1、.Bacterium1.size and morpholgy2.basic structure3.special structure.Virus1.size and morpholgy 2.strcture and chemical component3.virus replication.fungus 1.morpholgy and structure2.reproduce and cultureBacteriumConcept of bacteriumGeneralized bacteriumNarrow sense of bacterium:-狭义狭义1.size:Measure uni
2、t:A segment of the peptidoglycanA segment of the peptidoglycancomponents of Including:components for lipidbilayer(porin)locatedbetweenpeptidoglycanandlipidbilayer,withstabilizing outer membrane activityB.periplasmicspacennuclease(alsowith-lactamases，hyaluronidase,etc.special component of G-cell wall
3、脂多糖脂多糖脂蛋白脂蛋白肽聚糖外膜外膜Lipidbilayer脂质双层脂质双层周浆间隙周浆间隙Compared with cell wall structure between G+and G-bacteriaaffectedbyphysical,chemicalorbiologicalfactors,bacterialpeptidoglycanhydrolyzedorbiosynthesisblocked,butitcouldsurviveathyperosmosis.TheyarecalledLformbacterium.Protoplasts-fromG+Spheroplasts-fro
4、mG-StaphylococcusL form of Staphylococcus Colonies of L-form bacterium material transfer cellular respiration(oxidative phosphorylation)bio-synthesizing bacterial division(mesosome)bacterial division1.PBP2.Secretionsystem（型，其中型最重要）3.two-component signal transduction system（TCSTS）：(感应蛋白+反应调控蛋白)compos
5、itionwaternucleicacid,alittleinorganicsaltsPlacesforbacterialmetabolismExtra-bacterialchromosomalDNA,ClosedandcircleddsDNA,Carryinggeneticinformation，Becapableofself-replicationBetransferredfromonetoanotherfunction：Streptomycin GentamicinErythromycin Chloramphenicoltargets for some antibioticsnucleo
6、lus(核仁);3109106 nocolorwithcommonstaining,seenastransparentringunderLM(micro,slimelayer)richnutritionmucoustypetypevinvasiveness,aswellasformingbiofilmvantiphagocytosisvresistancetobacteriocidalsubstance,suchas溶酶体和补体单毛菌monotrichate双毛菌amphi-丛毛菌lopho-周毛菌peri-diagramofflagellumultrastructuremanyGandfew
7、ofGbacteriapossessrigidappendage,finer(3-8nm)andshorter(0.2-2m)thanflagellumOrdinarypili:hundredspieces;playtheroleintheadherenceSexpili:only1-4pieces,longerandwiderthanordinarypili;transmittedplasmidbyconjugation(接合)Sporulationbeginsunderunfavorablenutrition(N,C);involving:dehydration(40%),producti
8、onofnewstructures(7layers),enzymes(heatstable),andmetabolites(DPA)外衣外衣皮质皮质内膜内膜芽胞壁芽胞壁芽胞壳芽胞壳核心核心外膜外膜vreservingthelifeactivityofbacteria;varestingcell,highlyresistanttodesiccation,heat,andchemicalagents;vgermination:onesporetoonevegetativecell,sonotbelongtoreproductivemode;vastheindictorforsterilizatio
9、nVirusVirus:thesmallestinfectiousagents,containingonlyonekindofnucleicacid,reproducewithinlivingcells,non-cellulartypeofmicroorganism.aswellasthroughthefilter,resistanttocommonantibiotics,sensitivetoIFN,etc.Concept of virus and virionVirion:atermthatdenotesbothintactnessofstructureandpropertyofinfec
10、tiousness.-beingastructureofoutside-cellular.Virus size unitofmeasurement-nm,visiblewithEM;largest-Poxvirus300250nmsmallest-Poliovirus2030nmSize and morphologySize of microorganismsstaphylococcus (1000nm）poxvirus300250nmABCDEFGrickettsia 450nmchlamydia 390nmA bacteriophage (65 95nm)B adenovirus (70n
11、m)C Poliovirus (30nm)(30nm)D encephalitis B (40nm)E albumin (10nm)F influenza virus (100nm)G TMV1.spherical:mostanimalviruses;2.filoviruses(filament):mostplantvirus;3.bullet-shape(rhabdoid):rabiesvirus4.brick-shaped(cubic):poxvirus5.tadpole:mostphage.Virus morphologyABCDEFGHIJKHA.PoxvirusB.Parvoviru
12、sC.AdenovirusD.ReovirusE.PicornavirusF.RabiesvirusG.paramyxovirusH.OrthomyxovirusI.CoronavirusJ.HerpesvirusK.RetrovirusH.TogavirusStructure and chemical component1)core.Virus structurenucleic acidgenomeand replication of virusFunction:Deciding the heredity,variationnucleic acid+functional protein2)C
13、apsid protein shell enclosed virus genome *capsid capsomere polypeptide (morpho-sub)(chemical-sub)*function:protecting viral genome introducing viral genom into host cells antigenity specific activity(hemagglutination)capsomere capsidpolypeptide(chemicalal sub)(morphologic sub)Protomer（原体）3)envelope
14、Envelope with peplomereprotecting,introducing and antigenicity -acquired as budding through host cell-surrounding the nucleocapsid-classification:a.peplomere or spike on the surface,coded by virus genomeb.channel protein,eg M2 for influenza virusEnveloped Enveloped VirusVirusNaked Naked VirusVirusCu
15、bicHelicalenveloped virusnucleocapsid+envelopenucleocapsid naked virus4)OthersMatrix protein(tegument)Antennae(须触须触)From:cell membrane,reticular membrane,nuclear membrane.Virus Components 1)Nucleic acids-DNA or RNA-double-strand or single-strand(ds or ss)linear or circular-MW:2200106;DNA virus:3.2Kb
16、-375.0Kb RNA virus:7.0Kb-32.0Kb-ORF(open reading frame)and intronmolecular virologyRoles-containing all genetic informationTaxonomy(genetic relateness)infectivityDNA virus(6 familys)adenovirus herpesvirus poxvirus hepadnavirus papovavirus（乳多空病毒）parvovirus(细小病毒)RNA virus(14 familys)picornavirus ortho
17、myxovirus paramyxovirus coronavirus togavirus flavivirus（黄病毒属）rhabdovirus（弹状病毒）,etc.2)ProteinsNature -structural and non-structural (functional)proteins analytic methods -SDS-PAGE protecting the genomesmediate the attachmentdetermining the antigenicityfunctional proteins,eg.enzymesRoles-3)Lipid and
18、saccharide getting from host cell membrane Roles:-causing fever,toxicity-mediate the attachment through peplormere-protecting virus HIV吸附的示意图吸附的示意图HIV入侵细胞的过程Virus capsidarrangementHelical symmetryIcosahedral symmetryComplex symmetry.Symmetry of capsidRNAnucleocapsid of helical symmetrycapsomerenucle
19、ocapsid of icosahedral symmetrypentonhexon pentamerhexameradenovirus of icosahedral symmetry pentonBasic and projecting fibercomplex symmetry of phageThestructureofmainpathogenicvirus包膜包膜核衣壳核衣壳电镜下的电镜下的HIV颗粒颗粒HIV呈球形，直径呈球形，直径100120nmgp120 外膜糖蛋白外膜糖蛋白gp41跨膜蛋白跨膜蛋白脂质双层膜脂质双层膜P17内膜蛋白内膜蛋白P24衣壳蛋白衣壳蛋白反转录酶反转录酶R
20、NA血液中血液中HBV颗粒电镜图颗粒电镜图HBV结构模式图结构模式图HBV基因与基因与HBsAg结构图结构图 流感病毒流感病毒电镜照片电镜照片 甲型甲型H1N1流感病毒模式图流感病毒模式图Virus replication.General statment1.Viral replication-self replication:virus nucleic acid as template to form progeny virus2.replicative cycle-6 steps adsorption penetration uncoating biosynthesis assembly
21、maturation and release.Replication cycle1.Adsorption1)Ionic attraction-at pH7.0 2)Receptor combine-specific-e.g.HIV-CD4,HBV-NTCP?VAP:viral attachment protein-non specific-reversable-non reversable100000receptors/cellforSindbisvirusVirus Receptor Receptor:p.285,table22-2VAP:p.285,table22-3Significanc
22、es:p.286help-receptor:Adsorption and Penetration of HIVLigand:gp120Receptor:CD4,CCR-5,CXCR42.PenetrationOften occur simultaneously1).PenetrationModel-Injection:phageViropexis:adenovirusmembrane fusion:myxovirusDirectly entry:polio3.uncoatinghydrolysis-envelopeenzymes -capsidSpecial:poxvirus influenz
23、a virus Adsorption and Penetration of influenza virusLigand:HA1andHA2Receptor:sialicacid4.Biosynthesissynthesis of viral proteinIncluding-replication of viral genomeLocation-nucleic acid DNA -nucleusRNA -cytoplasmprotein -cytoplasm1)Replication of genome p.252-254Principle-semi-conservative replicat
24、ion -replicative intermediate for ss-virusDNA-ds and ssRNA-ds;+ss;-ss;retrovirus2)Synthesis of proteinsparent genomeearlier mRNA earlier proteins (functional proteins)late proteins (structural proteins)progeny genomelate mRNA5.Assembleviral genome+capsid proteinsprogeny virus particleslocationDNA vi
25、rus-nucluscytoplasmRNA virus-6.Maturation and release of progeny virusnaked virus-cell lysisenveloped virus-budding(1)Maturation:3 Standard-(2)ReleaseProgress of viral ReplicationattachmentpenetrationuncoatingnucleicacidearliertranscriptionDNAsynthesisLatetranscriptionearlierproteinslateproteinsasse
26、mblereleasev Stages of the viral growth cyclev Attachment and penetration by parental virionv Uncoating of the viral genome v Earlier viral mRNA synthesisv Earlier viral protein synthesisv Viral genome replicationv Late viral mRNA synthesisv Late viral protein synthesisv Progeny virion assemblyv Vir
27、ion release from cell 双股双股DNA 依赖依赖DNA的的RNA酶（核内）酶（核内）转录早期转录早期mRNA 浆内翻译浆内翻译 早期蛋白早期蛋白(依赖依赖DNA的的DNA酶）酶）复制大量子代复制大量子代DNA（半保留复制）（半保留复制）转录转录 晚期晚期mRNA 转译转译 晚期结构蛋白晚期结构蛋白Replication of ds-DNA virusparentDNANucleusmembraneassembleassemblereplicationmatureCellmembranetransferribosomeproteinsreleaseReplication of
28、+ss-RNA virusPoliovirusattachmentpenetrationuncoatingearliertranslationReplicative intermediateRNAsynthesislatetranslationmaturereleaseVirusRNAReplication formRibosomeVirusproteinsViruscapsidNote:HBV在肝细胞中的复制周期在肝细胞中的复制周期Stages in cell invasion and disruption by the influenza virusRetroviruses replica
29、tion.Abnormal replication1.Defective virus-containing normal capid proteins-having mutation or a deletion of part ofgenome-reproducing with helper virus-interfering the homologus virus2.Abortive infection-The virus enters the non-permissive cellwhich can not provide the essential enzymes&energy to v
30、iral replication-permissive cell and non-permissive cell-changed structure protein encoded by self;-no detectable nucleic acid;-self-multiplication;-with infectiousness.-an infectious factor of protein with nodetectable nucleic acid-Basic structural unit is prion protein(PrP)-PrPc PrPsc while obtain
31、ing pathogenicityand transmissibility-possesing strong resistant to various factorssuch as heat,proteinase K,ultraviolet et.-Cause TSE of animal and people,such as Kuru,Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease(CJD),Scrapie,BSE,etcStructure of PrPC and PrPSC foldingPrPC（normal）PrPSC（pathogenicity）helix有致病性与传染性无致病性感
32、染动物正常及感染动物感染动物存在部位抗性不可溶敏感可溶对蛋白酶K的抗性在非变性去污剂中4个-折叠占43，2个-螺旋占34个-螺旋占42，-折叠仅占3分子构型PrPCPrPSC库鲁病库鲁病（kuru disease）克雅病克雅病（creutzfeld-Jakob disease,CJD）格斯特曼格斯特曼-斯召斯列综合征斯召斯列综合征（Grestmann-Straussler syndrome,GSS）致死性家族失眠征致死性家族失眠征（fatal familial insomnia,FFI）克雅病变种克雅病变种（variant CJD,v-CJD）羊瘙痒病羊瘙痒病（scrapie of sheep
33、 and goat）水貂传染性脑病水貂传染性脑病(transmissible mink encephalopathy,TME)鹿慢性消瘦症鹿慢性消瘦症（chronic wastingdisease of deer，CWD）牛海绵状脑病牛海绵状脑病(bovine spongiform encephalopathy,BSE)猫海绵状脑病猫海绵状脑病（feline spongiform encephalopathy,FSE）Fungus Thefungiarenonphotosyntheticprotistsgrowingasamassofbranching,interlacingfilaments
34、knownasamycelium.orThefungusistheeukaryoticmicrobe,withclassicnucleiandcellwall.Thefungicouldbeclassified:monocyteandmulticellular.Diagram of fungus structureI.Morphology and structure1.Morphology 1)yeast(monocyte)-usually spherical to ellipsoidal-diameter:3-302)multicellular(filamentous fungi or mo
35、ld)3)dimorphic fugus(双相型双相型)-consisting of hypha and spore-myceliumnspherical to ellipsoidal forms,including:1)Monocyte fungus(1)yeast 新生隐球菌新生隐球菌C.neoformans 酵母菌酵母菌yeast(2)yeast-like fungus白假丝酵母菌（白色念珠菌）白假丝酵母菌（白色念珠菌）C.albicanspsuedohypha consists of 2)Multicellular fungusaerial mycelium and vegetativ
36、e mycelium different types of fungus hyphaSpore is the reproductive organ for fungi,resulting from reproductive mycelium.A specialized structure with enhanced survival value.vAsexual spore:most pathogenic fungi vSexual spore:细胞间配合细胞间配合（质配和核配质配和核配）后产生后产生，绝大，绝大多数为非致病性真菌所具有。多数为非致病性真菌所具有。曲霉菌曲霉菌Aspergill
37、us青青 霉霉 菌菌 Penicillium Sexual sporeSexual spore2.structure Fungus with classic nuclei and cell wall-being eukaryotic organisms-possessing nuclear membrane,endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria-its cell wall consists primarily of chitin-its cell wall consists primarily of chitin-Its cell member contains
38、 ergosterol andzymosterolDiagram of fungus cell wallII.Fungus culture1.Culture conditionlow nutrition-sabourauds medialow pH:low temperature:high humidity and oxygen2.Reproduction forms asexual reproductionsexual reproductionbuddingbinary fissionsepta3.Characteristics of colony-the colony emerge in
39、14 weeksyeast type colonyyeast-like type colonyfilamentous type colonytypes-III.ResistanceResistance to common antibioticsStrong to dry,sun-light,ultraviolet,disinfectant Weak to hot复习思考题1、G+菌和菌和G-菌的细胞壁在结构上的区别。菌的细胞壁在结构上的区别。2、中介体的本质是什么？它有哪些重要功能？、中介体的本质是什么？它有哪些重要功能？3、细菌的特殊结构在致病性上的意义。、细菌的特殊结构在致病性上的意义。4、细菌质粒的概念及其特点。、细菌质粒的概念及其特点。5、什么是病毒体？病毒有哪些特点？、什么是病毒体？病毒有哪些特点？6、试述病毒的基本结构。、试述病毒的基本结构。7、病毒蛋白在病毒结构和功能上的意义。、病毒蛋白在病毒结构和功能上的意义。8、试述双、试述双链链DNA病毒的复制周期。病毒的复制周期。9、多细胞型真菌的基本结构。、多细胞型真菌的基本结构。10、真菌在培养特性上的主要特点。、真菌在培养特性上的主要特点。
