1、Unit 1Great Scientists There are some great scientific achievements that have changed the world.Can you name some of them?What kind of role do they play in the field of science?Do these achievements have anything in common?Match the inventions with their inventors below before you answer all these q
2、uestions.Warming upAlexander Bell electricity Thomas Edison the First telephoneLaite Brothers the electric LampMadame Curie black holes in UniverseFranklin Theory of GravitySteven Hawking the First PlaneElbert Einstein RadiumIsaac Newton the Theory of RelativityWho is he?He is Archimedes(阿基米德)Which
3、scientist discovered that objects in water are lifted up by a force that helps them float?Charles Darwin.Who is he?He is W h o w r o t e a b o o k explaining how animals and plants developed as the environment changed?Thomas Newcomen.Who is he?He is Who invented the first steam engine?Gregor MendelW
4、ho is he?He is Who used peas to show how physical characteristics are passed from parents to their children?Marie CurieWho is he?She is Who discovered radium?Thomas EdisonWho is he?He is Who invented the way of giving electricity to everybody in large cities?Leonardo da VinciWho is he?He is Who was
5、the painter that studied dead bodies to improve his painting of people?Humphry DavyWho is he?He is Who invented a lamp to keep miners safe underground?Stephen HawkingWho is he?He is Who put forward a theory about black holes?Do you know how to prove a new idea in a scientific research?Discuss in sma
6、ll groups the stages in setting out a new scientific idea.What order would you put them in?Pre-readingDraw a conclusionThink of a methodCollect resultsMake a questionFind a problemAnalyse the resultsFind supporting evidencePlease put the 7 stages in right order according to the passage.GermanyGreat
7、BritainDeath of first cholera case in London during the 1848-49 epidemic LondonPrevious cholera epidemic in Great Britain in 1831-32The spread of choleraLook at the picture,the map and the title and predict the content of the reading passage.Then skim it quickly to see if you are right.John SnowRead
8、ingRead the text(P2-3)quickly and complete the main idea of it.The text is mainly about _ and how he _.Johndefeated choleraSnowTo prove a new scientific idea,seven stages are needed.Read the text(P2-3)carefully and fill in the blanks.Stage 1Find a problemA large number of people died of cholera,but
9、neither its 1._ nor its 2._ was understood.Stage 2Make a question Theory one:Cholera 3._ in the air and floated around until it found its victims.Theory two:When people 4._ cholera into their bodies with meals,their bodies were attacked.cause absorbed multipliedcureStage 3Think of a methodBegan to g
10、ather information to 5._ that the second theory was correct.Stage 4Collect resultsMarked where the dead people had lived on a(n)6._.Stage 5Analyse the resultsLooked into the 7._ of the water to see if the problem was the water.map provesourceBroad StreetBroad StreetMany deaths happened here.Many dea
11、ths happened here.No death happened here.No death happened here.The water from the pump was to blame.The water from the pump was to blame.Public housePublic houseSmall,white,flocculent particlesThe water was from the river which had been polluted by the dirty water from London.Stage 6Find supporting
12、 evidenceFound supporting evidence from two other deaths:Both of them died of cholera after 8._.Stage 7Draw a conclusion 9._ carried the virus.All the water supplies should be 10._.drinking the water Polluted waterexaminedextra evidence:A woman and her daughter who lived far away but drank the water
13、 also died.Choose the best answer.1.We know from the text that John Snow _.A.had collected information before cholera broke out B.felt not quite sure after he finished the mapC.helped the woman from Broad StreetD.became famous after defeating cholera2.Why did John Snow use a map in his research?A.It
14、 could help him find exactly how many people died of cholera.B.It could help him find the source of drinking water for people.C.It could help him organize his ideas and find evidence.D.It could help him find his way in Broad Street.3.Why was cholera called“King Cholera”in the text?A.Because it cause
15、d many deaths.B.Because it got its name from Queen Victoria.C.Because it was defeated with the help of the King.D.Because it was the most deadly disease of its day.Number these events in the order that they happened._ John Snow began to test two theories._ An outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854._
16、 John Snow marked the deaths on a map.124Post-reading_ He announced that the water carried the disease._ John Snow investigated two streets where the outbreak was very severe._ King Cholera was defeated._ He found that most of the deaths were near a water pump._ He had the handle removed from the wa
17、ter pump.35678Answer these questions.1.John Snow believed Idea 2 was right.How did he finally prove it?John Snow finally proved his idea because he found an outbreak that was clearly related to cholera,collected information and was able to tie cases outside the area to the polluted water.2.Do you th
18、ink John Snow would have solved this problem without the map?Give a reason.No.The map helped John Snow organize his ideas.He was able to identify those households that had had many deaths and check their water-drinking habits.Heidentified those houses that had had no deaths and surveyed their drinki
19、ng habits.The evidence clearly pointed to the polluted water being the cause.3.Cholera was a 19th century disease.What disease do you think is similar to cholera today?Why?Three diseases,which are similar today,are SARS,AIDS and bird flu,because they are serious,have an unknown cause and need public
20、 health care to solve them.Drink only water that you have boiled or treated with chlorine or iodine.Other safe drinks include tea or coffee made with boiled water and carbonated,bottled beverages with no ice.What should you do if youre travelling to a country that has a cholera outbreak?1.Who put fo
21、rward a theory about black holes.谁提出了黑洞理论谁提出了黑洞理论put forward:e.g.put forward a very good suggestionplan提出了一个很好的建议 计划(1)提出（+表示建议,计划等的名词）=come up withe.g.You ought to put your watch forward ten minutes.(2)把.向前拨e.g.I put myself forward as the monitor.(3)推荐Language points put away:put up with:put on:put
22、 out：关于关于put的其它短语：的其它短语：忍受穿上，上演熄灭，扑灭放好.储存(钱)2.draw/come to/arrive at/reach a conclusion得出结论得出结论我们得出结论应该再给他一次机会e.g.We drew a conclusion that we should give him another chance.3.John Snow was a well-known doctor in London-so expert,indeed,that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.约翰约翰.
23、斯诺是一位著名的医生斯诺是一位著名的医生-他的确医术精他的确医术精湛湛,以至成为照料维多利亚女王的私人医生以至成为照料维多利亚女王的私人医生.attend v.()take good care of 照看,照料.e.g.The doctor attended the patients.医生照看病人医生照看病人.attend school 上学上学attend a lecture 听讲座听讲座attend church 去教堂去教堂attend(at)a wedding 出席出席婚礼婚礼(2)注意,留意.e.g.She didnt attend to what I was saying.她并不注
24、意听我所说的话。(+to)(3)出席,到场4.But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.但是当他一想到要帮助那些得了霍乱的普通百姓但是当他一想到要帮助那些得了霍乱的普通百姓时，他就感到很兴奋时，他就感到很兴奋The man seen by us yesterday is Professor Smith.1.exposed to cholera 在句子中是过去分词用作后置定语,表示被动.意为“患霍乱的”.e.g.The book written by LuXun
25、is very popular.expose sth/sb to使暴露于；使面临；使遭受（危险，攻击等）Keep indoors and dont expose your skin to the sune.g.Those who were exposed to bird-flu were separated.be exposed to招致，遭受染上禽流感的人都被隔离了expose使暴露于;使接触到 6.cure vt.治愈，治疗消除(弊病等);纠正 e.g.The doctor cured him of his cold.cure sb.of sth.治好了某人的治好了某人的，纠正了某人的，纠
26、正了某人的医生治好了他的感冒e.g.He cured the child of bad habits.他纠正了孩子的坏习惯 n.治愈;痊愈 e.g.Theres no known cure for AIDS.(+for)7.So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.every time 在这里是连词，引导时间状语从在这里是连词，引导时间状语从句，意为句，意为“每次，每当每次，每当”e.g.Every time I meet him,I always think of the thing
27、s happened between us.每次见到他，我就想起发生在我们之间的事情。每次爆发霍乱时，就有大批惊恐的老百姓病死每次爆发霍乱时，就有大批惊恐的老百姓病死immediately,the moment,directly,instantly 等等与与 every time一样，都可以用作连词引导时间一样，都可以用作连词引导时间状语从句，意为状语从句，意为“一一.就就”。e.g.I will give the letter to him immediately I see him.我一见到他就把这封信给他。I came directly I got your letter.我一接到你的信
28、就来了。注意注意:.The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.第二第二种看法是在吃饭的时候人们把这种病种看法是在吃饭的时候人们把这种病毒引入体内的毒引入体内的 注意此处的suggest表示“暗示，表明”，而非表示建议，此时从句中不需要用虚拟语气。如：The dentist suggested _牙医建议她改天再来。that she come another day（她的表情表明她很开心。Her expression suggested that she wa
29、s happy absorb.into 吸收e.g.The big company has gradually absorbed these small companies into its own organization.这家大公司逐渐将这些小的公司吞并了。absorb v.(1)吸收 e.g.Its too hard for me to absorb so many good ideas at once.对我来说很难一下完全吸收这么多好主意。老人全神贯注地读这本书。e.g.The old man was absorbed in the book.The old man absorbed
30、himself in the book.be absorbed in=absorb oneself in(2)吸引；使专心；使全神贯注9.In two particular streets,the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in 10 days.在两条街道上在两条街道上,霍乱流行的特别厉害，在十天之霍乱流行的特别厉害，在十天之内就死去了五百多人。内就死去了五百多人。全神贯注于全神贯注于9.severe v.(1)strict 严厉的；苛刻的；严格的.e.g.My father was severe
31、 with me.我的父亲对我很严厉。be severe with/on/upon 对严格，严厉(2)very serious 剧痛的，剧烈的，严重的 考大学的激烈竞争e.g.the severe competition for university看来霍乱的流行要归罪于饮水了。看来霍乱的流行要归罪于饮水了。(1)be+动词不定式，可以表示该做或不该做的 事情，相当于must,should,ought to 等。e.公园里不允许乱丢纸屑。公园里不允许乱丢纸屑。10.It seemed that the water was to blame.e.g.You are not to drop lit
32、ter in the park.公园里不允许乱丢纸屑。(2)blamevt.责备,指责(sb)be to blame for 应为受到责备e.g.The driver was to blame for the accident.司机应为这次事故承担责任e.g.He blamed you for the neglect of duty.他责备你怠忽职守。blame sb.for sth./doing sth.因某事责备某人因某事责备某人短语：短语：把.归咎(于)e.g.The teacher blamed the mistake on my carelessness.老师把错误归咎于我的粗心bl
33、ame sth.on sb.把把归咎于某人身归咎于某人身上上12.handle C柄,把手 e.g.the handle of the door/the cup 门杯子的把手门杯子的把手 vt.对待,处理e.g.I didnt know how to handle these people.翻译：这条铁路把西藏(Tibet)和内地(the inland area)连起来了13.link A to B 把把A与与B连接；联系连接；联系e.g.Fingerprints linked the suspect to the crime.指纹证实了嫌疑犯的犯罪事实。被动形式：被动形式：A be link
34、ed to BThis railway links Tibet to the inland areas.14.With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.有了这个特别的证据，约翰有了这个特别的证据，约翰.斯诺就能够肯定的斯诺就能够肯定的宣布，这种被污染的水携带病毒。宣布，这种被污染的水携带病毒。(1)announcevt.宣布,发布 e.g.They announced that she would give one ex
35、tra song.他们宣布说她将再唱一首歌。announcer announcementn.播播音员n.宣布,发布 The vote was completed.The chairman announced the result.投票完毕。主席宣布了结果。Past Participles as the Attributive and Predicative Grammar同学们，你们还记得在 Book 4 Unit 3 A taste of English humour 中有这样三个句子吗？1.Such training was common in acting families.2.He g
36、rew more and more popular as his charming character.3.The acting is so convincing that.通过观察，我们不难发现第1、2句是动词-ing形式作定语，且放在被修饰的名词前面；第3句是动词-ing形式作表语，放在be动词的后面。今天我们要学习与动词-ing形式相对应的过去分词作定语和表语的用法。过去分词作表语一般用来表示感受或状态（系动词+过去分词）No wonder he is excited!(predictive)可以用作表语的常见的过去分词有：delighted,disappointed,upset,ast
37、onished,excited,frightened,experienced,interested,qualified,puzzled,exhausted,satisfied 过去分词作定语：1.分词可以用作前置定语，此时，分词和名词之间有两种语意关系：一种是分词表示主动（但时间上已经过去）；一种是分词表被动。He is a retired worker.他是一个退休工人。This is a newly-developed device.这是一个新开发的工具。2.过去分词作后置定语时，其功能相当于一个定语从句。Past Participle as the AttributiveLook at
38、the following sentences where the pastparticiple is used.Find two more examples in the reading passage of each usage.Example:1.So many thousands of terrified people died.过去分词短语有时亦可用作非限制性定语，前后常有逗号。Some of them,born and brought up in rural villages,had never seen a train.他们当中有一些人，生长在农村，从未见过火车。2.He fou
39、nd that it came from the river pollutedby the dirty water from London.用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物，变成所谓的转移形容语。这种过去分词在形式上直接修饰人，但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关。The general stared at him in startled admiration.将军以惊讶而赞赏的眼光注视着他。Attentione.g.We asked two of Chinas many talentedjournalists to tell us more about new.I want to
40、write about people addicted to drugs.When the past participle is a single word,where do you put,before the noun modified or after it?When the past participle is a phrase,where do you put?过去分词短语用作定语时，一般皆置之于其所修饰的名词之后，其意义相当于一个定语从句，但较从句简洁，多用于口语中。Look at the dialogue and find the use of the past particip
41、le.-I hear you and James are engaged at last.-Yes,we are.-When are you getting married?-In the spring.-Oh,lovely.Wheres the wedding going to be?Past Participle as the PredicativeExample:But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people.He got interested in two theories explaining
42、how cholera killed people.Neither its cause,nor its cure was understood.Past Participle as an attributePast Participle asthe predicative1.terrified people2.reserved seats3.polluted water4.a crowded room5.a pleased winner1.people who are terrified of 2.seats which are reserved3.water that is polluted
43、4.a room that is crowded5.a winner who is pleasedComplete the table with phrases that have the same meaning.2Past Participle as an attributePast Participle asthe predicative6.children who are astonished at/by 7.a vase that is broken8.a door that is closed9.the audience who are tired of 10.an animal
44、that is trapped in/by 6.astonished children7.a broken vase8.a closed door9.the tired audience10.a trapped animal 6.On the doorstep I found a lot of bottles.They weremarked in green ink.On the doorstep I found a lot of bottles were marked in green ink.7.We saw many windows in that room.They were all
45、cracked.We saw many cracked windows in that room.1.Mrs.White showed her students some old maps _ from the library.(borrow)borrowed2.Im calling to enquire about the position _ in yesterdays China Daily.(advertise)advertisedPractice3.A great number of students _ said they were forced to practise the p
46、iano.(question)questioned4.In April,thousands of holidaymakers remained _ abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.(stick)stuck5.So far nobody has claimed the money _ in the library.（discover）discovered6.Now that weve discussed our problem,are people happy with the decisions _?(take)taken7.For breakfast
47、 he only drinks juice from fresh fruit _ on his own farm.(grow）grown8.Ladies and gentlemen,please remain _ until the plane has come to a complete stop.(seat)seated9.With the governments aid,those _ by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements.（affect）10.Tom knew he would certainly get _if he
48、was late home.（shout at）affectedshouted at11.To return to the problem of water pollution,Id like you to look at a study _ in Austra-lia in 2012.(conduct)（2016 浙江卷）12.In art criticism,you must assume the artist has a secret message_ within the work.(hide)（2016江苏卷）conductedhidden13.Jim has retired,but
49、 he still remembers the happy time _with his students.(spend)(2017北京卷)14.The island,_to the mainland by a bridge,is easy to go to.(join)(2017全国卷II)spentjoinedPersuasive WritingWriting说服性信函 说服性信函指以信件的形式表达自己的观点或立场，并期待对方认同或接受。在写作过程中，要以合理的语气和口吻为基调，用有说服力的素材来支撑自己的观点，以说明阐述为主，以理动人，以理服人。【写作指导】我们可以通过以下三个部分来进行
50、写作：第一部分：引入。写信人首先需要简要说明写信的主要目的。如果需要的话，也可以大致作个自我介绍。第二部分：阐述。这是说服性信函的主体和核心部分。写信人需要在这个部分有条理地列出自己的理由。第三部分：总结。可以用生动的语言重申自己的核心观点，或以情动人、引起共鸣，或升华延伸、画龙点睛。这部分应该注意语言的简练和冲击力，切忌冗杂拖拉的表达。写作时应注意以下几点：1.要注意英文书信的格式，兼顾文化差异，同时要注意避免语法错误；2.第一和第三部分注重简练，而第二部分作为信函的主体，要注重条理和说服力；3.要注意提高自己语言表达的层级，尝试使用较高级别的词汇、句型或结构。【常用表达】引入：I am w
