1、必修一Grammar&usageSentence elements and sentence structuresSentence elements 句子是表达思想的基本单位，主要的句子成分（sentence elements）有：主主语（语（Subject）、）、谓谓语（语（Verb）、）、宾宾语语（Object）、）、定定语（语（Attributive）、）、状状语（语（Adverbial）、）、补补语语（Complement）、）、表表语（语（Predicative）、）、同同位语（位语（Appositive）等。1.主语（subject）：指句子所谈论的主体，一般位于句首。但在ther
2、e be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。如：The teacher gave a speech.Beijing is the capital of China.指出下列句子中的主语及它的性质：指出下列句子中的主语及它的性质：During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.We often speak English in class.One-third of the students in this class are girls.To swim
3、in the river is a great pleasure.Smoking does harm to the health.The rich should help the poor.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.名词名词代词代词数词数词不定式不定式动名词动名词名词化的形容词名词化的形容词主语从句主语从句主语可由名主语可由名词、代词、词、代词、数词、不定数词、不定式、动名词、式、动名词、名词化的形名词化的形容词和主语容词和主语从句等表示。从句等表示。2.谓语（verb）：谓语又称为“谓词”，一
4、般在主语之后。指谓语部分的主要动词，通常说明主语所做的动作或主语的特征和状态。如：Many students join school clubs.The weather is nice.谓语的构成：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词+动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.（2）由系动词+表语构成。如：We are students.3.宾语（object）：通常指动作的对象
5、，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。如：We should develop good study habits.Jack offered me some helpful advice.宾语种类宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）直接宾语）例如：Lend me your dictionary,please.（2）复合宾语（宾语）复合宾语（宾语+宾补）宾补）例如：They elected him their monitor.指出下列句子中的宾语及它的性质：指出下列句子中的宾语及它的性质：They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.Th
6、e heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.How many dictionaries do you have?I have five.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.He pretended not to see me.I enjoy listening to popular music.I think（that）he is fit for his office.名词名词代代词词数词数词名词化形容词名词化形容词不定式短语不定式短语动名词短语动名词短语宾语从
7、句宾语从句4.定语（attributive）：修饰名词或代词。如：I went to a large library yesterday.He doesnt have anything to do at the moment.指出下列句子中的定语及它的性质：指出下列句子中的定语及它的性质：Guilin is a beautiful city.China is a developing country;America is a developed country.There are thirty women teachers is our school.His rapid progress in
8、 English made us surprised.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.He is reading an article about how to learn English.形容形容词词分分词词分分词词名词名词代代词词不定式短语不定式短语动名词动名词介词短语介词短语5.状语（adverbial）：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分。如：Maggie plans her s
9、tudy carefully.Clearly,talking to him is a mistake.可由以下形式表示：Light travels most quickly.He has lived in the city for ten years.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.He is in the room making a model plane.Wait a minute.Once you begin,you must continue.副词及副词性词组副词及副词性词组介词短
10、语介词短语不定式短语不定式短语分词短语分词短语名词名词状语从句状语从句指出下列句子中的状语以及其种类指出下列句子中的状语以及其种类:How about meeting again at six?Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.I shall go there if it doesnt rain.Mr.Smith lives on the third floor.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.She came in with a dic
11、tionary in her hand.In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.She works very hard though she is old.I am taller than he is.时间状语原因状语条件状语地点状语方式状语伴随状语目的状语结果状语让步状语比较状语6.补语（complement）：补语分为主语补语（subject complement）和宾语补语（object complement），用来补充说
12、明主语或宾语的特征或情况。如：He is made chairman of the club.Listening to music makes me relaxed.指出下列句子中的宾补及它的性质：指出下列句子中的宾补及它的性质：His father named him Dongming.They painted their boat white.Let the fresh air in.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.We saw her entering the room.We found everything in the la
13、b in good order.We will soon make our city what your city is now.名词形容词副词不定式短语现在分词介词短语从句7.表语（predicative）：指连系动词后面的成分，通常说明主语的身份、特征和状态。常见的连系动词有be、become、feel、get、look、grow、turn、seem等。如：Its a lovely day.I feel happy.指出下列句子中的表语及它的性质：指出下列句子中的表语及它的性质：Our teacher of English is an American.Is it yours?The we
14、ather has turned cold.The speech is exciting.Three times seven is twenty one?His job is to teach English.His hobby（爱好）is playing football.The machine must be out of order.Time is up.The class is over.The truth is that he has never been abroad.名词代词形容词分词数词不定式动名词介词短语副词表语从句表语一般由表语一般由名词、代词、名词、代词、形容词、分词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、数词、不定式、动名词、介词动名词、介词短语、副词及短语、副词及表语从句表示。表语从句表示。8.同位语（appositive）：对修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步解释。如：This is my friend Harry.Mr.Smith,our new teacher,is very kind to us.We Chinese people are brave and hard-working.The news that our team has won the match is true.I have no idea that you were here.
