1、专题十四 书面表达高考高考英语（天津专用英语（天津专用）考点一应用文考点一应用文应用文写作包括书信、通知和演讲稿等,书信是近几年考查频率最高的类型。以2015年为例,北京市高考英语书面表达第一节考查的是邀请信,给出了介绍的内容,所介绍内容与中国传统文化相关。2016年则加大了开放度,要求考生用英语介绍一位中国历史人物,只规定写作任务包含的范围,没有提供具体的写作内容,需要考生自己调动已有的文史知识,添加相关的细节完成写作任务。试题鼓励考生最大限度地利用方法技巧方法技巧其知识储备和语言运用能力,拓宽考生个性化展示的空间,这要求考生具有一定的人文素养,既要了解我国伟大的历史人物的贡献和成就,又能够
2、思考其给自己带来的启示,从而升华对中华民族优秀传统文化的情感。写书信时应保证以下内容:1.写信原因或目的;2.解释原因或目的;3.再次强调写信的目的或自己的想法、态度等;4.结尾。考生在写作中一定要注意格式规范、语气合理、交际感强。应用文写作不需要过长的句子,达意是最主要的目标。此外,还应注意行文流畅,感情真挚。总之,应用文写作要做到:切合题意、简明扼要、要点全面、交际得体。常见写作题型模板如下:一、投诉一、投诉(抱怨抱怨)信信 Dear ,I feel bad to trouble you but I am afraid that I have to make a complaint.The
3、 reason for my dissatisfaction is (总体介绍).In the first place,(抱怨的第一个方面).In addition,(抱怨的第二个方面).Under these circumstances,the devastating effect could be multiplied if this problem cannot be immediately solved.(如该问题不能立即解决,它将产生更坏影响).I would appreciate it very much if you could (提出建议和请求),preferably (进一步
4、的要求),and I would like to have this matter settled by (设定解决事情的最后期限).Thank you for your consideration and I will be looking forward to your reply.Yours sincerely,Li Hua 二、邀请信二、邀请信 Dear ,(开门见山提出事件/活动、地点、时间).It would be pleasant/honored to have you here.During the party/conference,we will have lots of a
5、ctivities you will be interested in.First,(要举行的活动内容一).Second,(要举行的活动内容二).I know/believe that you will be very interested in .First/For one thing,(受邀请人参加的理由一).Second/For another,(受邀请人参加的理由二).The party/con-ference would not be complete without you!The party/conference will be-gin at (时间)and we do hope
6、 you can come.Yours sincerely,Li Hua 三、请求信三、请求信Dear ,I am writing to formally request to (请求的内容).The reason for is that (给出原因).I ,so I (给出细节).I would al-so like to request (提出进一步的要求).I am sorry for any inconve-nience I have caused.Thank you for your attention to these requests.If you have any questi
7、ons,do not hesitate to contact me at (电话号码).I look forward to a favorable reply.Yours sincerely,Li Hua 四、道歉信四、道歉信Dear ,I am sorry to say/tell you that (直接说出道歉事由).Now,I am writ-ing you this letter of apology to show my deep regret.Please accept my sin-cere apology.I hope you will understand me and ex
8、cuse me for (请求对方原谅的事由).The reason for my delay/absence was that (过失的原因).I had no way out because (自己当时的处境和情况).Therefore,its not in my power to (过失导致的结果).Naturally,I want to suggest (提出建议).I shall be obliged if you will kindly write and tell me when and where you (约定下次见面的时间和地点).We may meet again and
9、 I hope to see you soon.Yours sincerely,Li Hua 五、感谢信五、感谢信 Dear ,I am now writing these few lines to express my sincere thanks for (感谢事由).Id like you to know how much you meant to me.You have a positive genius for (对收信人某一方面的赞美).I not only enjoyed ,but also .I shall ever remember as one of the most in
10、 my life.I will feel very honored and pleased if you (表达自己回报的心愿).I am looking forward to seeing you next time!I repeat my thanks again for your .Please give my kind regards to your .Yours sincerely,Li Hua 六、建议信六、建议信 Dear ,You have asked me for my advice with regard to ,and I will try to make some co
11、nductive suggestions here.In my humble opinion,you would be wise to take the following actions:(建议的内容).I hope you will find these proposals useful,and I would be ready to discuss this matter with you to further details.Good luck with your (祝愿)!Yours sincerely,Li Hua 七、求职信七、求职信 Dear Sir or Madam,I wr
12、ite this letter to apply for the position that you have advertised in (报纸名称)of (广告发布时间).Not only do I have the qualifica-tions for this job,but I also have the right personality for a (工作名称).On the one hand,(第一个原 因).On the other hand,(另一个原因).Should you grant me a personal interview,I would be most g
13、rateful.If you need to know more about me,please feel free to contact me at any time at (电话号码).Thank you for considering my applica-tion,and I am looking forward to meeting you.Yours sincerely,Li Hua 八、询问信八、询问信 Dear ,I am (自我介绍).I am writing to see if it is possible for you to pro-vide me with infor
14、mation regarding (要询问的内容).First of all,what is (第一个问题)?Secondly,when will (第二个问题)?Thirdly,is (第三个问题)?I would also like to inquire (将最重要的问题单独说明).Could you be kind to send me some relevant booklets on the above-mentioned aspects?Thank you for your kindness,and your prompt attention to this letter will
15、 be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,Li Hua 九、祝贺信九、祝贺信 Dear ,I have learned with delight that you (祝贺事由).I would like to ex-tend you my utmost congratulations on .You must be .And I feel very happy for you.(所取得的成绩)is quite exciting news!I know this is surely owing to (被祝贺人过去的努力).It is a reward you
16、 richly deserve for your (被祝贺人的优点).Kindly let me know when you (咨询对方何时有空).I hope (表达自己的愿望).My best wishes for your further success.Yours sincerely,Li Hua 十、通知十、通知例1:NOTICE A meeting to deliver a work report by the general manager is to be held at 2 pm,Wednesday,February 9 in the auditorium.All staff
17、 members are re-quested to be present on time.February 6,2008 General Managers Office 例2:NOTICEAll professors and associate professors are requested to meet in the college conference room on Saturday,August 18,at 2:00 p.m.to discuss questions concerning international academic exchanges.August 12,200
18、8 Principals Office十一、便条十一、便条例1:Aug.11,2013 Dear Alice,Here is a piece of good news for you.The Russian National Ballet Troupe will give a performance in the National Grand Theater in Beijing tomorrow evening.I am sure that you will be happy to watch it.The performance will begin at seven oclock sha
19、rp.I will wait for you at the theater entrance.Please let me know whether you can come as soon as possible.Yours Truly,Li Hua例2:April 18,2014Dear Amelia,Its so kind of you to invite me to the dinner party.I would like to come.I will go to the place right after I finish my work at about 5 p.m.this ev
20、ening.I shall be very happy to call at your house at 6:30 this evening.Thank you again for your wonderful hospitality and I am looking forward to seeing you soon.Yours sincerely,Li Hua考点二考点二 情景作文情景作文情景作文属于北京高考的常规类型,一般用文字介绍背景,用四幅图画来介绍事情发生的整个过程。情景作文一直使用考生所熟悉的体裁与形式,图片内容清晰、没有歧义,审题和作文架构难度不大。此外,图中所发生的事情也是
21、非常贴近学生的学习和生活的,虽然我们在备考时会提醒考生注意体现中国传统文化,但是请考生不必焦虑,题目绝不会生搬硬套,需要体现文化的地方自然流露,不必刻意为之。考生在答题时需注意审图,以2015年为例,首幅图的要点是“欢迎艺术家”,第二幅图的要点是“观看艺术家表演”,第三幅图的要点是“在艺术家的指导下捏面人”,最后一幅图的要点是“合影留念”。对于考生的最低要求是将这四个要点用准确的语言进行表达,做到要点齐全。但是,只写全要点是不够的,还需关注细节描写。良好的细节支撑是行文连贯的基础,它使行文丰满流畅,同时考生也要注意细节适当发挥即可,勿跑题。另外,充沛的情感表达也是评判作文优秀与否的关键参考点。
22、总之情景作文还是考查考生用英语描述事情的能力,建议考生平时学好语法,多写、多修改、认真研究范文,这样才能练就扎实的写作功底。下面以2015年的高考英语北京卷情景作文为例详细列举写作步骤:假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序,介绍在“传统文化进校园”活动中,向面人艺术家学习捏面人的过程,并以“A Day with a Craftsman”为题,给校刊“英语角”写一篇英文稿件。注意:词数不少于60。提示词:一个面团a piece of dough面人dough figurine 一、审题一、审题1.审文字:介绍活动、校刊、稿件。2.审文体:记叙文。3.审人称:we,he。4.审
23、时态:一般过去时为主。5.审词数:不少于60。二、要点二、要点确定每幅图的主要行为:用一两个词或短语写出每幅图的要点。greeted,welcomed(第一幅图)showed,taught(第二幅图)tried,made(第三幅图)took a picture(第四幅图)三、细节三、细节围绕每幅图的要点合理扩展细节,不要跑题。1.学校邀请艺术家、提前准备、心情、欢迎热烈程度等。2.艺术家的技艺精湛、我们认真学习、感叹传统文化魅力等。3.尝试中遇到问题、获得悉心指导、成品受到表扬等。4.纪念、活动意义等。四、逻辑四、逻辑按照要点适当分段落,首段适当添加背景,结尾提出感想。中间文字注意行文逻辑,巧
24、用连接词和过渡句。如:开头:Last Tuesday,our class invited an old craftsman to teach us how to make dough figurines.结尾:Looking at the figurines,we were all very excited.过渡:When the craftsman came into.,First,he showed.,Then we started to.,Finally,we put the figurines.参考范文:Last Tuesday,our class invited an old cra
25、ftsman to teach us how to make dough figurines.When the craftsman came into the classroom,we gave him a warm wel-come and two boys helped him with the tool box.First,he showed us the basic steps and skills of making dough figurines.We stood around him and watched attentively.Then we started to have
26、a try ourselves.The old man walked around and helped us patiently.Finally,we put the figurines we made on the table and took pictures with the old craftsman.Looking at the figurines,we were all very excited.We hope we can have more activities of this kind!五、语言五、语言要尽量避免语言错误,检查句法、语法有无问题;特别是动词的形式、单词拼写、
27、大小写和标点符号。语言质量是写作中的一大考查点,语言质量的高低取决于考生平时的练习和积累,主要体现在语法和句型的准确运用上。在第二节中,考生更要注重用词的精准和句式的变化,尽可能展现出自己的英语写作水平,建议考生尤其要在能够体现出要点的句子上多下功夫。在考试前准备一些自己平时写得不错的句式,写作时尽量将句式进行编排,不要扎堆体现,比如连着三个句子都含定语从句,或者前后几句话的主语都是相同的,某一个表达法反复使用,以上这些例子在写作中都是不可取的。下面提供一些常用语,仅供参考:开场白:Last Friday left me a deep impression,which I will never
28、 forget.Last week,I had an unforgettable experience.In order to improve our abilities of facing danger,our school organized an activity.Early in the morning,we met at the school gate and went to.by bus.One Sunday morning,my classmates and I went to the park for a picnic.过渡:After doing.,we went to do
29、.After having done.,we.And then,we.结束语:I was tired,but I was happy that I did a good deed.I have learned a great deal through the activity/this.It is an unforgettable day/experience.评论/感慨:I think the activity is both necessary and meaningful.It not only makes us aware of the importance of self-prote
30、ction/helping others but also develops our abilities of dealing with things/communicating with others.The activity can develop/promote our sense of social responsibility.心情:We were in high spirits.With excitement filling our hearts,we said thanks/goodbye to.With our hearts filled with excitement,we.
31、To our delight,we saw.六、注意六、注意1.如果开头的句子已给出,考生一定要注意上下句的衔接,即加入考生的感情、评价等,使行文连贯通顺。同时列出作文主要的写作内容或方向迅速进入主题,让阅卷老师能够较快地读出自己的写作倾向或思路。2.图片中的要点如人物的表情、动作,事情发展的时间和地点以及影响事情发展的相关情节都需要写清楚。细节添加注意合理性,不要跑题,注意详略得当。3.图与图之间的衔接一定要连贯,切忌整篇文章看起来是在单独描绘一幅图。写出的作文应该让读者在看不到图片的条件下能够清楚地了解完整的故事。考点三考点三 写作的基本原则写作的基本原则一、长短句原则一、长短句原则一个短
32、小精悍的句子,通常可以起到画龙点睛的作用,尤其当我们把短句放在段首时,它不仅可以承上启下,还可以揭示主题,如:As a creature,I eat;as a man,I read.Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of my mind,they are in a way quite similar.如上所见,长短句结合,可以给人抑扬顿挫之感。因此,许多专家建议:在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短,且先长后短;在文章
33、主体部分,要先用一个短句解释主要意思,然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式,这样主体部分定会让人赏心悦目;文章结尾只需用一长一短。二、主题句原则二、主题句原则一篇文章的开头(有时也可在结尾)有一个主题句,也就有了中心,然后围绕主题展开相关内容,这样的文章思路清晰,让人一目了然。否则,若把主题隐藏在文章中间,很可能使读者感觉云里雾里,不知所云。如:To begin with,you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared be-fore the exam.(主题句)Without sufficient preparati
34、on,you can hardly ex-pect to answer all the questions correctly.开头一句赫然醒目,直接点题。三、条理性原则三、条理性原则一般来说,如果一篇文章以第一、第二、第三或首先、其次、再次等罗列要点会让人感觉层次分明、条理清晰、逻辑性强。强烈推荐下列词:1.to begin with,then,furthermore,finally 2.to start with,next,in addition,finally3.first,besides,last but not least4.most important of all,moreove
35、r,finally 5.for one thing,for another6.on the one hand,on the other hand(用来说明不同的理由或原因)四、短语优先原则四、短语优先原则写作时,尤其是在考试时,如果正确使用短语,有两个好处:一是用短语会给文章增光添彩,自然会增加得分点;二是学生在考场上有时过于紧张而造成思维短路,但还得凑够词数,那么用短语替代一个单词不失为好办法!比如:I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达为:I cannot put up with it.又如:I want it.可以表达为:I am looking forward to it.这
36、样词数明显增加,表达也非常准确。五、多实少虚原则五、多实少虚原则写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西,不能空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词,少用虚词。这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们想表达一个人或事物很好的时候,不应该总用nice这样空洞的词,而是要使用一些诸如generous,humorous,interesting,smart,gentle,warm-hearted,hospitable 之类的形容词。可见,用了这些生动形象的词语一定会让你的文章大放异彩,令人耳目一新。六、多变句式原则六、多变句式原则1.并列(串联)我们有时希望自己像个 native speaker一样能写很长的句子
37、,但又怕写错。要解决这一问题,最保险的写长句的方法是:在句子之间加and,但它们之间最好是先后关系或者并列关系。比如说:I enjoy music and he is fond of playing the guitar.如果二者是并列的,我们可以用一个高级句式:not only.but also.。如:Not only is the fur coat soft,but it is also warm.表示并列关系的词还有:besides,furthermore,moreover等。2.转折(拐弯抹角)用表示转折的词,可以使文章要点明确,重点突出。如:The car was quite old
38、,yet it was in excellent condition.The coat was thin,but it was warm.表转折的词或短语还有:however,nevertheless,in spite of,despite等。3.因果 文章中使用了表示因果关系的连词后,可以让你的句式变得丰富多彩,语言富于变化,更具说服力。如:The snow began to fall,so we went home.表示因果关系的词或短语还有:therefore,consequently,accordingly,as a result,for this reason,so that等。4.
39、失衡句(头重脚轻,或者头轻脚重)有时突然出现一个不合乎常理的句子,必然会吸引别人的注意力,显得与众不同。其实就是使用了主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等的变形。如:This is what I can do.Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.5.附加 定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语的恰当运用,也会让人感觉你有深厚的语法功底和极强的语言表现力。如:The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.I dont enjoy that book you are reading.Mr.Liu,ou
40、r oral English teacher,is easy-going.6.排比文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于排比句,如果要让你的文章更加精彩的话,可以使用多个排比句、多个对偶句、多个不定式、多个动词、多个短语等,如此表达将会使你的文章有排山倒海之势。如:Whether your tastes are modern or traditional,sophisticated or simple,there is plenty in London for you.Nowadays,energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil
41、,coal,natural gas,solar heat,wind and ocean tides.We have got to study hard,to enlarge our scope of knowledge,to realize our potential and to pay for our life.七、挑战极限原则七、挑战极限原则挑战极限听似很难,但并非高不可攀。学生的文章中,很少发现诸如独立主格之类的结构,因为学生要么想不到,要么怕写错。其实这项语法并不难,它只是分词的一种特殊形式,分词要求前后主语一致,而独立主格则有自己的逻辑主语。如:The weather being
42、fine,a large number of people went to climb the West-ern Hills.Africa is the second largest continent,its size being about three times that of China.这种句子出现在文章中一定令人刮目相看,很自然地成了一个加分点。考点四考点四 写作基础知识写作基础知识一、英语基本句型一、英语基本句型(见专题七考点二见专题七考点二)二、句子的分类二、句子的分类通常,我们可以从两个不同的角度对句子进行分类:一是按句子的用途;二是按句子的结构。按句子的用途分类,所有的英语
43、句子可以分成四个种类:陈述句(Declarative Sentence),疑问句(Interrogative Sentence),祈使句(Imperative Sentence)和感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence)。如果按照句子的结构分类,英文句子可分为三个类别:简单句(Simple Sentence),并列句(Compound Sentence)和复合句(Complex Sentence)。这里所说的结构,主要是指句子中主语和谓语之间的关系。1.简单句(Simple Sentence)简单句只有一个主谓结构。句子可能有两个或更多的主语,也可能有两个或更多的谓语,但是句子中的主
44、谓结构只有一个。如:China and Chinese people are incredibly progressing in many aspects.(两个主语,一个谓语)中国和中国人民在很多方面正以难以置信的速度在进步。Computers mean a lot to human beings and are paid more and more atten-tion by people.(两个谓语,一个主语)计算机对人类很重要,并越来越受到人们的重视。2.并列句(Compound Sentence)并列句有两个或两个以上的主谓结构。这些主谓结构之间的关系是并列的、对等的。从语法上讲,所
45、谓“并列、对等”是指任何一个主谓结构都能独立地表达意思,互不从属。尽管如此,这些主谓结构在意思或逻辑上也有一定程度的内在联系。否则,它们就可以被分别写成简单句,而没有必要写在一起构成并列句了。在并列句中,要使两个或两个以上的主谓结构(或者说分句)连接在一起,就要用并列连词。并列连词用来连接平行对等(即互不从属)的分句。按其表示的不同关系主要有下面几种:(1)表示转折关系:but,yet。如:Everything in the world is outside you but health belongs to yourself.世界上的一切都是身外之物,只有健康属于自己。He has lear
46、ned English for only one year,yet he can communicate with people in English.他才学了一年英语,但已能用英语与人交流了。(2)表示因果关系:for,so。如:Youd better take an umbrella with you,for its going to rain.要下雨了,你最好带把伞。Ive got a meeting to attend,so I must be going now.我要去开个会,所以现在得走了。(3)表示并列、选择、递进等关系:and,or,either.or,neither.nor,
47、not on-ly.but(also)。如:Do it this way or youll be in trouble.就这么办,不然你会有麻烦的。Either you tell him the truth or I do it.要么你告诉他事实,要么我来告诉他。He doesnt know your address,and neither/nor do I.他不知道你的地址,我也不知道。3.复合句(Complex Sentence)复合句明显不同于简单句,因为它有两个或两个以上的主谓结构。从表面上看,它与并列句相似,其实不然。并列句的几个主谓结构之间的关系是并列的、对等的,而复合句的主谓结构
48、之间的关系不是并列的、对等的,其中只有一个主谓结构是主要的,其他的主谓结构都从属于主要的主谓结构。主要的主谓结构称作句子的主句(Main Clause);其他的主谓结构称作句子的从句或子句(Subordinate Clause)。复合句的子句(或从句)包括定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句(即主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句及同位语从句)。三、高考书面表达常用标点符号三、高考书面表达常用标点符号英语标点符号(Punctuation)与汉语标点符号有所不同。只有正确地使用标点符号来写作,才能使你的英语作文锦上添花。乱用标点符号不仅使你的作文大打折扣,而且会严重地影响作文得分。英语书面表达中常用的标点符号
49、有句号、逗号、分号、引号、冒号、问号和感叹号。注意:英语中没有书名号“”。英语中的书名、报刊名、杂志名及其他出版物一般用斜体表示,也可用引号。1.句号(Full stop/Period)句号表示说完一句话后的停顿,用在句子末尾。英语句号的写法是一个实心点,有别于汉语的空心点。所以英语作文不能随便点点,以免造成误解。除一句话结束时用句号以外,在缩略词后面也用句号。和汉语不同,英语中的句点表示一个基本句型已经结束,而汉语的句号表示一个意思已经完整。如:我是老师,而他是学生。(I am a teacher.He is a student.或I am a teacher,while/but he is
50、 a student.)e.g.(=for example)2.逗号(Comma)逗号表示一句话没有说完而暂时停顿,用在句子中间。逗号的主要作用有:(1)当两个成分或句子并列时,需用并列连词;当三个或三个以上的成分或句子并列时,最后两个成分或句子需用并列连词,前面的成分或句子可用逗号隔开。如:Mary got up early and went to school.玛丽早早起床去上学了。Mary got up early,dressed herself quickly and went to school.玛丽早早起床,迅速穿好衣服去上学了。(2)把独立成分与句子的其他部分隔开。如:The t
