1、Chapter II RhythmUnit 8Sense-groups and Pausing意群和停顿FOCUSSense Group 意群Principles of Sense Group 意群划分规则Exercises 练习Sense-groups and PausingWhat Is Sense Group?什么是意群？什么是意群？“Sentences are usually divided into shorter sequences which are called sense-groups.The words in a sense-group are generally rela
2、ted in structure and meaning.There may be pauses between sense-groups but not within one.”From the point of view of phonetics，the smallest unit of language is the phoneme,but from the perspective of semantics,the smallest unit is intonation group or sense group，which may be a word,a phrase or a sent
3、ence.It is a kind of skill to be able to read by phrases instead of by single words.In learning English,memory is most important.Here memory means thinking in English,or conceiving and perceiving in English,with sense groups and pausing as its units,that is,programming the proper English sense group
4、s and pausing(of course,in their proper structure and with their proper meaning)in your brain(i.e.your best computer)while reading aloud,listening or talking,even writing.Sense-groups and PausingWhat Is Sense Group?什么是意群？什么是意群？意群和停顿不仅是重要的语音现象，也是句子结构的有力表现。句子可以按照意思和结构分为若干段，每一段称为一个意群。在说话和朗读时，意群与意群之间可以有
5、一定的停顿，使意思表达得更清楚。但在同一意群的各个词之间则不可停顿，而应一口气说完，使整个意群的意思连贯，不中断。人们说话和朗读时，短句往往一口气说完、读完，中间不需停顿，所以一句短句可以视为一个意群。如：Its a dog.Do you work hard?等。长句、复杂句句子中间则需要停顿。为了要使表达的意思不致费解、误解或无法理解。停顿不可随心所欲，不可打乱句子结构。停顿必须保持前后的意群完整。讲话不是一个词一个词地讲，也不是无休止地一直讲下去。说话总是有大小不等的单位。单位不论大小总是有间隔的。这个间隔在书面上是用标点符号表示，在口头上却是用停顿。Sense-groups and Pa
6、usingWhat Is Sense Group?什么是意群？什么是意群？意群就是指句子中按意思和结构划分出的各个成分，每一个成分即称为一个意群。同一意群中的词与词的关系要紧密相关，否则就会引起误解。意群是一个稍长的句子分成的具有一定意义的若干个短语；“停顿”是在意群之间进行的，它是根据语意、语速的需要而自然产生的一种语音停顿现象；“连读”是在一个意群内进行的，它是在说话较快时自然产生的一种语音连读现象。意群可以是一个词，一个词组或短语，也可以是并列句的一个分句或复合句的一个主句、从句等等，我们可用“”来划分句子的意群。意群在句子中具有语义、语法和语调三种特征，例如：After school，
7、my classmates and Iare going to play basketball放学后，我和我的同学们去打篮球。可以把这个句子按语义、语法和语调特征划分为三个单位。Sense-groups and PausingPrinciples of Sense Group 意群划分原则意群划分原则A sentence can be divided into sense groups in accordance with the following principles：1.noun-phrase2.phrasal preposition3.phrasal adverb4.adverb+pr
8、eposition5.aduerb+verb/verb+adverb6.verb+phrases7.link-verb+predicative8.subject+verb9.subject+verb+object10.short noun-clause11.short attribute clause12.short adverbial clauseSense-groups and PausingPrinciples of Sense Group 意群划分原则意群划分原则现将句子划分意群的一般原则归纳如下：1.名词词组(1)冠词+名词，例：a country(2)名词+名词，例：comrade
9、 Li(3)指示代词+名词，例：this book(4)形容词+名词，例：natural science(5)作形容词用的名词或分词+名词，例：New Years Daythe working class(6)数词+名词，例：thirty-two note-books(7)数词+数词，例：two hundred and twenty-three(8)不定代词+名词，例：some inkSense-groups and PausingPrinciples of Sense Group 意群划分原则意群划分原则2.介词短语，例：from now onwith an effort3.副词短语，例：d
10、ay and nightfirst of all4.副词+介词短语，例：early in the morningfar into the night5.副词+动词，或动词+副词，例：quite understandstudy hard6.一些固定的动词词组，例：to take a restto have a meetingto get ready7.连系动词+表语，例：be at schoolgrow quite wellSense-groups and PausingPrinciples of Sense Group 意群划分原则意群划分原则8.主语+谓语，这种句型用于简短语句时，一般划分为
11、一个意群，例：He stands up.They are very happy9.主语+谓语+宾语，这种句型用于简短语句时，划分为一个意群，例：I can speak EnglishHe gave me a book10.简短的名词性从句，包括主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句，例：That he will come hereis certain（主语从句）This ishow he studies English（表语从句）He told mewhere I could find my book（宾语从句）11.简短的定语从句，例：This is a factorythat makes cloth
12、Sense-groups and PausingPrinciples of Sense Group 意群划分原则意群划分原则12.简短的状语从句，状语从句可以放在句首或句末。放在句首时，从句后通常要用逗号；放在句末时，从句一般不用逗号，每个简短的状语从句分为一个意群，例：I waitedtill he come backHe cant comebecause he is illWe worked fastso that we finish our plan意群必须用一口气吐出（也就是说不能分成两口气或更多的气段）。书面上是用标点符号来表示停顿的。|表示较大的停顿（两个大停顿之间可能有一个或几个
13、小停顿，大停顿相当于句点或分号）。/表示用于划分一口气吐出的意群，表示较小的停顿，大体相当于逗号。Elision and ContractionExercises1.Read the following sentences and pay attention to the sense groups.(1)They live in that large house/on the other side/of the bridge./(2)It is very important for us/to take part in manual labour/from time to time./(3)A
14、 snow-white swan/swam swiftly/to catch a slowly-swimming snake/in a lake./(4)Do you remember all those years/when scientists argued that smoking would kill us/but the doubters insisted that we didnt know for sure.(5)However,whether it comes from the common ancestor/that the species had 35 million ye
15、ars ago,/is,/as yet,/an unanswered question./(6)What is harder to establish/is whether the productivity revolution/that businessmen assume they are presiding over/is for real./Elision and ContractionExercises1.Read the following sentences and pay attention to the sense groups.(7)In the morning/the b
16、oy goes to school early./Sometimes/he was late,/because his mother was in poor health./(8)I cannot bear to see a bear/bear down upon a hare./When bare of hair/he strips the hare,/right there/I cry,/“Forbear!”/(9)There once was a man/who had a sister;/his name was Mr.Fister./Mr.Fisters sister sold se
17、a shells/by the sea shore.Mr.Fister/didnt sell sea shells；/he sold silk sheets./Mr.Fister told his sister/that he sold six silk sheets to six shieks.The sister of Mr.Fister said/I sold six shells to six shieks too!/(10)How much wood/would a woodchuck chuck/if a woodchuck/could chuck wood？A woodchuck
18、/would chuck all the wood/a woodchuck could chuck/if a woodchuck could chuck wood./How many cookies/could/a good cook/cook？If a good cook/could cook cookies,a good cook/could cook/as much cookies/as a good cook/who could cook cookies./Elision and ContractionExercises2.Read the following passage and
19、pay attention to the sense groups.(1)Fishing/is my favourite sport./I often fish for hours/without catching anything./But this does not worry me./Some fishermen are unlucky./Instead of catching fish,/they catch old boots and rubbish./I am even less lucky/because I never catch anything,/not even old
20、boots./After having spent whole mornings on the river,I always go home/with an empty bag./“You must give up fishing!”/my friends say./“It s a waste of time.”/But they dont realize/one important thing./Im not really interested in fishing./I am only interested in sitting in a boat/and doing nothing at
21、 all!(2)Once/two hunters went hunting/in the forest.One of them/suddenly fell down/by accident.He showed the whites of his eyes/and seemed to have ceased breathing.The other hunter/soon took out his mobile phone/to call the emergency center/for help./The operator said calmly,/“First,/you should make
22、 sure/that he is already dead.”/Then/the operator/heard a gunshot/from the other end of the phone/and next he heard the hunter asking,/“What should I do next?”/Elision and ContractionExercises3.Practice reading the following tongue twisters.(1)Canners/can can/what they can can/into a can/but can not
23、 can things/that cannot be canned into a can.(2)Well,/does a doctor/doctor another doctor/in the way/the doctored doctor/wants to be doctored.Elision and ContractionExercises4.Listen to the recording and write down the sentences.(1)_(2)_(3)_(4)_(5)_(6)_I am glad to be here/for this interview.Just like my father，/I am open-minded，/quick in thought/and very fond of history.I take it/you don t agree.I didn t know/he was the richest person/in the world.Did you know/that Stone ended up marrying his secretary?It s not his work/but his attitude/that bothers me.
