistic themes to begin with.Sociolinguistics thus offers a unique opportunity to bring together theory,description,and application in the study of language.6.Studies of language and society could be _.A.dullB.simpleC.complicatedD.money-consuming7.The wo
31、rd pidgin in the sixth paragraph is closest in meaning to _.A.mixedB.commonC.unifiedD.unique8.Which of the following statements is True?A.The author offers no tip for studying language and society.B.The author believes sociolinguistics is superior to other fields of study.C.Uses of language could be
32、 viewed as a social activity.D.Uses of language could be viewed as a psychological game.9.What function does the first paragraph serve?A.It serves to go from specific to general.B.It serves to go from general to specific.C.It introduces the definition of language.D.It introduces peoples attitude tow
33、ards language.10.What can we infer from the last paragraph?A.Sociolinguists are not interested in theories.B.Sociolinguists are only interested in application.C.Sociolinguistics is a discipline that newly emerged.D.Sociolinguistics offers a new perspective on the study of languageSection B(30 points
34、,3 points for each)Directions:In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statementsattached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of theparagraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is m
35、arkedwith a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter onAnswer Sheet.Computer Crime-共10页，第 5页A.A computer crime is generally defined as one that involves the use ofcomputers and software for illegal purposes.This doesnt mean that all thecrimes are new types of crime.On the cont
36、rary,many of these crimes,suchas embezzlement of funds,the alteration of records,theft,vandalism,sabotage,and terrorism,can be committed without a computer.But with acomputer,these offenses can be carried out more quickly and with lesschance that the person responsible for the crime will be discover
37、ed.B.Computer crimes are on the rise and have been for the last twelve years.Just how much these computer crimes cost the American public is indispute,but estimates range from$3 billion to$5 billion annually.Eventhe FBI,which attempts-to keep track of the growth or decline of all kindsof crimes,is u
38、nable to say precisely how large a loss is involved;however,it estimates that the average take from a company hit by computer crime is$600,000.A number of reasons are given for the increase in computercrime:(a)more computers in use and,thus,more people who are familiarwith basic computer operation;(
39、b)more computers tied together insatellite and other data-transmission networks;and(c)the easy access ofmicrocomputers to huge mainframe data bases.The CriminalC.Movies and newspaper stories might lead us to believe that most computercrimes are committed by teenage hackersbrilliant and basically goo
40、dchildren who let their imagination and technical genius get them intotrouble.But a realistic look at the crimes reveals that the offender is likelyto be an employee of the firm against which the crime has been committed,i.e.an“insider”.Difficulty of Detection and PreventionD.Given the kind of perso
41、n who commits a computer crime and theenvironment in which the crime occurs,it is often difficult to detect whothe criminal is.First of all,the crime may be so complex that months oryears go by before anyone discovers it.Second,once the crime has beenrevealed,it is not easy to find a clear trail of
42、evidence that leads back to theguilty party.After all,looking for“weapons”or fingerprints does not occuras it might in the investigation of more conventional crimes.Third,thereare usually no witnesses to the computer crime,even though it may betaking place in a mom filled with people.Who is to say i
43、f the person at thenext terminal,calmly keying in data,is doing the companys work orcommitting a criminal act?Fourth,not enough people in management andlaw enforcement know enough about computer technology to prevent thecrimes.Authorities have to be familiar with the computers capabilitieswithin a g
44、iven situation to guard against its misuses.In some large cities,such as Los Angeles,police departments have set up specially trainedcomputer crime units.-共10页，第 6页E.But even when an offender is caught,the investigators,attorneys,judges,orjuries may find the alleged crime too complicated and perplex
45、ing tohandle.More attorneys are specializing in computer law and studying thecomputers potential for misuse.F.After a computer crime has been discovered,many companies do not reportit or prosecute the person responsible.A company may not announce thecrime out of fear that the public will find out th
46、e weaknesses of itscomputer system and lose confidence in its organization.Banks,credit cardcompanies,and investment firms are especially sensitive about revealingtheir vulnerabilities because they rely heavily on customer trust.G.To avoid public attention,cautious companies will often settle cases
47、ofcomputer tampering out of court.And if cases do go to trial and theoffenders are convicted,they may be punished only by a fine or lightsentence because the judge or jury isnt fully trained to understand thenature and seriousness of the crime.H.Not all companies are timid in apprehending computer c
48、riminals.Forexample,Connecticut General Life Insurance Company decided it had toget tough on violators.So when the company discovered that one of itscomputer technicians had embezzled$200,000 by entering false benefitclaims,it presented its findings to the states attorney and aided in theprosecution
49、 of the technician.The technician was found guilty andsentenced to prison,not just for the computer misuse,but also for grandtheft and insurance fraud.Connecticut General now has a policy ofreporting all incidents of theft or fraud,no matter how small.Answer the questions by marking the correspondin
50、g letter on AnswerSheet.11.It is implied that most computer criminals are the employees of theconcerned companies.12.It has become easy for microcomputer owners to use huge mainframe databases.13.Many companies dont report computer crimes because they fear that thepublic will find out the weaknesses
