1、Grammatical Terms 句群Look at John.He is doing the work his teacher assigned yesterday.He feels a little annoyed at the hard job.But he has to do it.John is doing the work his teacher assigned yesterday.John is doing the work.that his teacher assigned yesterday.the work his teacher assigned yesterday.
2、John is doing the work his teacher assigned yesterday John is do+ing the work his teach+er as+sign+ed yesterday Grammatical TermsMorpheme 词素Free Morpheme 自由词素可以直接作为单词使用morpheme word单词素词可以充当Free root自由词根+affix derivative 派生词可以和其他free morpheme结合compound复合词Bound Morpheme 粘附词素 Affix词缀，分为两种 *Inflectional
3、 Affix屈折词缀Derivational Affix 派生词缀，分为前后缀 Prefix前缀 Suffix后缀*Combining form组合形式（有时可以充当粘附词根）*Grammatical Terms *Simple Word 简单词 *Morpheme Word单词素词 Compound Word 复合词 Derivative 派生词Grammatical Terms 。所以，这些词汇的数量变动和意义变动极小，也就是很封闭。Preposition 介词 Pre+position Pronoun 代词 Pro+noun Determiner 限定词 determine+(e)r *
4、Conjunction 连词 con+junct(join)+ion Auxiliary助动词Grammatical Terms与Closed Class相对应，有些词类的词数量或者义项不断增加或减少，因此这些词类整体是动态变化的，被称为Open Class 开放词类。属于开放词类的都是Content Word 实义词，因为这些词类是对人、物、行为、性质状态的描写，而这些词有着实际的指向意义。Noun 名词 Main Verb 主动词 Finite Verb 限定动词（受主语和时态限制，充当主句谓语）Non-finite Verb 非限定动词（-ed,doing,to do及其各种变形，表示行
5、为状态，可以具有动词性、限定性和名词性。充当独立主格的谓语动词，名词的后置限定，单独使用的表示已经发生、正在发生或者将要发生的行为的名词性结构）Adjective形容词 Adverb副词 adverbial 状语Grammatical TermsNoun Phrase 名词词组（以名词为中心词）eg.the tall boy sitting in the cornerVerb Phrase 动词词组（以主动词为中心词）Simple Verb Phraseeg.It gets dark.Complex Verb Phrase(有助动词的动词词组)eg.It is getting dark.Gra
6、mmatical TermsFinite Verb Phrase 限定动词短语（实际是受限定）eg.The boy is sitting in the corner.Non-finite Verb Phrase非限定动词短语（实际是不受限定）eg.限定性The boy sitting in the corner is Tom.状语性The boy,sitting in the corner,is staring at the girl.名词性The boy likes sitting in the corner.eg.以下的例子均做状语。We went there to see a film.
7、Having seen the film,we had a discussion.Painted by a famous artist,the portrait is invaluable.Grammatical TermsAdjective Phrase(可以有前后修饰语，有时还会有后置补充成分说明出现该状态的适用范围、原因、结果等)fine pretty difficult （以下的形容词短语均只标注中心词）not careful enoughThat work is too difficult for that child.(斜线部分补充适用范围)The weather is too h
8、ot to be enjoyable.(斜线部分补充too hot导致的结果)Ill be glad to help you repair the car if you show me whats wrong.(后面的成分补充说明glad的原因)Grammatical TermsAdverb Phrase 副词词组Preposition Phrase 介词词组The boy is in the corner.作主语补语I saw lots of cars outside the building.作宾语的补语The boy in the corner is Tom.作后置限定He knows
9、everything about it.作后置限定The boy is reading in the corner.作地点状语In 1999,the citys revenue exceeded ten thousand million dollars.作时间状语Grammatical TermsIndependent Clause 独立分句eg.He knows everything about it.He knows everything about it;but I know nothing.Dependent/Subordinate Clause 从句/从属分句eg.I dont th
10、ink he knows everything about it.Main Clause主句He complained that what you said was not true.整个句子是一个主句。又如：John(语境省略了 did it).但是将一个事情或状况变成名词性结构的that后面的成分，what you said was not true.也是完整的主谓结构，也是主句。what you said是名词性从句，that.true也是名词性从句。Grammatical TermsSimple Clause简单分句（分句里只有一个主谓结构）Complex Clause复杂分句（含有状
11、语从句、主语从句或宾语从句）It is not true.(从句子的层次来说，是一个简单句；从分句的层次来说，是独立的简单分句。)What you said is not true.(从句子的层次来说，因为有名词性从句作主语，所以整个句子是一个复杂句；从分句的层次来说，这是一个独立的复杂分句。)He said that it was true.(从句子的层次来说，因为有名词性从句作宾语，所以整个句子是一个复杂句；下划线部分只有一个主谓结构，而且通过that变为从属的名词性结构，因此是从属简单分句)He complained that what you said was not true.(从句
12、子的层次来说，因为有名词性从句作宾语，所以整个句子是一个复杂句；下划线部分有两个主谓结构，而且通过that变为从属的名词性结构，因此是从属复杂分句)Grammatical TermsFinite Clause 限定分句（受时间和主语的人称、数的限定，作主句，还有体和态的变化）Non-finite Clause 非限定分句（不受时和主语的限定，不作主句，但也会有体和态的变化）思考：以下标注的内容分别在句中充当什么成分？I signed the paper to get the license.(下划线为限定分句)It is forbidden to smoke in this room.(斜线为
13、非限定分句)Cant you recall telling that story last week.The man,wearing such dark glasses,obviously could not see clearly.Leaving the room,he tripped over the mat.Covered with confusion,they apologized abjectly(可怜地).The discussion completed,the Chairman adjourned the meeting.Grammatical Terms非限定动词作主句谓语的情
14、况：双重谓语中的第二个谓语。The boy sat under the tree reading a book.The hero died beloved,revered and mourned by people.*Verbless Clause 无动词分句Hungry and exhausted,the climbers returned.(主句主语的状态)Confident of the justice of their cause(事业),they agreed to put their case before the arbitration panel.One of the most
15、 popular tourist sites in Italy,Pompeii was viewed by nearly two million visitors each year.(主句主语的身份)Christmas then only days away,the family was pent up with excitement.(快要抑制不住了)（独立主格：从句主语的状态）Grammatical Terms*Full Sentence 完全句*Minor Sentence 不完全句When did he arrive?(完全句)Last night.(不完全句)This is a w
16、ooden house.(完全句)No Smoking.(不完全句)Simple Sentence 简单句He put on his coat.说明：The students I teach have made better grades in the past few weeks.I teach虽然是后置限定，但它只是名词词组的一部分，并不在句中直接充当成分，在句中直接充当成分的是名词词组the students I teach，故整个句子仍然是简单句。Compound Sentence并列句（陈述两个行为或状态）He put on his coat and went out.Grammat
17、ical TermsComplex Sentence复杂句主谓宾状补在句子中直接充当成分，谓语不会有从句，另外四种成分如果是由分句充当，那么整个句子是复杂句。关系分句（原来被称为定语从句）不在句子中直接充当成分，而是名词性结构的一部分，层次稍低。The students would have made better grades if they had studied hard.The boy can stay in the room so long as he keeps quiet.状语由if等引导一个分句充当，也就是状语从句。What he said is not true.主语由名词性
18、分句充当，也就是主语从句。I didnt understand what he meant.宾语从句What I want to know is how I can pass the exam.前一个是主语从句，后一个是补语从句。Grammatical TermsCompound-complex Sentence并列复杂句一个句子，如果既有并列的分句，又有从属的分句，那么这个句子叫并列复杂句。They watched television and enjoyed themselves immensely,but we couldnt see the programme because our
19、television was broken.and和but连接的成分是并列的几个分句，斜线部分是从属分句（状语从句），所以整个句子是并列复杂句。Grammatical TermsSubject 主语 Coordinate Subject并列主语Predicate谓语 Compound Predicate 并列谓语 Double Predicate 双重谓语Predicate Verb谓语动词Operator 操作词 Predication 述谓成分Known Information已知信息 New Information 新信息Grammatical Terms Subject Object
20、Adverbial 状语SVC Linking Verb系动词 Complement 补语 Subject Complement 主语补语 SVCIntransitive Verb不及物动词 SV Transitive Verb及物动词 Monotransitive Verb 单宾语及物动词 SVO Ditransitive Verb 双宾语及物动词 SVOO Indirect Object 间接宾语 Direct Object 直接宾语 Grammatical TermsSVOCComplex Transitive Verb复杂宾语及物动词 Complex Object 复杂宾语（宾语+宾补
21、）Object Complement 宾语补语 SVA/SVOA *Obligatory Adverbial必备状语Grammatical Terms*Guiding Principle指导原则 The Principle of Grammatical Concord语法一致原则 The Principle of Notional Concord意义一致原则 *The Principle of Proximity 就近一致原则Grammatical TermsNominal clause 名词性分句Relative Clause 关系分句（Attributive Clause定语从句）Rela
22、tive Pronoun关系代词 *Antecedent 先行项*Cleft Sentence 分裂句Existential Sentence 存在句*Notional Subject 实义主语(系动词后的N.)Formal Subject 形式主语Real Subject 实际主语Grammatical TermsSimple Noun;Compound Noun;Derivative NounCommon Noun普通名词 Individual Noun 个体名词 Collective Noun集体名词 Material Noun物质名词 Abstract Noun 抽象名词Proper
23、Noun 专有名词Grammatical TermsNon-count Noun/Uncountable Noun 不可数名词Singular Number 单数 Plural Number 复数Regular Plural 规则复数 Irregular Plural不规则复数Unit Noun/*Partitive单位词Grammatical Terms第五讲 名词属格 genitive caseCase 格 Subjective Case 主格 Objective Case宾格 Genitive Case属格Possessive Case 所有格*Genitive Noun 名词属格Det
24、erminer 限定词 *Possessive Determiner 物主限定词 *Possessive Pronoun 物主代词Pre-modifier 前置修饰语*Independent Genitive 独立属格*Double Genitive 双重属格Grammatical Terms第六、七讲 限定词Determiner 限定词Specific Reference 特指 *Definite Specific Reference 确定特指 *Indefinite Specific Reference 非确定特指 *Situational Reference 语境特指Generic Re
25、ference 类指Article 冠词 Definite Article 定冠词 Indefinite Article 不定冠词 Zero Article 零冠词Grammatical Terms*Definite Quantity 确定数量 *Indefinite Quantity 非确定数量*Possessive Determiner 物主限定词*Possessive Pronoun 物主代词*Demonstrative Determiner 指示限定词 *Demonstrative Pronoun 指示代词*Relative Determiner 关系限定词*Relative Pron
26、oun 关系代词 *Relative Adverb 关系副词*Interrogative Determiner 疑问限定词 *Interrogative Pronoun 疑问代词 *Interrogative Adverb 疑问副词Grammatical TermsIndefinite Determiner 不定限定词 Indefinite Pronoun不定代词Modifier 修饰语 VS.Determiner 限定词Cardinal Numeral 基数词 Ordinal Numeral 序数词*Multiplicative Numeral 倍数词 *Fractional Numeral
27、 分数词*Quantifier 量词*Predeterminer 前位限定词*Central Determiner中位限定词*Postdeterminer后位限定词Grammatical Terms*第八、九讲 代词Possessive Pronoun（=Genitive Pronoun 属格代词）*Nominal Genitive Pronoun 名词性属格代词*Determinative Genitive Pronoun限定性属格代词限定词Personal Pronoun 人称代词 *Reflexive Pronoun 反身代词 *Reciprocal Pronoun 相互代词 *Demo
28、nstrative Pronoun 指示代词 Grammatical Terms*Interrogative Pronoun疑问代词 *Relative Pronoun关系代词 *Indefinite Pronoun 不定代词Number Gender Case Person*Masculine Gender 阳性 *Feminine Gender 阴性 *Neuter Gender 中性 *Common Gender 通性*Noun of X Gender X性名词（参考上4行）First Person Second Person Third Person*Personal Referenc
29、e 人称照应 *Demonstrative Reference 指示照应 Grammatical Terms第十讲 动词和动词词组Main Verb 主动词 Simple Verb Phrase简单动词短语Auxiliary 助动词 Complex Verb Phrase复杂动词短语 Primary Auxiliary 基本助动词 Modal Auxiliary 情态动词/情态助动词 Semi-auxiliary 半助动词*Dynamic Verb 动态动词 *Stative Verb 静态动词 Grammatical Terms*Single-word Verb 单词动词Phrasal Ve
30、rb 词组动词=Verbal Idiom 成语动词Infinitive 不定式Regular Verb 规则动词 Irregular VerbTense时 Aspect 体 Voice态*Mood 式 Present Simple Past Simple Present Progressive 现在进行体 *Present Perfect(ive)Progressive 现在完成进行 Past Progressive 过去进行体 Present Progressive 现在进行体 Grammatical Terms Past Perfect(ive)过去完成体 Present Perfect(
31、ive)现在完成体*Present Perfect(ive)Progressive 现在完成进行体*Past Perfect(ive)Progressive 过去完成进行体Voice 语态 Active Voice 主动语态 Active Sentence 主动句 Passive Voice 被动语态 Passive Sentence 被动句Mood 式（说话的语气）*Indicative Mood 陈述式 用于Statement 陈述句和Question疑问句 *Subjective Mood 虚拟式 *Imperative Mood 祈使式 Grammatical Terms第11-13章
32、Finite verb 限定动词不定式 Infinitive-ing分词 -Ing participle-ed分词 -ed participle时Tense体AspectGrammatical Terms第十六讲 虚拟式Be-Subjunctive 原型虚拟 Were-Subjunctive WERE-型虚拟Conditional 条件句Implied Conditional 含蓄条件句 Grammatical Terms第26-27章名词性从句Nominal Clause主语从句Subject Clause宾语从句 Object Clause关系分句Relative clause状语从句Adverbial Clause时间状语 Adverbial of Time地点状语Adverbial of Place原因状语Adverbial of Cause结果状语Adverbial of Result/Resultant adverbial方式状语Adverbial of mode条件状语Adverbial of condition
