1、Academic Writing,Task I Write a report based on statistic information 20 minutes No less than 150 words,Task II Write an essay 40 minutes No less than 250 words,Task I,Find factors in the form of a picture that contains a statistic graph, chart or table,etc,Making criteria,Task response Lexical reso
2、urce, grammatical range and accuracy Coherence and cohesion,Task response -identifying and reporting the relevant points of the picture (the highest, the lowest, the starting, the changing point, the tendency,),Lexical resource, grammatical range and accuracy -avoid excessive repetition of words, co
3、nstruct sentences of reasonable length and check your grammar,Coherence and cohesion -cohere your paragraphs properly with cohesive devices, including logical, grammatical and semantic connectors,Verbs to show increase,increase go up (went up) rise (rose) grow (grew) jump surge soar climb,shoot up (
4、shot) fluctuate upward enlarge swell enhance jump augment,Verbs to show decrease,decrease go down decline fall(fell) shrink(shrank) is reduced drop(dropped) sink (sank),dip fluctuate downward descend diminish dwindle taper,Adverbs,slightly slowly gradually steadily rapidly moderately significantly,s
5、harply dramatically drastically enormously constantly,Adjectives,slow gradual steady rapid slight moderate,dramatic constant Sharp,Nouns,increase rise growth jump surge fluctuation,decrease decline fall reduction drop,other words,change fluctuate peak reach a plateau,stabilize remain stable remain c
6、onstant remain the same,Stock prices have been extremely volatile. They climbed steadily in the 1950s, reached a peak in 1966, and then fluctuated up and down until 1973, when they fell sharply. Stock prices had recovered substantially by the early 1980s when a major stock market boom again, sending
7、 to Dow Jones Industry Average (DJIA) to a peak of 2722 on August 25,1987.,After a 17% decline over the next month and a half, the stock market experienced the worst one-day drop in its entire history on “Black Monday”, October 19, 1987, when the DJIA fell by more than 500 points, a 22% decline.,1.
8、主体做主语+increase Between 1940 and 1985 the proportion of the elderly people increased remarkably from about 17% in Sweden and 9% in the USA to 13% and 15% respectively .,2. 年代做主语+saw + increase The period from 1940 to 1985 saw a generally steady increase in the proportion of ,3.地点做主语+experienced +incr
9、ease Both the USA and Sweden experience d an alarming/moderately surge/increase in the proportion of,写作时首段应是命题的改写 主体段应描写大的特征或大趋势的概括(关键数据支持) 关键数据即起点终点坐标，最大最小值，偶尔会用交点坐标，部分特征拐点坐标。,得分注意点： 1. 句子的衔接和句子结构的变化 2. 分词和比较结构的使用 3. 从句的使用 4. 整篇文章万万不可主观推理分析，否则扣分 首段是信息段，不能照抄命题，只能改写命题，概括主要的研究内容，研究对象，时间和地点。如果是两个图，必须分开
10、来写，句型常用while.shows,illustrastrates,说明文注重语言的流畅，简洁。在图表作文中，不追求词藻的华丽，只追求表达的清楚。 注意点：1.没有必要写出每条信息，要辨别关键特征 2.段落划分要合理(得分点) 3.衔接和过渡词很重要,The three lines in the chart each show the changes in the proportion of the elderly people to the population of the USA, Sweden and Japan from 1940 till today. Also the char
11、t gives predicted date for the trends.,Since 1940, the proportion in the USA has been slightly higher than that in Sweden at any given time, while that in Japan was always the smallest. Specially, the figures for the three countries in 1940 were 9%, 7%, 5% respectively. The changes in the proportion
12、 in the USA and Sweden are feature d mainly by steady increase although since 1980 the USA experienced somewhat declines.,By contrast , Japan did not see increase substantially, sending it to a peak of 5% in 2007, the same as in 1940. According to the prediction since 2000, the upward trends will ha
13、ve been obvious in the three countries, but in Japan will soar at the fastest speed. Till/By 2040 the figure will have reached 27%, compare d with25% in the USA and 23% in Sweden.,Task II,Making criteria Task response Lexical resource, grammatical range and accuracy Coherence and cohesion,1. 准确：用词选择
14、，时间描述等，这是语言的基本要求，所需要的基本功是对于图表信息和议论文审题的准确把握，其实是个思维水平的问题，要求考生在进行考前练习的同时，要观察生活，理解生活! 2. 连贯，流畅，通顺：关联词，句，甚至关联段的应用(文连)和内容的连贯，呼应(意连)。 3. 新颖，生动，地道：主从句的应用(尤其是定语从句)，经典句式的表达。 4. 精炼：非谓语动词，with的复合结构，独立主格结构，倒装，虚拟语气的应用。,1.使用了正确的语法结构，比方说，动词时态一致、主谓一致、用词准确(尤其是名词、动词、形容词)、冠词错误和介词错误。 2.句式有变化 3.使用了一定的词汇量。 4.拼写没有错误。 5.在每段
15、的主题句中都表明了这个段落的中心思想，所有扩展句都紧扣主题。,6.使用了过渡性词语，因而句子之间和段落之间都有逻辑性和条理性。 7.每一段话都得到充分的展开。 8.提供了足够的细节、例子或论据。 9.明确的观点。 10.每一段话都紧扣文章的主题。 1、3、4、6为考试时检查的重点，最先检查首段，和每段的首末句。,Procedure,1.Read the task II, and identify the key argument 2. Identify the structure of the writing in accordance with the topic 3. Scan for i
16、deas 4. Start to work,Type I（观点类）,Do you agree or disagree? To what extent do you agree or disagree? Whats your opinion? One-sided or two-sided,Type II(讨论类),Discuss both views Discuss advantages and disadvantages Two-sided,Type II,With the increasing popularity of computers and calculators, student
17、literacy is decreasing dramatically. What are the positive and negative effects the process of science and technology has brought bout?,Type III(问题类),What caused the problem, and what solutions can solve the problem? 不需要讨论， 找出问题的原因和解决方法,Writing Structure 单边讨论（观点类文章）,第一段:现象句+考题改写+本人立场 第二段:论证一(主题句+支持句
18、) 第三段:论证二(主题句+支持句) 第四段:论证三(主题句+支持句) 第五段:让步+重申立场+建议+预测,Writing Structure 双边讨论（观点和讨论类文章）,第一段:现象句+考题改写+双边支持立场 第二段:论证立场一(主题句+支持句) 第三段:论证立场二(主题句+支持句) 第四段:折中+建议+预测,Writing Structure 阐述（问题类文章）,第一段:改写考题 第二段:原因1 第三段:原因2 第三段:原因3 第四段:综合措施+预测,Writing Structure 阐述（问题类文章）,第一段:改写考题 第二段:原因1+措施1 第三段:原因2+措施2 第四段:建议+预
19、测,如何写开头段,Background information (general statement) Rephrase the topic Personal opinion or brief description of the main body（未必一定要写三句）,如何写背景句,例1. Some people who have been successful in the society dont attribute their success to the theoretical knowledge they learned from their university. Do you
20、agree or disagree? People have long been interested in identifying the forces that contribute to personal achievement. The importance of theoretical knowledge to ones success is a matter of debate.,如何改写题目,例1. Do you think it is better to send criminals to jail or let them receive education or job tr
21、aining? 加上常用句 There is much controversy over whether to send criminals to jails or let them receive education and job training. 改变句子成分的顺序Some people think that to send criminals to jails is better than to let them receive education or job training. 改变句子成分Some people think imprisonment is better than
22、 education or job training in treating criminals,如何改写题目,例2. Police in Britain do not carry guns. Some people believe that it will make citizens unprotected, but some suggest that it would reduce violence in society. Discuss those two views.,加上常用句 There is a perception that it will make citizens unpr
23、otected, while a counter-argument is that it would reduce violence in society. 改变句子成分的顺序Some people think that citizens would be unprotected, while some suggest that violence could be reduced. 3. 改变句子成分Some people think that it fails to protect citizens while some suggest that it would minimise viol
24、ence in society.,如何写第三句话,例1. Children in secondary school study international news as a subject, but some think thats a waste of time? Discuss both views and give your opinion? 阐明自己观点（支持或反对）My personal view is that studying international news is of benefits to students. There are some points in both
25、 sides.,如何拓展中间段,Correctness: 用词和用句要准确，拼写没有错误 Coherence and consistency: 前后论述一致，逻辑性好，避免思维跳跃 Cogency: 观点要有力度，要对应题目 Conciseness: 句子结构不宜复杂，要清晰表明观点,中心段落结构,中心句 支持句子（每段要写三句，如果主体部分有两段组成，每段要写四到五句）,A 社会类题目,经济角度 科技角度 社会角度 公众角度,B 教育类题目,社会和工作能力 学校表现和学习能力 性格和情感的健康 身体问题,如何写支持句,Explanation Extension Example Sorting
26、 Contrasting,One of the main functions of advertising is to assist consumers to find and buy suitable products. Meanwhile, advertising serves to stimulate consumption and contributes to economic development. Despite its importance, there is no denying that every now and then, advertising leads consu
27、mers into an impulsive purchase, thereby causing wasteful spending.,One of the main functions of advertising is to assist consumers to find and buy suitable products. 第一句： Common knowledge is that advertising refers to presenting information relating to a product or service by a variety of media, su
28、ch as television, radio, newspaper, magazines, brochures. 第二句： With presence of advertising, a consumer is able to acquire the latest information in the market, such as properties of a product or service, and thereby make a wiser buying decision. 第三句： By contrast, without advertising, a consumer is
29、at the risk of purchasing a product that fails to meet all of his or her needs, because of lack of knowledge of better alternatives in the market.,2. Meanwhile, advertising serves to stimulate consumption and contributes to economic development. 第一句：As said before, advertising is responsible to intr
30、oduce a product, but in reality, it does more than that. 第二和第三句： Advertising describes a product in such an impressive way and with adding so many visual appeals that it always succeeds in attracting the eye of the audience and driving them into a purchase. Besides, advertising reminds intended cust
31、omers of their existing needs or creates fresh needs, keeping them aware that only by purchasing a product can their needs be met. 第四句：By these two approaches, advertising encourages spending and contributes to economic development.,3. Despite its importance, there is no denying that every now and t
32、hen, advertising leads consumers into an impulsive purchase, thereby causing wasteful spending 第一句：It is a shared convention in the advertising industry that some properties of a product are highlighted while the others are simplified. 第二句： A product, when promoted well, will be highly desired by ma
33、ny, as customers are misguided to ignore the products downsides. 第三句： It accounts for why many shoppers regret their buying decisions before long, observing that what they have brought is not what they actually need or fails to live up to their expectation. 第四句：Cosmetics and dietary supplements are
34、among those standard examples, costing individual buyers a lot but not achieving desirable outcomes.,举例注意的事项： 数据 弊端一： 数据有捏造的嫌疑 弊端二： 引用的数据需要注明出处 解决方法： 将数据去掉，用比较含糊的用法,例1： Recent studies indicate that moisture content of the atmosphere is 10 percent higher than it was 20 years ago. 改正：The moisture cont
35、ent of the atmosphere has appeared to be higher today than it was 20 years ago. 例2： The number of people smoking has increased to as high as 65 percent in China. 改正： The number of people smoking has increased at an alarming rate in China.,2. 自己或朋友的经历 弊端一： 个人不代表整体，缺乏说服力 弊端二： 第一人称的使用会削弱文章的正式性 解决方法： 把个
36、人写成整体，把个别事件写成普遍事件,例1： I used to indulge in computer games, which directly led to my school failure. 改正：Children who are indulged in computer games seem to have a higher likelihood of school failure. 例2：My father spent much of his lifetime working for the same company and was granted many rewards. 改正
37、：Working for the same company throughout one.,3. 报纸关于一个事件的报道，或者一项调查研究 弊端一： 个体不代表整体，缺乏说服力 弊端二： 有捏造的嫌疑 解决方法： 把个体写成整体，把个别事件写成普遍事件,例1：I read a newspaper days ago describing how a single parent struggles 改正：There are many reports describing single parents struggling to live. 例2：A survey indicates that fa
38、mily background plays a part in ones life development. 改正：There is much evidence to show that family background plays a part in ones life.,4. 中国式的例子 弊端一： 一个国家不代表整体，缺乏说服力 弊端二： 过分使用一个国家的例子，会引起考官反感 解决方法： 要么把中国当成特例，要么把中国的情况写成很多国家的情况,例1：Many factories in China dispose industrial waste without any prelimi
39、nary treatment. 改正：Many factories around the world, especially those in developing countries, dispose industrial waste without any preliminary treatment. 例2：Many children in China are raised being spoilt by their parents and misbehaved. 改正：Children who misbehave are normally those who have been spoi
40、lt by their parents.,如何写结束句,重新总结主体部分讨论过的问题 重新阐述你的立场和观点 不要加入新的内容，尤其是主体部分没有讨论过的内容（不要发号召、抒情和感受，西方议论文比较古板严肃）,One of the main functions of advertising is to assist consumers to find and buy suitable products. Meanwhile, advertising serves to stimulate consumption and contributes to economic development.
41、Despite its importance, there is no denying that every now and then, advertising leads consumers into an impulsive purchase, thereby causing wasteful spending. 结论： In conclusion, advertising plays an essential role in society, not only making consumers well-informed buyers but also fostering economic development. However, consumers should be ware of the misleading nature of advertising.,雅思作文中需要注意的几大问题 不要用不熟悉的词 避免过度使用从句，特别是不要同时使用同类型的从句（两个状语从句或两个名词性从句） 少用名言 杜绝用中国谚语 少用第一人称或第二人称 避免口语化的词语 尽量避免使用问号和感叹号 文化差异,9. 单词拼写 10. 不要缩写 dont 改成 do not isnt 改成 is not 11. 不要用比喻 12. 不要少于规定字数（270-300）,
