1、专题二-介词和动词短语(讲解部分)2.易混方位介词的用法(1)at,in二者均表示地点,表示“在处”。at用于指较小的地方,如在门牌号码前;in用于指较大的地方。Well meet each other at my home.我们将在我家见面。Mr.White lived in Hong Kong for 20 years.怀特先生在香港生活了20年。介词用法图解例句in表示在某范围之内Shandong Province is/lies in the east of China.山东省在/位于中国东部。on表示“毗邻”“接壤”Mongolia is/lies on the north of C
2、hina.蒙古在/位于中国北边。(2)in,on,to,off to表示在某范围之外且不接壤Shandong Province is/lies to the northeast of Hubei Province.山东省在/位于湖北省东北边。off强调两地间隔着一小段距离Lily lives in a flat just off Park Avenue.莉莉住在离派克大街不远的一套公寓里。题组训练用介词in,to,off填空Japan is/lies to the east of China.Beijing lies in the north of China.The Well Hotel s
3、tands in a quiet place off the main road at the far end of the lake.题组训练用介词between,among填空Some students often listen to music between classes to refresh them-selves.Four Chinese models were among the 14 people awarded prizes on Fri-day at the World Supermodel Competition.题组训练用介词in,on填空Bob hit her on
4、 the nose.Birds are singing in the tree.题组训练用介词over,above填空Shes been here for over two hours.A great person is always putting others interests above his own.题组训练用for,toward(s)或to填空The door opens to/toward(s)the mountain.He is leaving for Beijing tomorrow.What time do you start for school in the morn
5、ing?二、时间介词 1.in,on,at注意:以下情况不用介词in,on,at:条件例句当时间状语是 today,yesterday,to-morrow,tonight,yesterday(tomorrow)morning(afternoon,evening)等时There was a football match yesterday evening.昨晚有一场足球赛。They will go to the zoo tomorrow.明天他们要去动物园。由“this/that/these/those/last/next/every/each+名词”构成的时间状语Ill visit my gr
6、andparents this weekend.这周末我要去看望我的祖父母。I saw him in the street last week.上周我在大街上见到了他。He watches TV every night.他每天晚上都看电视。由all构成的短语作时间状语,如all day,all the week,all the year等My mother was busy all day yesterday.昨天妈妈忙了一整天。The girl was ill in bed all the week.这个女孩生病了,卧床整整一周。题组训练汉译英在星期天上午 on Sunday morning
7、(s)在三月初 at the beginning of March 在儿童节 on Childrens Day 在19世纪20年代 in the 1820s/1820s 2.in,afterin表时间,常表示“在之内”,有时in还有“在之后”的意思,但表示此意时,必须具备两个条件:所在句子的谓语动词必须表将来;后面必须是一段时间。这两个条件缺一不可,否则用after或later。My father will be back in three days.我父亲将在3天以后回来。My father will be back after three oclock.我父亲将在3点后回来。My fath
8、er came back after three days/three days later.我父亲是3天后回来的。题组训练用in,after,later填空It will be finished in an hour.He returned after a few days.They finished their lessons at four and a little while later they went out to take a walk.介词用法例句for后接时间段,表示行为或状态持续了多久Mr.Brown enjoyed the country life and lived
9、there for almost fif-teen years after his retirement.布朗先生喜欢乡村生活,退休后他在那里生活了差不多15年。from后接时间点,表示行为或状态的起始点,而不涉及其持续时间的长短My younger sister began to learn dance from the age of five.我的妹妹从5岁开始学习舞蹈。3.for,from,since since后接时间点,不仅表示行为或状态的起始点,而且还强调该行为或状态从起始点一直持续到说话的时刻,因而常与延续性动词的完成时态或完成进行时态连用Tom has been doing h
10、is home-work since seven oclock.汤姆从7点开始就一直做他的家庭作业。题组训练用for,from,since填空 From then on she knew she would win.I lost my money and I have been worried since then.The meeting lasted for three hours yesterday.over在(做)期间;贯穿(一段时间),与during同义We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea.我们一边喝茶一边愉快地聊天。He will stay
11、 in Wales over/during Christmas and New Year.他将在威尔士度过圣诞节和新年。介词用法例句during指某个动作或状态在某个时间段里或整个过程中断断续续地发生过多次,或在整个时间段里的某一点发生过,起止时间比较明显He often falls asleep during the class.他经常在课堂上睡着。He swims every day during the summer.整个夏季他每天都游泳。through在期间;从开头到结尾(所指时间包括在内,此时与throughout相同)Tom was brave through his father
12、s illness.汤姆在父亲生病期间很勇敢。4.during,through,over 题组训练用during,over,through填空Lets discuss it over lunch.Over/During the past 10 years,great changes have taken place in this area.Cold-blooded animals hibernate through the winter.介词用法例句before早于;在之前The new road will be completed before the end of the year.这条
13、新道路将在年底以前建成。by表示“不迟于,在(某时)前”表示“在期间,在时间内”All of you are to arrive at school by seven oclock.你们所有人要在7点钟前到校。He worked by night and slept by day.他晚上工作,白天睡觉。5.before,by,till/until till/untiluntil比till更正式。相关的谓语动词需是延续性动词肯定式或瞬间动词否定式I shall wait until ten oclock.我将等到10点钟。I didnt go to sleep until mid-night.直
14、到半夜我才睡觉。题组训练用before,by,until填空Well have finished the work by ten oclock tomorrow.I usually take a bath before having my breakfast.Up until last year,they didnt even own a car.介词用法例词by不涉及交通工具的名词且名词前不带冠词、物主代词涉及交通工具的单数名词且该名词前不加冠词和任何修饰语by sea,by water,by land,by airby bike,by taxi,by plane,by ship/boat,
15、by train,by spaceshipin,on当与特指的交通工具连用时,用on或in,名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用ontravel to New York on this plane,go to school in my caron foot,on horseback/on a horse,on a camel三、表工具、手段、方式的介词1.与交通工具连用的by,in,on题组训练同义句转换He went to Beijing by car.He went to Beijing in his/a car .I prefer to travel by s
16、hip.I prefer to travel by water/sea .介词用法例词/句with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前,其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰They are digging with a pick/spade.他们正在用一把镐/铲挖。We see with our eyes,hear with our ears,and walk with our legs.我们用眼睛看,用耳朵听,用腿走路。2.表示“用”的介词 in用于原料、颜料、语言、钢笔、铅笔等Please answer me in English.请用英语回答我。The artist wrote in ink/
17、pencil(=with a pen/a pencil).那个艺术家用钢笔/铅笔写字。固定短语on/over the telephone/radio通过电话/广播in this/that way;by this/that means;with this/that method用这/那种方式题组训练用by,over,in,on填空This form is to be filled in in ink.This toy is not machine-made.It is made by hand.In the morning I usually listen to the news over/on
18、 the radio.四、表示支持、反对的介词 介词词义例句against反对,倚靠,逆着,相反,在的衬托下,与比赛She was forced to marry against her will.她被迫违心地嫁了人。Thats against the law.那是违法的。The skiers red clothes stood out clearly against the snow.滑雪者的红衣服在雪的衬托下显得分外醒目。for支持,赞成,与in favor of同义Are you for or against the new road scheme?你对修建新道路的计划是赞成还是反对?题
19、组训练介词填空An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the commit-tee members areagainst it.Tired,Jim was fast asleep with his backagainst a big tree.五、表示“比较”的介词介词用法例句than形容词、副词比较级+thanHe runs faster than his brother.他比他弟弟跑得快。tobe superior to优于be inferior to劣于be senior to年长于be junior to年
20、幼于be prior to先于Bobs strength is superior to mine.鲍勃的力气比我的大。Your father is senior to hers.你的父亲比她的父亲年纪大。题组训练用介词than,to填空Divorce is more common than it was a generation ago.My brother is senior to me by two years.六、易混介词1.as,like 介词用法例句as介词,作为Treat me as a friend.要把我当作朋友。连词,像,虽然,后面加句子 Adult as he is,his
21、 mother always treats him as a child.虽然他已是成年人,但他妈妈总是把他当孩子看待。构成the same as,as.as.,suchas.句型I have the same book as you(have).我和你有同样的书。like介词,像,后面加名词、代词等He looks like his father.他长得像他父亲。题组训练用as,like填空My notebook is the same as yours.He got/found a job as a journalist.The big stone looks like a monkey.
22、2.It is+adj.+of sb.to do sth.与It is+adj.+for sb.to do sth.的区别 句型用法例句It is+adj.+of sb.to do sth.当sb.与形容词构成逻辑上的“主系表”关系时,常见的形容词有:kind,good,nice,clever,stupid,foolish,considerate,polite,impolite,cruel等It is very kind of the teachers to help support the poor students.=The teachers are very kind to help s
23、upport the poor students.老师们帮助支持贫困学生真是太好了。It is+adj.+for sb.to do sth.当不定式与形容词构成逻辑上的“主系表”关系时,常见的形容词有:important,necessary,pos-sible,impossible等It is quite important for us to pro-tect the environment.=To protect the environment is quite impor-tant for us.对我们来说,保护环境是很重要的。题组训练用for或of填空It is very consid
24、erate of you to remind me.It is necessary for the students to know some learning methods.It is possible for him to come here soon.3.on与in表示“处于状态”题组训练用on或in填空The patients life is in danger.The guard is on watch now.The house is on fire.4.besides,except,except for 介词用法例句besides 介词,=in addition to 除之外(
25、还有)副词,=in addition,moreover,furthermore等,意为:此外We have lots of things in com-mon besides music.除了音乐,我们还有很多共同点。except除之外(不再有)(=not in-cluding),后面可接名词、代词、动名词、副词、that从句、when从句作宾语We all passed the exam except Tom.除汤姆外,我们都通过了考试。except for“除了”之意,它所叙述的事实或细节部分用来修正句子的主要意思The composition is good except for a f
26、ew spelling mistakes.这篇作文写得很好,只是有些拼写错误。题组训练用except,except for,besides填空I know nothing about the young lady except that she is from Beijing.What else did you do there besides fishing?The car is nice except for the color.5.in与of表示比较范围 题组训练用介词填空John is the tallest of the students in his class.6.for与to接
27、后置的间接宾语介词用法例句forbuy/cook/fetch/find/get/make/or-der/save.+sth.+for+sb.Please buy a book for me.=Please buy me a book.请给我买本书。tobring/give/lend/offer/pay/pass/promise/read/return/send/show/tell/throw/write.+sth.+to+sb.Pass the pencil to me,please.=Please pass me the pencil.请递给我那支铅笔。介词用法例句for当形容词被副词too
28、或enough修饰时The shirt is too large for me.这件衬衫对我来说太大了。当侧重于与别人比较,有“对而言”之意时Chinese is very difficult for me.I cant learn it.中文对我来说太难了,我学不会。to当侧重于主观看法或感觉,有“在看来”之意时Chinese is very difficult to me,but Ill try my best to learn it.在我看来中文很难,但是我会尽全力学习它的。7.形容词后的for与to 题组训练用介词填空These math problems are too diffic
29、ult for me.The house is big enough for us two.The text is very easy to/for me.用法例句和一起Mr.and Mrs.Smith were there,with their three small children.史密斯夫妇带着他们三个年幼的孩子都在那儿。Would you like to go to the theatre with us?你愿意和我们一起去看戏吗?随着(表示同时或同一方向)With time passing by,they have grown into big boys and big girls
30、.随着时间的流逝,他们都长成大小伙子和大姑娘了。Temperatures vary with the time of the year.温度随着时节而变化。七、其他常考介词1.with的用法具有,带着(表示伴随)A tall gentleman with a beard is waiting for you.一位留胡子的高个子先生正在等你。He looked at me with a frown.他皱着眉头看我。由于(表示原因或理由)She was shivering with cold.她冷得直发抖。The small child trembled with fear.那个小孩吓得打哆嗦。H
31、is face was red with anger.他的脸气得通红。表示姿势、状态或某人做某事时的情形She stood with her back to me.她背对我站着。He is reading with the windows open.他开着窗户读书。题组训练用介词填空 With production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.It was a pity that the great writer died with his work unfinished.2.for的用法用法例句为了(表示目的或功能
32、)He plays basketball just for fun.他打篮球只是为了消遣。由于,因为He was arrested for attempted murder.他因意图谋杀而被捕。换取(表示等值交换)He paid 300 dollars for the dictionary.他花了300美元买了那本字典。用法例句不迟于(某时间)We have to reach home by ten oclock.我们得在10点钟之前到家。在期间(一段指明的时间)They decided to travel by night.他们决定在夜里行进。触及或抓住人体或物体的某一部分He seized
33、 me by the arm.他抓住了我的胳膊。由于;凭借He succeeded by hard work.他由于努力工作而成功了。以的幅度,差This one is shorter than the other by three inches.这一个比另一个短三英寸。3.by的用法表示买卖东西所按以计算的数或量,或付酬所按以计算的时间Milk is sold by the pint,butter by the pound,and eggs by the dozen.牛奶按品脱卖,黄油按磅卖,鸡蛋按打卖。按照,根据By my watch,the time is half past eleve
34、n.按我的表,现在是十一点半。By the expression on his face,he seemed to be dis-pleased.从他的面部表情来看,他似乎不高兴。We shall get a storm before long by the look of the sky.看天色,暴风雨不久就要来了。题组训练翻译下列句子Can you finish the work by five oclock?你能在5点钟以前完成这项工作吗?The bullet missed him by two inches.那颗子弹差两英寸就打中他了。We sell ice creams by the
35、 thousand in summer.我们在夏天出售的冰激凌数以千计。用法例句/词表示“(时间)过了,比晚,迟于”They arrived beyond nine oclock.他们过了9点才到。He delayed the matter beyond the fixed time.他把那件事拖过了规定的时间。表示“(位置)在的那边,在以外”The small village is 20 miles beyond the town.那个小村庄在离城20英里以外的地方。The village is beyond the mountain.这个村庄在山的那边。4.beyond的用法 表示“(范围
36、)超过,为所不及”beyond compare无与伦比beyond comprehension难以理解beyond control失控beyond description难以描述beyond doubt无疑,确实beyond question无可争辩;毋庸置疑beyond reach够不到beyond ones wildest dreams做梦都没想到,远远出乎意料题组训练翻译下列句子It was a case beyond the doctors skill.那位医生治不了这种病。These students come from beyond the seas.这些学生来自海外。Her wo
37、rk is beyond praise.她的工作令人赞不绝口。5.1)It is of great value.=It is very valuable.这非常有价值。2)The camel is of great help to the Arabs.=The camel is very helpful to the Arabs.骆驼对阿拉伯人很有帮助。of(great/much)(very)ofnonot抽象名词形容词抽象名词形容词3)It is of no use.=It is not useful.=It is useless.它没用。4)This matter is of much i
38、mportance.=This matter is very important.这件事非常重要。题组训练同义句转换The meeting is very important.=The meeting is of great/much importance .用法例句名词access,approach,attention,key,answer,apology,introduction,attitude,monument,devo-tion,journey,entrance,note,visit等常与to连用We praise him for his devotion to duty.我们赞美他
39、的忠于职守。名词congratulations,effect,influence常与on连用Congratulations on your winning the prize!祝贺你获奖!to+ones+delight/surprise/horror/sorrow/joy/regret=to the delight/surprise/horror/sorrow/joy/regret of sb.意为“使某人的是”。为了强调,在to前面还可加muchMuch to everyones surprise she passed the exam with distinction.让大伙吃惊的是,她竟
40、然以优异的成绩通过了考试。6.某些名词与介词的固定搭配 题组训练用适当的介词填空In order to change attitudes to employing women,the government is bringing in new laws.I sent them my sincere congratulations on their marriage.To my anger,all of them went to the cinema without me.7.记忆以下句子The shirts are different in color.这些衬衫颜色不同。The shirt l
41、ooks beautiful on you.=You look beautiful in the shirt.这件衬衫穿在你身上很漂亮/你穿上这件衬衫很漂亮。Your account is far from being true/is far from/nowhere near/not anywhere near the truth.你所说的远非事实。Papering the ceiling proved next to(=almost)impossible without a ladder.要裱糊天花板没有梯子可以说是办不到的。Next to soccer,I like playing te
42、nnis best.我最喜欢踢足球,其次是打网球。八、常考介词短语、搭配1.介词与名词的常用搭配(1)at+n.表示状态at a loss不知所措at breakfast早餐时at peace处于和平中at rest静止,不动at sea在海上at war在战争中at work在工作(2)以at开头的短语at the same time同时at any time在任何时候at the beginning of在的开始at the cost of以为代价at the end of在的尽头at the foot of在脚下at the mercy of在支配下;任由摆布at the price o
43、f以的价格at the risk of冒的危险at the sight of一看到就(3)以on开头的短语on account of因为on behalf of代表on condition that在的条件下,如果on no account/condition/occasion决不on purpose故意地on the basis of以为基础on the occasion of在时(4)by+n.表示方式by accident偶然by air/plane乘飞机by chance偶然by coincidence碰巧by force用暴力by hand用手工by mistake错误地by the
44、 day按天算by nature天生地by radio通过无线电by weight/volume/size/number按重量/体积/大小/数量(5)in+n.表示方式、方面in cash用现金付款in width在宽度上in depth在深度上in detail详细地in English用英语in height在海拔上in length在长度上in ink用墨水in shape在外形上in size在大小上(6)以in开头的短语in addition to除以外(还)in case of万一;如果;假如in celebration of为庆祝in charge of掌管in conseque
45、nce of由于in contrast to与相比in control of管理;控制;操纵in exchange for作为对的交换in favor of支持,赞成in fear of害怕in front of在前面(外部的)in honour of为向表示敬意in memory of为了纪念in need of需要in no time立刻in person亲身in the face of面对in place of代替in possession of拥有,占有in praise of表扬in preparation for为做准备in respect of关于in response to作为
46、对的回应in return作为回报in spite of尽管in support of为支持in the charge of在的管理下in the direction of在方向in the front of在前面(内部的)in the habit of有习惯in the hope of抱着的希望in the middle of在中间(7)out of+n.表示状态out of balance失去平衡out of breath上气不接下气out of business停业,歇业out of control不受控制out of danger脱离危险out of date过期out of debt
47、不欠债out of fashion不流行out of luck不走运out of mind发狂out of office在野out of order出故障out of patience不耐烦out of season过季out of shape走样,不成形out of sight看不到out of the question不可能out of question毫无疑问out of trouble摆脱困难out of work失业(8)under+n.表示被动under attack遭到袭击under consideration在考虑中under construction在建造中under con
48、trol处于控制之中under discussion在讨论中under pressure在压力下under repair在修理中under treatment在治疗中under way在进行中(9)以under开头的短语under the command of.在的统帅之下under the control of.在控制下under the direction of.在指导下under the influence of.在影响下under the protection of.在的庇护下under the leadership of.在的领导下(10)with+n.表示方式with anger生
49、气地with confidence有信心地with courage英勇地with delight/joy高兴地with difficulty困难地with ease轻而易举地with fear害怕地with interest有兴趣地with pleasure乐意地with pride骄傲地with satisfaction满意地with success成功地with kindness亲切地2.形容词与介词的常用搭配(1)adj.+aboutbe anxious about忧虑be careful about小心be concerned about担心be curious about对好奇be
50、excited about对感到兴奋be particular about对讲究/挑剔be serious about对认真be sorry about对感到抱歉be sure about对有把握be upset about对感到失望be worried about对担心(2)adj.+atbe angry at对感到恼怒be astonished at对吃惊be bad at不擅长be delighted at因而高兴be disappointed at对失望be good at擅长be skilled at在方面很熟练be surprised at对吃惊(3)adj.+inbe absor
