1、Module 4 Unit 4Grammar V-ing as the adverbial思维导图解读思维导图解读种类种类及物动词（及物动词（do）不及物动词的不及物动词的主动语态（主动语态（go）主动语主动语态态被动语态被动语态现现在在分分词词一般式一般式完成式完成式现在分词的形式现在分词的形式 （以（以do 和和go 为例）为例）意义：意义：doingbeing donegoinghaving donehaving been donehaving gone1.v-ing与句中主语为逻辑上的主动关系，与句与句中主语为逻辑上的主动关系，与句中谓语动词同时发生，或基本上同时发生中谓语动词同时发生
2、，或基本上同时发生2.having+v-ed与句中主语为逻辑上的主动关系，与句中主语为逻辑上的主动关系，先于谓语动词发生先于谓语动词发生 V-ing 形式由形式由“doing”构成构成,其其否定形式是否定形式是“not doing”,V-ing 可以可以带宾语或状语构成带宾语或状语构成 V-ing 短语短语,没有人称没有人称和数的变化和数的变化,但但有时态和语态的变化有时态和语态的变化。V-ing 形式形式 现在分词现在分词作状语作状语让步让步 原因原因 条件条件 结果结果 时间时间伴随伴随方式方式V-ing 语法功能语法功能现在分词现在分词 作状语作状语 可以表示原因、时间、方式、伴随动作、
3、结可以表示原因、时间、方式、伴随动作、结果、条件等，其逻辑主语是句子的主语，二者果、条件等，其逻辑主语是句子的主语，二者之间是主动关系。之间是主动关系。1、作原因状语，相当于、作原因状语，相当于as,since,because等等引起的原因状语从句，常位于句首，句中引起的原因状语从句，常位于句首，句中或句末。或句末。Being poor,he couldnt afford a computer.=As he was poor,he couldnt afford a computer.2、作时间状语，相当于、作时间状语，相当于when,while,as等引导的等引导的时间状语从句，常位于句首或句
4、末。有时可以在时间状语从句，常位于句首或句末。有时可以在v-ing前加一个表时间的连词，如前加一个表时间的连词，如when,while等。等。Hearing the news,they immediately set off for Shanghai.=When they heard the news,they immediately set off for Shanghai.=When hearing the news,they immediately set off for Shanghai.3、作方式状语，等于、作方式状语，等于and并列的两个谓语动词。并列的两个谓语动词。He came
5、 running all the way.=He came and were running all the way.4、作伴随状语，相当于、作伴随状语，相当于and 连接的并列句。连接的并列句。He walked down the river,singing softly to himself.=He walked down the river and sang softly to himself.5、作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果、作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果,常放于常放于句末。句末。European football is played in 80 countries,making i
6、t the most popular sport in the world.=European football is played in 80 countries.As a result,it becomes the most popular sport in the world.试比较：试比较：He hurried to the bus station,only to find that the bus had left.意料之外的结果意料之外的结果6、作条件状语，相当于、作条件状语，相当于 if 等引导的条件状语从等引导的条件状语从句，常位于句首。句，常位于句首。Driving too
7、fast,you will damage the car.=If you drive too fast,you will damage the car.请仔细思考并小结：请仔细思考并小结：现在分词短语与状语从句是怎样转现在分词短语与状语从句是怎样转化的？化的？1.现在分词短语是由状语从句变换而来的，用以现在分词短语是由状语从句变换而来的，用以表示时间、原因、条件、让步及附带情况。表示时间、原因、条件、让步及附带情况。2.若状语从句与主句的主语相同时若状语从句与主句的主语相同时：1)去连词去连词 2)去主语去主语 3)动词变现在分词动词变现在分词即由：即由：连词连词+主语主语+V.,主语主语+V
8、.V-ing,主语主语+V.e.g.If you turn to the right,youll find the school._ youll find the school.Turning to the right,现在分词短语与状语从句的转化现在分词短语与状语从句的转化3.若状语从句与主句的主语不同时若状语从句与主句的主语不同时：1)去连词去连词 2)前面的主语留下前面的主语留下 3)动词动词现在现在分词分词 e.g.As it were fine,I went fishing with my father._,I went fishing with my father.If time
9、permits,I will visit my friend this weekend._,I will visit my friend this weekend.It being fine Time permitting Practice makes perfect!请判断下列从句是何种状语从句，并将它们改写请判断下列从句是何种状语从句，并将它们改写成现在分词作状语。成现在分词作状语。1.When they saw their teacher,the students stood up.2.Because he was ill,he couldnt go to school.3.If you
10、 work harder at English,you will make greater progress.4.Although they felt very tired，they kept running.5.The children came into the classroom,and they laughed and talked.原因原因时间时间 条件条件伴随伴随让步让步 1.When they saw their teacher,the students stood up.2.Seeing their teacher,the students stood up.2.Because
11、 he was ill,he couldnt go to school.Being ill,he couldnt go to school.3.If you work harder at English,you will make greater progress.Working harder at English,you will make greater progress.原因原因时间时间 条件条件4.Although they felt very tired，they kept running.Feeling very tired,they kept running.5.The chil
12、dren came into the classroom,and they laughed and talked.The children came into the classroom,laughing and talking.伴随伴随让步让步 请判断下列请判断下列v-ing 在句中充当何种状语。在句中充当何种状语。1)Four people entered the room looking around in a curious way.2)Being poor,he couldnt afford an iPhone.3)Working hard,youll surely succeed.
13、4)The boy sat in front of the farm-house,cutting the branch.5)He came running back to tell me the news.6)Hearing the news,he got frightened.7)The child slipped and fell,hitting his head against the door.8)Weather permitting,well go out tomorrow.原因原因伴随伴随 条件条件伴随伴随方式方式结果结果时间时间请把以上句子中的现在分词短语改写成状语从句。请把以上
14、句子中的现在分词短语改写成状语从句。条件条件1)Four people entered the room looking around in a curious way.2)Four people entered the room and looked around in a curious way.2)Being poor,he couldnt afford an iPhone.As he was poor,he couldnt afford an iPhone.3)Working hard,youll surely succeed.If you work hard,youll surely
15、 succeed.4)The boy sat in front of the farm-house,cutting the branch.The boy sat in front of the farm-house and was cutting the branch.原因原因伴随伴随 条件条件伴随伴随5)He came running back to tell me the news.He came and ran back to tell me the news.6)Hearing the news,he got frightened.When he heard the news,he g
16、ot frightened.7)The child slipped and fell,hitting his head against the door.The child slipped and fell.As a result,he hit his head against the door.8)Weather permitting,well go out tomorrow.If weather permits,well go out tomorrow.方式方式结果结果时间时间条件条件Attention Please 1.现在分词的时态。现在分词的时态。2.现在分词作状语时，要注意现在分词
17、作状语时，要注意分词的时间性分词的时间性，是用现在分词的一般式是用现在分词的一般式(doing),还是用完成式还是用完成式(having done).3.1)当现在分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时当现在分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生时，用现在分词的一般式发生时，用现在分词的一般式(doing).4.Walking in the street,I met an old friend of mine.5.(walk 和和meet同时发生同时发生)6.2)当现在分词的动作先发生，而谓语动词的当现在分词的动作先发生，而谓语动词的动作后发生，用现在分词的完成式动作后发生，用现在分词的完成式(havin
18、g done).7.Having finished the letter,he went to post it.8.=After he had finished the letter,he went to.使用使用having done或或having been done的分的分词结构部分常会出现一些用于表示过去或词结构部分常会出现一些用于表示过去或完成的时间状语，例如：完成的时间状语，例如：before,already,for a long time,many times等，有时我们也等，有时我们也需要根据语境来判断两个动作发生的先后。需要根据语境来判断两个动作发生的先后。1._ for a
19、 long time,he still couldnt see his girlfriend.2.A.Waiting B.Having waited3.C.Waited D.Having been waited4.2._a long way,Bob began to feel tired.5.A.Walking B.Having walked 6.C.To walk D.walkedAttention Please 2.现在分词的语态。现在分词的语态。使用现在分词的主动式还是被动式，这主要使用现在分词的主动式还是被动式，这主要取决于现在分词与句子主语之间的关系。取决于现在分词与句子主语之间的关
20、系。句句子的主语就是现在分词的逻辑主语子的主语就是现在分词的逻辑主语。若是主。若是主动关系就用主动式动关系就用主动式(doing/having done),若是若是被动关系就用被动式被动关系就用被动式(being done/having been done)(针对现在分词充当状语而言）针对现在分词充当状语而言）.1)Having finished his homework,he went to bed.2)Having been taken to the Disneyland twice,they still love it very much.After he had finished hi
21、s homework,he went to bed.Although they had been taken to the Disney-land twice,they still love it very much.Attention Please 3.现在分词的独立主格结构。现在分词的独立主格结构。现在分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般要与现在分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般要与句子主语一致。但是句子主语一致。但是如果现在分词和句子的如果现在分词和句子的主语构不成主谓关系，我们就得给现在分词主语构不成主谓关系，我们就得给现在分词补上它自己的主语补上它自己的主语，这就是独立主格结构。，这就是独立主
22、格结构。它可以表示时间、条件、原因等。它可以表示时间、条件、原因等。1)The new year coming,we were happy.2)=As the new year was coming,we were happy.2)Time permitting,I will pay a visit to my uncle.=If time permits,I will pay a visit to my uncle.Attention Please 4.现在分词作评注性状语。现在分词作评注性状语。有些现在分词在句中有些现在分词在句中没有逻辑主语没有逻辑主语，它们往往作为，它们往往作为句子的评
23、注性状语来修饰整个句子，表明说话者的句子的评注性状语来修饰整个句子，表明说话者的态度、观点等。例如，态度、观点等。例如，generally speaking 一般说来一般说来 judging from/by 从从判断判断 taking everything into consideration 考虑到各种因素考虑到各种因素 considering 考虑到考虑到 supposing 假如假如 talking/speaking of 提到提到 providing 如果如果 Seeing that既然既然1)Judging from his behavior,he must be mad.2)Gen
24、erally speaking,he will not be late for school.Attention Please 5.逻辑主语逻辑主语 现在分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语，现在分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语，此时应注意此时应注意人称一致人称一致。1)_(see)from the hill,we find the city very beautiful.2)_(see)from the top of the hill,the city looks more beautiful to us.SeeingSeen 3)While watching television,_.A.
25、the door bell rang B.the doorbell ringsC.we heard the doorbell ring D.we heard the doorbell rings4)Hesitating what to do,_.A.so lets not go outing B.the tour was cancelledC.but we should still take the tour D.we had to stay homeCD1.Having not seen the film,I cant tell you what I think of it.2.Use yo
26、ur head,you will find a way.3.Seen from the top of the hill,we find the city more beautiful.4.Generally speak,facial expressions are helpful communications,too.5.“Cant you read?”the man said,angrily pointed to the notice on the wall.6.Knocking at the door before entering,please.7.A big earthquake st
27、ruck her hometown,made many people homeless.单句改错单句改错 1.Having not seen the film,I cant tell you what I think of it.2.Use your head,you will find a way.3.Seen from the top of the hill,we find the city more beautiful.4.Generally speak,facial expressions are helpful communications,too.Not havingUsingSe
28、eingspeaking单句改错单句改错5.“Cant you read?”the man said,angrily pointed to the notice on the wall.6.Knocking at the door before entering,please.7.A big earthquake struck her hometown,made many people homeless.pointingKnockmaking1.Mary failed all her exam,_(make)both her parents very angry.2._(know)that s
29、he would feel more depressed if she stayed at home,she forced herself to go out.3.She was so angry that she threw the glass on the ground,_(break)it into pieces.4.Much new and high technology has been introduced from America,thus _(result)in great increase in production of the company.5.My sister,an
30、 inexperienced rider,was found sitting on the bicycle _(try)to balance it.单句语法填空单句语法填空6._(make)full preparations,we are ready for the examination.7.Alice returned from the managers office,_(tell)me that the boss wanted to see me at once.8.While _(wait)for the bus,he read a copy of China Daily.9.Her
31、mother died in 1990,_(leave)her with her younger brother.10._(tell)the rules for many times,he still couldnt keep them in mind.单句语法填空单句语法填空1.Mary failed all her exam,_(make)both her parents very angry.2._(know)that she would feel more depressed if she stayed at home,she forced herself to go out.3.Sh
32、e was so angry that she threw the glass on the ground,_(break)it into pieces.4.Much new and high technology has been introduced from America,thus _(result)in great increase in production of the company.5.My sister,an inexperienced rider,was found sitting on the bicycle _(try)to balance it.单句语法填空单句语法
33、填空makingKnowing breakingresultingtrying6._(make)full preparations,we are ready for the examination.7.Alice returned from the managers office,_(tell)me that the boss wanted to see me at once.8.While _(wait)for the bus,he read a copy of China Daily.9.Her mother died in 1990,_(leave)her with her younger brother.10._(tell)the rules for many times,he still couldnt keep them in mind.单句语法填空单句语法填空Having madetellingwaitingleavingHaving been told
