1、非谓语动词非谓语动词Nonfinite Verbs Laughter is the greatest medicine.It helps those who cannot work out become fit.First of all,_(laugh)out loud helps improve your general fitness.This is because laughter strenghthens the heart and lungs.So,it is easy _(understand)why some yoga exercises include laughter.Sec
2、ond,a good laugh can relax your muscles.As you laugh,these muscles _(participat)in the laugh become active.So it is very useful for people with breathing problems.laughingto understandparticipating Also,laughter makes us_(feel)a sense of happiness.Experts say that the positive feelings_(produce)by l
3、aughter not only make us happy but also help us reduce pain.The next time you feel upset or _(disappoint),do not worry.Enjoying a funny comedy or _(read)some jokes will drive away your negative feelings and make you feel much better.readingdisappointedproducedfeel1.谓语动词：谓语动词：概述：概述：2.非谓语动词：非谓语动词：在句子中
4、担任谓语的动词在句子中担任谓语的动词 是动词的特殊形式，在句中可以是动词的特殊形式，在句中可以 作除谓语外的所有成分作除谓语外的所有成分动词不定式（动词不定式（The Infinitive）一一.动词不定式的基本构成：动词不定式的基本构成：由不定式符号由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。其否定式由加动词原形构成。其否定式由not+不定式构成不定式构成 肯定式：肯定式：to do sth 否定式：否定式：not to do sth.被动式：被动式：to be done 完成式：完成式：to have done二二.动词不定式的句法作用法动词不定式的句法作用法动词不定式有副词，形容词和动词不定式有副词
5、，形容词和名词的特征，因此在句中可作名词的特征，因此在句中可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语定语、状语等成份。语定语、状语等成份。动词不定式动词不定式To do that sort of thing is foolish。I want to see you this eveningAll you have to do is to finish it quickly.We found a house to live in.She came here to study English.I warned the patient not to drink cold water
6、after the operation.主语主语 宾语宾语表语表语 定语定语 状语状语 宾补宾补1.作主语作主语 不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。To see is to believe Not to get there in time is your fault.注：注：常用常用it做形式主语，将做形式主语，将to do放在位于放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。之后，使句子保持平衡。句型句型1：It+谓语谓语+to doIt takes us an hour to get there by bus.句型句型2：Its+n.+to doIts o
7、ur duty to help the poor.It is a great enjoyment to spend our holiday in the mountains句型句型3：It is adj.for/of sb.to do sth.It is+adj+for sb to do sthIt is+adj+of sb to do sth（是形容人的品质的是形容人的品质的）（是形容事物的性质的是形容事物的性质的）It is easy for me to finish this work before ten.It is a great honor for us to be present
8、 at your birthday party.It is very kind of you to give me some help.Its impolite of you to speak to the teacher like that.You are very kind to give me some help.you are impolite to speak to the teacher like that.常见动词有：常见动词有：口诀：想要决定同意，希望许诺选择口诀：想要决定同意，希望许诺选择 want,decide,hope,agree,choose,wish,need,pro
9、mise2.作宾语作宾语 I want to know this matter.like,demand,expect,promise,begin,determine,refuse,offer,fail,manage,learn,seem,intend,prefer,forget,mean,prepare,pretend,continue,start,afford,hate等等I dont expect to meet you here.1).接不定式做宾语接不定式做宾语to getto beto goto danceto give2）.常跟疑问词常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词不定式作宾语的动词
10、:tell,advise,show,teach,find out,decide,discuss,learn,explain，know,show,discover,see(understand)He taught us how to use the tool.No one could tell me where to get the book.I hope youll advise me what to do.I dont know how to get there.I havent decided whether to go or stay.1.Boys,dont forget _ the w
11、indows before you leave the classroom.A.closingB.closedC.to closingD.to close2.She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock.A.to have restedB.restingC.to restD.rest3.Remember _ the lights when you leave the office.A.to turn offB.turning offC.turn offD.to turning off1）、主语）、主语+be+to do
12、sth 主语多为主语多为 duty/wish/hope/idea/plan/ambition/dream/work/job 等等 名词名词 1、My ambition is to be a singer.2、His work is to clean the classroom every day.3.3.作表语作表语我的梦想是成为一名歌手。他的工作是每天清扫教室。4.作宾语补足语作宾语补足语(与宾语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的主谓关系与宾语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的主谓关系)1.Mother told me _ come back before 10 oclock.2.Ill get someo
13、ne _ repair the recorder for you.3.What caused him _ change his mind?4.I wish you _ come as soon as possible.5.He asked me _do the work with him.to to to to to 2).I often hear them(sing)this song.Did you notice anyone(come)in?I would have him(wait)for me for a long time.Look at the horse jump.注意：注意：
14、当这类动词转为被动语态当这类动词转为被动语态时，时，其后的不定式则要加上其后的不定式则要加上“to”如：如：He is often heard _ the song He was seen _ the room.to singto enter5.it作形式宾语作形式宾语I find/feel to work with him interesting I find/feel it interesting to work with him注意：注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用把不定式宾语放在宾语补
15、足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。作形式宾语。Subject+find/think/feel/make/consider it+adj/n+to do sth.1.We thought _ better _ start early.2.Do you consider _ better not _ go?3.I feel _ my duty _ change all that.4.We think _ important _ obey the law.5.I know _ impossible _ finish so much homework in a day.itto it it it itto
16、tototo用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空，使句子完整、正确用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空，使句子完整、正确。1.Let me _(help)you _ (water)the flowers.2.Little Sandy would love _(take)to the cinema this evening.3.Though he often made his deskmate _(cry),today he was made _(cry)by his deskmate.4.I saw him _ into the small store.A.wentB.goingC.to goD.has
17、gone5.Tell the boy _ out of the window.A.not to look B.to not lookC.dont lookD.not look help(to)waterto takecryto cry 6.作作定语定语1)不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系 Do you have anything to wash today?Do you have anything to be washed today?(区别主被动）区别主被动）2)不定式用来说明所修饰词的内容不定式用来说明所修饰词的内容 I have no chance to go
18、 there.3)被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语 She is the last to leave the room.4)不定式为不及物动词时，须加介词不定式为不及物动词时，须加介词 He is looking for a room to live in.1.The house is not big enough for us all_.A.to live inB.to be lived in C.to live D.for living in2.Would you please pass me the knife _?A.to cut the fruit withB.t
19、o cut the fruit C.cutting the fruitD.cutting the fruit with3.I have something important to say.please find a piece of paper （写上）（写上）4.Excuse me，could I use your pen for a moment？I have no pen （写）（写）to write onto write with动词不定式做定语动词不定式做定语Mary has three children to look after.3.当不定式和其逻辑主语是当不定式和其逻辑主语是
20、不不定式前有形容词时定式前有形容词时,不定式不定式4.某些动词,如to let,to blame（责备）用主动式表被动意义。Who is to blame for it?这得怪谁这得怪谁?The house is to let.这房子要出租。这房子要出租。不定式的独立成分不定式的独立成分 To tell the truth,to be frank,to make matter worse,to be sure,to be exactly to be honest,to be brief.To be frank,you are lying.To make matter worse,it bega
21、n to turn dark.To tell the truth,I dont think the film is good.1.-ing的构成的构成 -ing是由动词原形加词尾是由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。构成。-ing同样有时态和语同样有时态和语态的变化，通常有下表几种形式（以态的变化，通常有下表几种形式（以do为例）：为例）：主动形式主动形式 被动形式被动形式 一般式一般式 doing being done 完成式完成式 having done having been done -ing的否定形式是由的否定形式是由not 加加-ing分词构成。分词构成。Not knowing his
22、address,I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.His not coming made all of us angry.V-ing2.-ing的语法作用的语法作用 -ing一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。1)ing（短语）（短语）作主语作主语：Laying eggs is the ant queens full-time job.Saying is
23、easier than doing.为了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主语，而为了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句末。如：把真正的主语放在句末。如：It is no use crying over spilt milk.Its a waste of time arguing about it.2)-ing（短语）作（短语）作表语表语：His hobby is collecting stamps.The problem is quite puzzling.-ing作表语的两种不同含义：作表语的两种不同含义：-ing作表语可以表示主语的内容是什么。如：作表语可以表示主语的内容是什么
24、。如：Their job is building houses.他们的工作是盖房子。他们的工作是盖房子。The real question is getting to know the needs of the people.真正的问题是了解人民的需要。真正的问题是了解人民的需要。-ing作表语还可以表示主语所具有的特征。如：作表语还可以表示主语所具有的特征。如：This story is very interesting.这故事很有趣。这故事很有趣。The problem is quite puzzling.这个问题很令人困惑这个问题很令人困惑。3)-ing作作宾语宾语：ing作动词宾语。作
25、动词宾语。I suggest doing it in a different way.We enjoy attending Mr Mas class.-ing作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的宾语，而用宾语，而用it作形式宾语作形式宾语。如：。如：I think it no good living in such a cold place.Do you consider it no use trying again?高中阶段能接高中阶段能接-ing作宾语的常见动词：作宾语的常见动词：mind（介意）（介意）,suggest（建议）（建议）,enjoy（欣赏，）（欣
26、赏，）,admit（承认）（承认）,appreciate（感激，欣赏）（感激，欣赏）,avoid（避（避免）免）,delay（推迟）（推迟）,dislike（不喜欢，厌恶）（不喜欢，厌恶）,escape（逃脱）（逃脱）,finish（完成）（完成）,forgive（宽恕）（宽恕）,imagine（想象）（想象）,keep（保持）（保持）,miss（错过）（错过）,practise（训（训练）练）,resist（抵抗，抵制）（抵抗，抵制）,risk（冒险）（冒险）,deny（拒绝，（拒绝，否认）否认）,consider（考虑）等。（考虑）等。-ing作作介词宾语介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。
27、如：，经常用在一些短语的后面。如：Im against inviting him to dinner.They dont feel like walking that much.He went to London in the hope of being a famous painter.look forward to,be proud of,be responsible for ,insist on,think of,dream of ,object to,hear of,preventfrom,keepfrom,stopfrom,be engaged in,depend on,thankf
28、or,excusefor,aim at,devoteto,set about（着手做）（着手做）,be/get used to,be fond of,be afraid of,be tired of,succeed in,be interested in,be ashamed of 注意：在有些句子中，介词常可省去。如：注意：在有些句子中，介词常可省去。如：I have no difficulty(in)communicating with foreigners.He used to spend a lot of time(in)playing games.。What can prevent
29、us(from)getting married?？另外，另外，-ing可以和一些介词如可以和一些介词如in,on,after,against,before,by,for,without,besides等构成短语，在句中作状等构成短语，在句中作状语。如：语。如：He left ahead of time without saying a word.Besides cooking and sewing,she had to take care of four children.On hearing the news,all the pupils jumped with joy.4)-ing作定语作
30、定语：单个的作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如：单个的作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如：reading room swimming pool singing competition waiting room sleeping bag the exciting news a boring speech a sleeping child -ing作定语的两种不同含义：作定语的两种不同含义：ing作定语可用来说明被修饰的名词的用途和性能。如：作定语可用来说明被修饰的名词的用途和性能。如：reading material 阅读材料阅读材料 walking stick 手杖手杖 fishing pole
31、鱼杆鱼杆flying suit 飞行服飞行服 writing table 写字台写字台listening practice 听力训练听力训练-ing作定语还可以表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，作定语还可以表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。如：也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。如：developing countries=countries that are developing 发展中国家发展中国家a growing city=a city that is growi
32、ng 发展着的城市发展着的城市an ordinary-looking house=a house that looks ordinary 看起来很普通的房子看起来很普通的房子a touching story=a story that is touching 一个动人的故事一个动人的故事working people=people who are working 劳动人民劳动人民-ing短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面，短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面，也相当于一个定语从句。如：也相当于一个定语从句。如：Who is the comrade standing by the door?They live
33、d in a house facing south.5)-ing做状语做状语：-ing作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。方式或伴随情况等。-ing短语作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，有短语作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时可由连词时可由连词when,while引出。如：引出。如：While reading the book,he nodded from time to time.Seeing those pictures,she remembered her childhood.-ing短语作原因状语，相当于一个
34、原因状语从句。如：短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：Not knowing his address,I cant send this book to him.Many of us,being so excited,couldnt go to sleep that night.ing短语作结果状语。如：短语作结果状语。如：His father died,leaving him a lot of money.She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground,breaking it into pieces.-ing作伴随状语，可以放
35、在句子的前面、后面或作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如：中间，表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如：They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky.Following the old man,the young people started walking slowly.-ing间或也可作条件状语和让步状语，间或也可作条件状语和让步状语，相当于一个状语从句。如：相当于一个状语从句。如：Standing at the foot of a high mountain,a per
36、son will find himself very small.Knowing all this,they made me pay for the damage.注：注：-ing作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是整个作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语。句子的主语。“with/without+名词普通格或代词宾格名词普通格或代词宾格+-ing分词分词”结构在句中作状语，表示伴随情况或时间、原因等。如：结构在句中作状语，表示伴随情况或时间、原因等。如：His hair became grey with the years passing.Without anyone noticing,he sli
37、pped through the window.6)-ing作宾语补足语作宾语补足语：-ing可以在可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,look at,listen to,observe,have,get,leave,keep,set,catch,find等动词后面和等动词后面和一个名词或代词构成一个复合宾语，作宾语补语。如：一个名词或代词构成一个复合宾语，作宾语补语。如：I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.Last night the shopkeeper caught a ch
38、ild stealing some food in the shop.上面这类句子也可变成被动语态，这时，上面这类句子也可变成被动语态，这时，-ing分词可分词可看成是主语补语。如：看成是主语补语。如：We were kept waiting for quite a long time.Jily was never heard singing that song again.5.-ing的复合结构：的复合结构：-ing分词的复合结构通常由物主代词、人称代分词的复合结构通常由物主代词、人称代词宾格、名词所有格词宾格、名词所有格+-ing分词构成，在句子开分词构成，在句子开头时必须用物主代词和名词
39、所有格，通常在句中头时必须用物主代词和名词所有格，通常在句中作主语和宾语。如：作主语和宾语。如：His coming made us very happy.He was awakened by someones knocking at the door.高中阶段有一些固定的高中阶段有一些固定的-ing短语短语，如，如generally speaking（一般来说）（一般来说）,judging from（根据（根据来来判断）判断）,considering（考虑到（考虑到）,talking of（谈到（谈到，提到，提到）,supposing（假如（假如）等，它们的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致。这种短
40、语可等，它们的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致。这种短语可以被称之为句子的状语，也可当作一个插入语。如：以被称之为句子的状语，也可当作一个插入语。如：Judging from his accent,he must come from Canada.从他的口音看他一定来自加拿大。从他的口音看他一定来自加拿大。Considering how poor he was,we decided to let him attend the concert for free.考虑到他是多么的穷，我们决定让他免费听音乐会。考虑到他是多么的穷，我们决定让他免费听音乐会。选择填空：选择填空：1.The officers
41、narrowly escaped _ in the hot battle.A.have killed B.to kill C.to be killed D.being killed 2._ the letter,he went out to post it.A.Writing B.Being writing C.Having written D.Written 3.Dont you remember _?A.seeing the man before B.to see the man beforeC.saw the man before D.to have seen the man befor
42、e 4.People couldnt help _ the foolish emperor in the procession.A.laugh at B.to laugh at C.laughing at D.laughing on 5.Were looking forward _ the photo exhibition.A.to visiting B.to visit C.to having visited D.to visiting DCACD6.The girl _ under that tree is my sister.A.sitting B.sits C.is sitting D
43、.sat 7.This sentence needs _ .A.a improvement B.improve C.improving D.improved 8._ anything about the accident,he went to work as usual.A.Not known B.Known not C.Knowing not D.Not knowing 9.The next morning she found the man _ in bed,dead.A.lying B.lie C.lay D.laying 10.There was terrible noise _ th
44、e sudden burst of light.A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being followed 11.The secretary worked late into the night,_ a long speech for the president.A.to prepare B.preparing C.prepared D.was preparing ACDABB12.“Cant you read?”Mary said _ to the notice.A.angrily pointing B.and point angrily
45、 C.angrily pointed D.and angrily pointing13.How about two of us _ a walk down the garden?A.to take B.take C.taking D.to be taking14.-I must apologize for _ ahead of time.-Thats all right.A.letting you not know B.not letting you knowC.letting you know not D.letting not you know 15.-You were brave eno
46、ugh to raise objections at the meeting.-Well,now I regret _ that.A.to do B.to be doing C.to have done D.having done ACBD16.Would you _ me your identification card,sir?A.mind to show B.mind showing C.trouble to show D.trouble showing 17.He suggested _ on Saturday.A.to have a meeting B.having a meetin
47、g C.a meeting to have D.that having a meeting 18.It is no good _ to come now.He is busy.A.if you ask him B.to ask him C.asking him D.that you ask him19.Although punctual himself,the professor was quite used _ late for his lecture.A.to have students B.for students to beC.for students being D.to stude
48、nts being BBCD21._ for several weeks,the city needed food.A.As having flooded B.being flooded C.Having been flooded D.To flood22._ ill worried my parents greatly.A.I fell B.Me falling C.My falling D.I fallingCC23.She is writing a letter to a friend of hers,_ him to attend the meeting.A.having invite
49、d B.inviting C.to invite D.invited24.Our town has dozens of factories,_ several saw mills.A.included B.are including C.are included D.including 25._ the classroom,the students went to the playground to watch the football match.A.To clean B.Having cleaned C.Cleaned D.Cleaning BDB The Past Participle
50、1.过去分词具有动词的性质，同时兼有过去分词具有动词的性质，同时兼有形容词或副词的性质，可以拥有自己的逻形容词或副词的性质，可以拥有自己的逻辑主语，在句中可以作辑主语，在句中可以作表语、定语、状语表语、定语、状语和补足语和补足语。Explanation2.v-ed表示动作已经表示动作已经完成完成或或被动被动意义意义eg:fallen leaves落叶落叶(已落下的叶子已落下的叶子)eg:I heard the door closed.我听见门被关上了。我听见门被关上了。3.否定式：否定式：not+v-edeg:He escaped,not seen by anyone.过去分词所充当的成分：过
