1、单数单数复数复数第一第一人称人称第二第二人称人称第三第三人称人称第一第一人称人称第二第二人称人称第三第三人称人称人人称称代代词词主格主格I youhe,she,itweyouthey宾格宾格meyouhim,her,itusyouthem物物主主代代词词形形容容词词性性myyourhis,her,itsouryourtheir名名词词性性mineyourshis,hers,itsoursyours theirs反身反身代词代词myself yourself himself,herself,itselfours-elvesyours-elvesthem-selves指示代词指示代词this,th
2、at,such,so,the samethese,those疑问代词疑问代词what,which,who,whom,whose关系代词关系代词that,which,who,whose,as连接代词连接代词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever不定不定代词代词all,both,either,other,another,one,each,many,much,(a)few,(a)little,some,any,none,no one复合不复合不定代词定代词someone,anyone,something,anythi
3、ng,nothing,everything,everyone,nobody相互相互代词代词宾格宾格each other,one another所有格所有格 each others,one anothers一、人称代词一、人称代词人称代词有主格和宾格之分，主格在句中人称代词有主格和宾格之分，主格在句中作主语、表语等成分，宾格在句中作动词、作主语、表语等成分，宾格在句中作动词、介词宾语、同位语等成分，有时也可作表介词宾语、同位语等成分，有时也可作表语。不仅指人，也可指物，有人称和数的语。不仅指人，也可指物，有人称和数的变化。变化。【注意注意】在连词在连词than和和as引导的比较状语从句引导的比较
4、状语从句中常常省略从句，只保留人称代词，人称代中常常省略从句，只保留人称代词，人称代词作主语时要用主格，在口语中也常用宾格；词作主语时要用主格，在口语中也常用宾格；但当人称代词后有动词时就必须用主格。但当人称代词后有动词时就必须用主格。如：如：My sister speaks English as well as me/I.(口语口语中常用中常用me)My sister speaks English as well as I do.(此时此时只能用只能用I)二、物主代词二、物主代词1物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词，必须与所指的名词在人称、性物主代
5、词，必须与所指的名词在人称、数和性别方面保持一致。数和性别方面保持一致。如：如：The waiters offered their food to the homeless man.【注意注意】单数阳性名词和单数阴性名词连单数阳性名词和单数阴性名词连用作主语时，如果前面有用作主语时，如果前面有every，each修饰，修饰，谓语动词用单数，代词用谓语动词用单数，代词用his。如：如：2.形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，只能作形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，只能作 名词或动名词的定语。名词或动名词的定语。e.g.This is our classroom.Would you mind my open
6、ing the window?Each boy and each girl wants to lend his raincoat to the soldiers.3.名词性物主代词相当于名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主形容词性物主代词名词代词名词”，可单独作主语、宾语、表，可单独作主语、宾语、表语。此外，名词性物主代词还可与名词及语。此外，名词性物主代词还可与名词及of连用，构成双重所有格。连用，构成双重所有格。如：如：This is her coat.Mine is over there.Some friends of mine will attend my birthday party.
7、三、反身代词三、反身代词1.反身代词通常在反身代词通常在enjoy,teach,hurt,buy,introduce,seat,dress,express,amuse,behave等动词和等动词和by,for,to,of等介词后作等介词后作宾语。宾语。如：如：He was left at home by himself the whole day yesterday.2.反身代词可以作主语的同位语，主要起加强反身代词可以作主语的同位语，主要起加强 语气的作用，意为语气的作用，意为“亲自，本人，亲身亲自，本人，亲身”。e.g.The teacher and pupils mended the r
8、oad themselves.3.反身代词可以在反身代词可以在be,feel,look,seem等系动词等系动词 后作表语，表示身体或精神状态处于正常。后作表语，表示身体或精神状态处于正常。e.g.You look pale.Whats wrong with you?Im not feeling myself today,not serious,though.注意注意(1)反身代词本身不能单独作主语。反身代词本身不能单独作主语。(正正)I myself drove the car.我自己开车。我自己开车。(误误)Myself drove the car.(2)在由在由and,or,nor连接的
9、并列主语中，第连接的并列主语中，第 二个主语可用反身代词，特别是二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself 作主语。作主语。e.g.Charles and myself saw it.(3)在不强调的情况下，在不强调的情况下，but,except,for等介等介 词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词均可。词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词均可。e.g.No one but myself/me is hurt.4.反身代词的习惯搭配反身代词的习惯搭配(1)介词介词+反身代词反身代词 for oneself 为自己；亲自地为自己；亲自地 to oneself 对自己；独用对自己；独用 of oneself 自动地
10、自动地 by oneself 独自地独自地(2)动词反身代词动词反身代词 dress oneself 自己穿衣自己穿衣make oneself at home 不要客气不要客气seat oneself=be seated 就坐就坐teach oneself 自学自学come to oneself 苏醒苏醒devote oneself to=be devoted to 致力于致力于enjoy oneself 过得愉快，玩得高兴过得愉快，玩得高兴help oneself to 自行取用，请自便自行取用，请自便accustom oneself to=be accustomed to 习惯于习惯于am
11、use oneself 消遣，自娱消遣，自娱behave oneself 表现良好表现良好apply oneself to sth.致力于致力于explain oneself 说明自己的意图说明自己的意图express oneself 表达自己的思想表达自己的思想abandon oneself to 沉迷于，放纵沉迷于，放纵一、指示代词一、指示代词1.指上文提到的事物，一般用指上文提到的事物，一般用that，有时也，有时也用用this；指下文将要提到的事物，常用；指下文将要提到的事物，常用this或或these。如：如：He said I was lying,and that was unfa
12、ir.(that指代上文指代上文He said I was lying)What I want you to remember is this：Practise makes perfect.(此句中此句中this指代下文，不能换为指代下文，不能换为that)2.that/those可作定语从句的先行词，但可作定语从句的先行词，但 this/these不能；其中不能；其中those可指人，但可指人，但that 不能。不能。如：如：She has known that which she wanted to know.I admire those who are always helping ot
13、hers.(those作定语从句的先行词，指人作定语从句的先行词，指人)二、相互代词二、相互代词相互代词是表示相互关系的代词，只有相互代词是表示相互关系的代词，只有each other和和one another两个词组，都表示两个词组，都表示“互相，互相，相互相互”。1.each other和和one another在句中可以作动词或在句中可以作动词或 介词的宾语。介词的宾语。如：如：Lets help each other and learn from each other.They looked at one another and laughed.2.作定语时作定语时each other
14、和和one another须用须用 所有格，表示所有格，表示“彼此的彼此的”。如：如：We said hello to one anothers/each others family.三、疑问代词三、疑问代词1.疑问代词后接疑问代词后接-ever的用法。的用法。(1)whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever 表泛指，意为表泛指，意为“无论无论”。如：如：You have our support,whatever you decide.Whichever of you gets here first will get the prize.I dont want to
15、 see them,whoever they are.(2)置于疑问代词后，用于加强语气。如：置于疑问代词后，用于加强语气。如：Whatever do you mean?Whoever heard of such a thing!2.疑问代词的单复数形式要由所代表的人或事疑问代词的单复数形式要由所代表的人或事 物的单复数形式来确定，如果不清楚代表的物的单复数形式来确定，如果不清楚代表的 人或物是复数还是单数，则谓语动词多用单人或物是复数还是单数，则谓语动词多用单 数形式。数形式。who/what/which作主语时，谓语动作主语时，谓语动 词既可以用单数形式，也可以用复数形式。词既可以用单数形
16、式，也可以用复数形式。如：如：What he needs most is his mothers love.What we need are good books.一、复合不定代词一、复合不定代词1.修饰不定代词的形容词应后置。修饰不定代词的形容词应后置。e.g.Is there anything wrong with my car?2.复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词往往用复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词往往用 第三人称单数形式。第三人称单数形式。3.复合不定代词构成的固定短语：复合不定代词构成的固定短语：anything but根本不，一点也不根本不，一点也不 nothing but只不过只不
17、过 do nothing but 只有，除只有，除之外什么事也不做之外什么事也不做 have something/nothing to do with 与与有有/无关无关 something of有点，有几分有点，有几分二、全部否定与部分否定二、全部否定与部分否定由由some和和any构成的不定代词的用法与构成的不定代词的用法与some和和any的用法基本一致。的用法基本一致。all,both,everyone,everybody,everything以及以及“every名词名词”都都表示全部肯定；表示全部肯定；no one,none,nobody,nothing,not.any以及以及“no
18、名词名词”都表示全部否定；都表示全部否定；但当但当not出现在含有全部肯定的不定代词的句子出现在含有全部肯定的不定代词的句子中，不管中，不管not在它们之前还是在它们之后都表示在它们之前还是在它们之后都表示部分否定。此外部分否定。此外not与总括性副词如与总括性副词如everywhere,always,wholly,altogether等连用时也表示部分等连用时也表示部分否定。否定。e.g.All of the boys are clever,but none of them can work out this problem.(all表示表示 全部肯定，全部肯定，none表示全部否定表示全部
19、否定)Such a thing cant be found everywhere.(“noteverywhere”表示部分否定表示部分否定)The exam is very easy,but not all of the students can pass it.(“notall”表示部分否定表示部分否定)三、三、both,either,neither,each,all,none both表示两者都，具有肯定含义；表示两者都，具有肯定含义；either表示两表示两者中的任何一个；者中的任何一个；neither表示两者都不；表示两者都不；each表示两者或两者以上的每一个；表示两者或两者以上的每
20、一个；all表示全部，表示全部，指三者或三者以上的人或物，也可笼统地表示指三者或三者以上的人或物，也可笼统地表示“一切，所有一切，所有”；none表示三者或三者以上的表示三者或三者以上的人或物的全部否定，与人或物的全部否定，与of连用或用来回答连用或用来回答how many/much的提问。的提问。【考例考例】Its an either-or situation we can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday but we cant do _.A.others B.eitherC.another D.bothD四、四、another
21、,other,the other,others,the othersanother泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中不确泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中不确定的另一个；定的另一个；other表示表示“另外的人另外的人/物，别的物，别的人人/物物”；the other指两者中的另一个；指两者中的另一个；others=other+名词，泛指名词，泛指“别的人或物别的人或物”；the others指指“一定范围内其余的人或物一定范围内其余的人或物”，如果，如果被指代的名词是不可数名词，则用被指代的名词是不可数名词，则用the rest。【考例考例】In some countries,people eat wi
22、th chopsticks,while in _,knives and forks.A.another B.others C.both D.all B一、一、it作人称代词作人称代词在特定的环境中，在特定的环境中，it也可指人，如指婴儿、也可指人，如指婴儿、性别不详或身份不明的人。性别不详或身份不明的人。e.g.The baby stopped crying as soon as it saw the woman.Who is it?Its me.二、二、it作形式主语或形式宾语作形式主语或形式宾语it可以作形式主语或形式宾语而把真正的主可以作形式主语或形式宾语而把真正的主语或宾语后置。语或宾
23、语后置。1.用用it作形式主语的主语从句结构作形式主语的主语从句结构(1)It系动词形容词系动词形容词that从句从句It is necessary/important/surprising/strangethat从句，从句中谓语动词常用从句，从句中谓语动词常用“should动词原形动词原形”形式，且形式，且should可省略。可省略。(2)It系动词名词系动词名词that从句从句It is a pity/a shame/good news/a fact/an honour/a wonder/no wonder/our dutythat从从句。句。e.g.Its no wonder that
24、youve achieved so much success.(3)It不及物动词不及物动词that从句从句It seems/happened/turned out/occurs/appearsthat从句。从句。e.g.It happened that he was out when I called on him.(4)It系动词过去分词系动词过去分词that从句从句It is said/reported/announced/believed/thought/well known/hoped/pointed out/found out/suggested/ordered/advised/r
25、equested/insisted/required/demandedthat从句。从句。e.g.Its said that they have succeeded in carrying out this experiment.【注意注意】在在“It is suggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/required/demandedthat从从句句”结构中，从句要用虚拟语气，即谓语动词结构中，从句要用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用用“should动词原形动词原形”，should可省略。可省略。e.g.It is suggested that you(s
26、hould)spend more time in studying English.(5)其他句型，如其他句型，如It doesnt matter./It makes no difference.等。等。e.g.It doesnt matter what you wear,as long as you look neat and tidy.It makes no difference to me whether you go or not.2.it作形式宾语的情况作形式宾语的情况(1)动词动词find,feel,think,consider,make,believe 等后有宾语补足语时，则需要
27、用等后有宾语补足语时，则需要用it作形式宾作形式宾 语，把作为真正宾语的语，把作为真正宾语的that从句后置。从句后置。e.g.We make it a rule that we get up at six every day.We all think it important that we should protect the environment from being polluted.(2)有些动词接宾语从句时，需在动词和从有些动词接宾语从句时，需在动词和从 句间加句间加it。这些动词有：。这些动词有：hate,appreciate,take,owe,have等。等。e.g.I ta
28、ke it that you will agree with us.(3)“动词介词动词介词itthat”结构。常见的有结构。常见的有 see to,depend on,rely on等。等。e.g.I will see to it that everything is ready on time.三、三、it可用在强调句型可用在强调句型It is/was.that.中。中。e.g.It was in the street that I met him yesterday.【注意注意】it作形式主语和作形式主语和it引导强调句的区引导强调句的区别：别：it作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为作形式
29、主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构了平衡句子结构(特别是谓语较短时特别是谓语较短时)，主语，主语从句的连接词没有变化。从句的连接词没有变化。it引导的强调句用来对句中某一个成分加以强调，引导的强调句用来对句中某一个成分加以强调，其结构为其结构为“It is/was被强调部分被强调部分that.”。在正。在正式英语中，无论强调什么部分，都要求用连词式英语中，无论强调什么部分，都要求用连词that，但是在一般情况下，如果被强调的主语是，但是在一般情况下，如果被强调的主语是“人人”，也可用，也可用who。值得注意的是，当被强调。值得注意的是，当被强调部分是状语时，只能用部分是状语时，只能用th
30、at，不要误用，不要误用when，where，how等。等。be动词的时态，可以随着动词的时态，可以随着that从从句时态的不同而变化。强调句型中去掉句时态的不同而变化。强调句型中去掉It is/was和和that后，句子仍然完整，而后，句子仍然完整，而it作形式主语的句子则作形式主语的句子则不能。不能。e.g.It is I who am setting off for London next week.It was at six oclock that we arrived at the mountain village.It was at the hotel room that the
31、gentleman had stayed.四、四、it的特殊用法的特殊用法1.指代时间、距离、自然现象指代时间、距离、自然现象(天气天气)等。等。e.g.It is half past two now.(指时间指时间)It is 6 miles to the nearest hospital.(指距离指距离)A lovely day,isnt it?(指天气指天气)2.指环境情况等。指环境情况等。e.g.It is very noisy at the moment.3.用于某些习语搭配。用于某些习语搭配。make it及时赶到；成功完成及时赶到；成功完成 catch it受处罚，被责骂受处罚，
32、被责骂I.选用下面内合适的代词并用其正确形式填空选用下面内合适的代词并用其正确形式填空（每个单词限用一次）。（每个单词限用一次）。neither,none,either,nothing,those,another,itself,something,I,that,it1.The cells of the body,especially _ of the brain,can live only several minutes without circulating blood.2.They both smiled;_ seemed likely to be aware of my absence
33、for long.3.He whispered so softly that _ but Julie heard him.thoseneither none neither,none,either,nothing,those,another,itself,something,I,that,it4.There were glasses of champagne and cigars,but not many of _ were consumed.5.Would you get me a cup of coffee?_ one?6.The furniture was rather old;hed
34、obviously picked it up for _.7.When you introduce me to the company,could you please say _ for me?8.I like _ when a book is so good that you cant put it down.either Another nothing something it neither,none,either,nothing,those,another,itself,something,I,that,it9.The cost of renting an apartment dow
35、ntown is higher than _ in any other area of the city.10.Scientists have discovered remarkable new evidence showing how the body rebuilds _ while we sleep.11.Then the driver stood up and asked,“Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?”A woman on the bus shouted,“Oh dear!Its _.”thatitselfmineII.选择
36、题选择题1.Have you figured out how much the tuition is in American universities?$19,000,or _ like that.A.anythingB.everything C.nothing D.something2.Frankly speaking,_ of them knew what the other was doing that morning.A.none B.neither C.some D.all3.Her dog is funny and lovely,but I dont think I have en
37、ough time to keep _.A.this B.one C.it D.that4.Many parents made _ their daily routine to get out for a walk in the evening.A.this B.it C.that D.what5.Whats troubling us are not the burdens of our schoolwork but the ways we handle _.A.this B.it C.us D.them6.The basic design of the car is very similar
38、 to _ of earlier models.A.that B.it C.this D.one7.Jack said you got a unique watch for your birthday.Yes.Maybe it is not to the taste of _ but I like it.A.anyone B.none C.everyone D.nobody8.I need some carbon paper badly,but there is _ at hand.A.none B.no one C.nothing D.not anything9.Excuse me,I wa
39、nt to have my car repaired,and I want to go to the nearest garage.I know where _ is.Come on,and Ill show you.A.it B.the one C.that D.one1.Susan made _ clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.A.that B.this C.it D.her2.Good families are much to all their members,but _ to none.A.some
40、thing B.anything C.everything D.nothing3.Id appreciate _ if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come.A.it B.you C.one D.this4.Shed lived in London and Manchester,but she liked _ and moved to Cambridge.A.both B.neither C.none D.either5.You can ask anyone for help._ here is willing to lend you a hand.A.One B.No one C.Everyone D.Someone
