1、wChapter 7 Cultural Patterns Questions for Chapter 5w How do you distinguish elaborate,exacting,and succinct styles?w Which interpretation of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis do you think is more believable,the linguistic determinist or the linguistic relativity?w Can you give one example of words in English
2、that were imported into Chinese along with their cultural values?Questions for Chapter 6wWhy do you think non-verbal communication is important?wCan you recall five categories of non-verbal communication and provide a short explanation after each category?wWhat are the functions of non-verbal commun
3、ication?Cultural PatternsBeliefsValuesHuman-NaturePerson-NatureComponents E d w a r d T HallsC o n t e x t -Culture TheoryK l u c k h o h n and Strodtbecks Value OrientationDefinition NormsSocial PracticesTime Activity Relational Individualism and CollectivismUncertainty AvoidancePower distanceMascu
4、linity FemininityH i g h-contextL o w-contextWays of ThinkingWays of ActingHofstedes Dimensions of Cultural VariabilityChapter 7 Cultural Patterns1.Ways of thinking Cultural patterns are shared mental programs that govern specific behavior choices.2.Ways of acting Cultural patterns are not so much c
5、onsciously taught as unconsciously experienced as a by-product of day-to-day activities.Text A:Defining cultural patternsChapter 7 Cultural PatternsValues Values involve what a culture regards as good or bad,right or wrong,fair or unfair,just or unjust,beautiful or ugly,clean or dirty,valuable or wo
6、rthless,appropriate or inappropriate,and kind or cruel.Chapter 7 Cultural PatternsNorms Norms are the socially shared expectations of appropriate behaviors.Norms may change over a period of time,whereas beliefs and values tend to be much more enduring.Chapter 7 Cultural PatternsSocial Practices Soci
7、al practices are the predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow.Thus,social practices are the outward manifestations of beliefs,values,and norms.Chapter 7 Cultural PatternsText C:Edward T.Halls Context-culture theory1）The definition of context:“the information that surr
8、ounds an event;it is inextricably bound up with the meaning of the event.”2）Categorization of high-context culture and low-context culture depending on the degree to which meaning comes from the settings or from the words being exchanged.Chapter 7 Cultural PatternsHigh-context culturew High context(
9、HC)cultures prefer to use high-context messages in which most of the meaning is either implied by the physical setting or presumed to be part of the individuals internalized beliefs,values,norms and social practices;very little is provided in the coded,explicit,transmitted part of the message.Tea Ce
10、remony Chapter 7 Cultural PatternsHigh-context culturew An example of high-context communication is interactions that take place in a long-term relationship between two people who are often able to interpret even the slightest gesture or the briefest comment.The message does not need to be stated ex
11、plicitly because it is carried in the shared understanding about the relationship.Chapter 7 Cultural PatternsLow-context culturew Low context(LC)cultures prefer to use low-context messages,in which the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code.An American standing on chair in restau
12、rantgiving speech at his leaving his hometown Chapter 7 Cultural PatternsLow-context culturew An example of low-context communication is now experienced by more and more people as they interact with computers.For computers to“understand”a message,every statement must be precise.Many computers will n
13、ot accept or respond to instructions that do not have every space,period,letter and number in precisely the right location.The message must be overt and very explicit.Chapter 7 Cultural PatternsqCultures Arranged Along the High-Context and Low-Context Dimension w High-Context Culturesw Japanese w Ch
14、inesew Koreanw African Americanw Native Americanw Arabw Greekw Latinw Italianw Englishw Frenchw Americanw Scandinavianw Germanw German-Swissw Lower-Context CulturesChapter 7 Cultural PatternsWhats the values reflected in the following proverbs?wBlood is thicker than water.wTime is money.wA mans hous
15、e is his castle.wThe early bird catches the worm.w人之初，性本善。w天人感应。w一人得道，鸡犬升天。w以人为鉴，可以明得失；以史为鉴，可以知兴替。Chapter 7 Cultural PatternsHindu ethics 1.Human-nature orientation2.Person-nature orientation3.Time orientation 4.Activity orientation 5.Relational orientationText D:Kluckhohn and Strodtbecks value orie
16、ntationChapter 7 Cultural Patterns1.Human nature orientation (1)Humans are evil but changeable,(2)humans are evil and unchangeable,(3)humans are neutral with respect to good and evil,(4)humans are a mixture of good and evil,(5)humans are good but changeable,and (6)humans are good and unchangeable.go
17、od but corruptible evil but perfectible Chapter7 Cultural Patterns2.Person-nature orientation(1)mastery with nature（注：图片为愚公移山）(2)harmony with nature（注：图片为中药材）(3)subjugation to nature（注：图片为印尼海啸）subjugation to nature harmony with nature mastery with nature Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns3.Time orientation
18、 a.Value-Past Orientation Value tradition,worship ancestors,emphasize strong family ties,favor aristocratic origin.b.Value-Present Orientation The past is seen as unimportant and the future is seen as unpredictable.Only here and now is real.c.Value-Future OrientationChange is valued highly.Future is
19、 viewed as better,while past being old-fashioned.Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns4.Activity orientationa.Value-Doing Orientation b.Focusing on those activities which have outcomes.What did he do?What has he accomplished?b.Value-Being Orientation Who is he?c.Value-Being-in-Becoming OrientationStriving for
20、 an integrated whole in the development of the self.Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns5.Relational orientationa.Value-Individualism Orientationb.Focusing on individual goals and objectives b.Value-Lineality OrientationFocusing on the groups and the group extend through timec.Value-Collaterality Orientation
21、 Focusing on an individuals most immediate group membershipsChapter 7 Cultural PatternsText E:Hofstedes cultural dimensions1.Individualism versus collectivism 2.Uncertainty avoidance3.Power distance4.Masculinity versus femininity Chapter 7Cultural Patterns1.Individualism versus collectivismThe chara
22、cteristics of cultures that value individualism w Peoples personal goals take priority over their groups like the family or the employer.w The loyalty of individualists to a given group is very weak.w People feel they belong to many groups and are apt to change their membership as it suits them,swit
23、ching churches,for example,or leaving one employer for another.-Daniel Goleman Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns2.Uncertainty avoidancew Uncertainty avoidance deals with the degree to which members of a culture try to avoid uncertainty.w Hofstede summarizes the view of people in high uncertainty avoidance
24、 cultures as“what is different,is dangerous,”and the belief of people in low uncertainty avoidance cultures as“what is different,is curious”.Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns3.Power Distancew Power distance is“the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that powe
25、r is distributed unequally”.w How do you interpret the relationship between the following pairs in both high and low power distance culture?parents-children teacher-student boss-employeeChapter 7 Cultural Patterns4.Masculinity and femininity w In masculine cultures both man and women are relatively
26、tough,and social gender roles are clearly distinct.Men are supposed to be assertive,tough,and focused on material success,whereas women are supposed to be more modest,tender and concerned with the quality of life.w In feminine cultures social gender roles overlap.In these cultures,no one should fight and no one should be too ambitious.Everyone should be concerned with maintaining good relationships with others.Both men and women are supposed to be modest,tender,and concerned with the quality of life.Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns
