1、English for Special Purposes in Civil Engineering作者:,蒲万丽,西南石油大学土木工程学院,2007年10月土木工程专业英语Lesson,3Text:,Components,of,A,Building教学要求:1、掌握有关专业术语；2、,熟悉一些常见的表达方式；3、,延伸了解一些有名的建筑、建筑师、工程师；4、,拓展专业知识；5、,能正确、流畅地翻译,Materials,and,structural,forms,are,combined,to,make,up,the,various,parts,of,a,building,including,th
2、e,load-carrying,frame,skin,floors,and,partitions.,The,building,also,has,mechanical,and,electrical,systems,such,as,elevators,heating,and,cooling,systems,and,lighting,systems.,The,superstructure,is,that,part,of,a,building,above,ground,and,the,substructure,and,foundation,is,that,part,of,a,buildingload-
3、carrying,frame：,承重骨架；,load-bearing,framepartition,p:tin,：隔墙,，隔断；heating,and,cooling,systems:供热制冷系统below,ground.,材料和结构形式结合在一起组成的建筑的各个部分，包括承重的框架、围护结构、楼板和隔板。建筑还包含机电系统，如电梯、供热制冷系统以及照明系统。上部结构是建筑的地上部分，下部结构和基础则位于地面以下。,The,skyscraper,owes,its,existence,to,two,developments,of,the,19th,century:,steel,skeleton,
4、construction,and,the,passenger,elevator.,Steel,as,a,construction,material,dates,from,the,introduction,of,the,Bessemer,converter,in,1855.,Gustave,Eiffel(1832-1923),introduced,steel,construction,in,France.,His,designs,for,the,Galerie,des,Machines,and,the,Tower,for,the,Paris,Exposition,of,1889,expresse
5、d,the,lightness,of,the,steel,framework.,The,Eiffel,Tower,984,feet(300,meters),high,was,the,tallest,structure,built,by,man,and,was,not,surpassed,until,40,years,later,by,a,series,of,Americanskyscrapers.Bessemer,converter,：,贝色明转炉；Galerie,des,Machines：机械馆,；,摩天大厦的存在归功于19世纪的两大发明：钢结构和载人电梯。钢结构作为建筑材料起源于1885年
6、贝色麦转炉法的推广。Gustave,Eiffel在法国率先使用了钢结构。他为1889年巴黎博览设计的机械馆和铁塔展现了钢结构的轻巧。埃菲尔铁塔高984英尺（300米），是当时最高的建筑，直到40年后，才被美国的一系列摩天大楼超过了它的高度。,Alexandre,Gustave,Eiffel,(18321923,),was,a,French,engineer,and,architect,and,a,specialist,of,metallic,structures.,He,is,famous,for,designing,the,Eiffel,Tower,built,for,the,1889,Un
7、iversal,Exposition,in,Paris,France,and,the,armature,for,the,Statue,of,Liberty,New,York,Harbor,USA.InformationCompleted in 1889Statusdemolished(1909)Structural Type truss roof three-hinged arch truss Part of World Exposition 1889faadeglass buildingstructure wrought iron（熟铁）width115 m height 43.50 mle
8、ngth 420 mGalerie,des,Machines,机械馆是1889年的巴黎世界博览会上最重要的建筑之一，它运用当时最先进的结构和施工技术，采用钢制三铰拱桁架(three-hinged,arch,truss),，跨度达到115米，堪称跨度方面的大跃进！陈列馆共有20榀这样的钢拱，形成宽115米、长420米，内部毫无阻挡的庞大室内空间。,Information Location Paris,FranceStatus CompleteConstructed 1889UseObservation tower,Radio broadcasting towerHeightAntenna/Spi
9、re324 m(1,063 ft)Roof300.65 m(986 ft)Companies Architect Gustave EiffelStructuralEngineerGustave EiffelServicesEngineer Gustave Eiffel,The,Eiffel,Tower,had,a,huge,impact,on,France.,The,tower,was,the,focal,point,of,the,Exposition,Universelle,(1889),and,drew,millions,of,people,to,Paris.,Nearly,two,mil
10、lion,people,visited,the,Eiffel,Tower,in,1889,alone.,The,tower,quickly,became,a,tourist,attraction,and,brought,large,amounts,of,money,into,Frances,economy.,After,originally,being,thought,of,as,an,eyesore,the,tower,quickly,became,a,national,symbol,of,France,and,brought,a,sense,of,pride,to,the,people,w
11、ho,live,there.,In,1910,Gustave,Eiffel,accomplished,extraordinary,outcomes,in,determining,the,wind,resistance,of,a,flat,plate;,Gustave,used,the,Eiffel,Tower,as,his,test,platform.Eiffel,Tower,under,construction,in,July,1888,The,first,elevator,was,installed,by,Elisha,Otis,in,a,department,store,in,New,Y
12、ork,in,1857.,In,1889,Eiffel,installed,the,first,elevator,on,a,grand,scale,in,the,Eiffel,Tower,whose,hydraulic,elevators,could,transport,2,350,passengers,to,the,summit,every,hour.hydraulic,haidr:lik,：水力的,水压的；summit:,smit,：顶点,；比较：,电梯,elevator,eliveit,lift,自动扶梯,escalator,eskleit,步行楼梯,stairs,Elisha,Grav
13、es,Otis,(1811.8.-1861.4),invented,a,safety,device,that,prevented,elevators,from,falling,if,the,hoisting,cable,broke.,He,worked,on,this,device,while,living,in,Yonkers,New,York,in,1852,and,had,a,finished,product,in,1854.,Load-Carrying,Frame.,Until,the,late,19th,century,the,exterior,walls,of,a,building
14、,were,used,as,bearing,walls,to,support,the,floors.,This,construction,is,essentially,a,post,and,lintel,type,and,it,is,still,used,in,frame,construction,for,houses.,Bearing-,wall,construction,limited,the,height,of,buildings,because,of,the,enormous,wall,thickness,required;,for,instance,the,16-story,Mona
15、dnock,Building,built,in,the,1880s,in,Chicago,had,walls,5,feet(1.5,meters),thick,at,thelower,floors.Load-Carrying,Frame：承重框架，load-bearing,frameexterior,walls,：外墙；bearing-,wall,：,承重墙；,承重结构。直到19世纪后叶，外墙依然被用来做承重墙来支承楼板。这种结构本质上是一种过梁柱，现在依然在住宅结构中使用。由于墙体的厚度，承重墙限制了建筑的高度。例如，建于19世纪80年代的芝加哥Monadnock大楼底层墙厚达5英尺（1.5
16、米）。,Monadnock,BuildingIn,1883,William,Le,Baron,Jenney,(1832-1907),supported,floors,on,cast-iron,columns,to,form,a,cage-like,construction.,Skeleton,construction,consisting,of,steel,beams,and,columns,was,first,used,in,1889.,As,a,consequence,of,skeleton,construction,the,enclosing,walls,become,a,“curtai
17、n,wall”,rather,than,serving,a,supporting,function.,Masonry,was,the,curtain,wall,material,until,the,1930s,when,light,metal,and,glass,curtain,walls,were,used.,After,the,introduction,of,the,steel,skeleton,the,height,ofcast-iron,：,k:stain,铸铁；masonry,meisnri,：砖石、砌体；buildings,continued,to,increase,rapidly
18、.,William,Le,Baron,Jenney芝加哥学派（Chicago,School,18831893,高层、铁框架、横向大窗、简单）的创始人。,William,Le,Baron,Jenney(1832-1907),William,Le,Baron,Jenney,is,a,civil,engineering,an,architect.,He,is,known,as,the,Father,of,the,American,Skyscraper.,代表作品：,1、迪瑞威曼住宅,Deere-Wiman,House2、家庭保险大楼,Home,Insurance,Building,All,tall,
19、buildings,were,built,with,a,skeleton,of,steel,until,World,War,II.,After,the,war,the,shortage,of,steel,and,the,improved,quality,of,concrete,led,to,tall,buildings,being,built,of,reinforced,concrete.,Marina,Towers(1962),in,Chicago,is,the,tallest,concrete,building,in,the,United,States;,its,height-588fee
20、t(179,metes)-is,exceeded,by,the,650-foot(198-meter)Post,Office,Tower,in,London,and,by,other,towers.reinforced,concrete：钢筋混凝土；,二战以前，所有的高层建筑都是采用钢结构。战后，钢材的短缺以及混凝土质量的发展，产生了钢筋混凝土高层建筑。芝加哥的Marina,Towers(1962)是美国最高的混凝土建筑，高588英尺，后来伦敦650英尺高的Post,Office,Tower以及其他塔式建筑超过了他的高度。,Marina,Towers.,61层,有城中之城之称，又被称为Mari
21、na,City。,The,architecture,combines,the,function,of,an,office,block,with,the,function,of,a,radio,tower,producing,a,structure,which,is,strangely,thinner,in,the,middle,than,at,the,top,and,bottom.,This,wasp,waist,effect,has,always,had,style,and,may,look,futuristic,in,some,ways,but,at,the,time,it,was,bui
22、lt,in,the,1960s*,it,was,an,astonishing,futuristic,architectural,statement.,A,change,in,attitude,about,skyscraper,construction,has,brought,a,return,to,the,use,of,the,bearing,wall.,In,New,York,City,the,Columbia,Broadcasting,System,Building,designed,by,Eero,Saarinen,in,1962,has,a,perimeter,wall,consist
23、ing,of,5-foot(1.5-meter)wide,concrete,columns,spaced,10feet,(3,meters),from,column,center,to,center.,This,perimeter,wall,in,effect,constitutes,a,bearing,wall.,One,reason,for,this,trend,is,that,stiffness,against,the,action,of,wind,can,be,economically,obtained,by,using,the,walls,of,the,building,as,a,t
24、ube;,the,World,Trade,Center,buildings,are,another,example,of,this,tube,approach.,In,contrast,rigid,frames,or,vertical,trusses,are,usuallyprovided,to,give,lateral,stability.Columbia,Broadcasting,System,Building：哥伦比亚广播公司大楼；perimeter,wall,：,primit,围墙；bearing,wall：承重墙；stiffness：刚度；rigid,frames：刚架；truss:
25、,trs,桁架；lateral,stability：侧向稳定性；,而后，人们摩天大楼的结构形式，有了不同的看法，又回归到采用墙承重。1962年，由Eero,Saarinen设计的在纽约建成的哥伦比亚广播大厦，5英尺宽、间距为10英尺的混凝土柱子构成了一个环形墙。这种环形墙实际上组成了一个承重墙。产生这种趋势，是因为将建筑的墙体作为一个筒体，其刚度可以非常经济地抵抗风荷载。世贸大厦是另一个采用这种方式的例子。相比之下，刚架或者垂直桁架常用来保证侧向稳定性。,Eero,Saarinen(沙里宁,)：,(August,20,1910,in,Kirkkonummi,Finland,September,
26、1,1961,Ann,Arbor,Michigan,United,States),was,a,Finnish,American,architect,and,product,designer,of,the,20th,century,famous,for,varying,his,style,according,to,the,demands,of,the,project:,simple,sweeping,（,making,an,important,difference,to,something,）,arching,structural,curves,or,machine-like,rationali
27、sm.,杰斐逊国家纪念碑,“城市是一本打开的书，从中可以看到它的抱负。”,“让我看看你的城市，我就能说出这个城市居民在文化上追求的是什么。”Eero,Saarinen(E沙里宁,)：,Skin.,The,skin,of,a,building,consist,of,both,transparent,elements,(windows)and,opaque,elements(walls).,Windows,are,traditionally,glass,although,plastics,are,being,used,especially,in,schools,where,breakage,cre
28、ates,a,maintenance,problem.,The,wall,elements,which,are,used,to,cover,the,structure,and,are,supported,by,it,are,built,of,a,variety,of,materials:,brick,precast,concrete,stone,opaque,glass,plastics,steel,and,aluminum.,Wood,is,used,mainly,in,house,construction;,it,is,not,generally,used,for,commercial,i
29、ndustrial,or,public,buildings,becauseof,the,fire,hazard.transparent,trnsprnt,：透明的；element：,构件；opaque,upeik,：不透明的；maintenance,meintinns,：维护；precast：预制的；aluminum,.ljuminim,:铝；hazard,hzd,：冒险,危险,危害；,外壳。建筑的表层由透明的（窗户）和不透明的（墙）组成。窗户传统上采用玻璃，尽管有时也采用塑料，特别是在学校因为破碎而产生维护问题的情况下。墙体是用来围护和支撑结构用的，其材料很多有：砖，预制混凝土，石材，透明的
30、玻璃、塑料还有铝等。木材是重要的房屋建筑材料，由于火灾危险很少用于商业、工业或公共建筑中。,Floors.,The,construction,of,the,floors,in,a,building,depends,on,the,basic,structural,frame,that,is,used.,In,steel,skeleton,construction,floors,are,either,slabs,of,concrete,resting,on,steel,beams,or,a,deck,consisting,of,corrugated,steel,with,a,concrete,to
31、pping.,In,concrete,construction,the,floors,are,either,slabs,of,concrete,on,concrete,beams,or,a,series,of,closely,spaced,concrete,beams(ribs),in,two,directions,topped,with,a,thin,concrete,slab,giving,the,appearance,of,a,waffle,on,its,underside.,The,kind,of,floor,that,is,used,depends,on,the,span,betwe
32、en,supporting,columns,or,walls,and,the,function,of,thespace.slab,：楼板、平板；rest,on,：依靠，由支撑；deck,：板、面板；corrugated,steel,krgeitid,：波纹钢板；rib：肋；waffle,wfl,:,格子；延伸：composite,floor,with,profiled,steel,sheet,压型钢板组合楼板,composite,floor,system,组合楼盖ribbed,slab,floor,密肋楼板,slab-column,system,无梁楼盖stiffening,rib,加劲肋,楼
33、板。楼板结构取决于结构的形式。在钢结构中，楼板是支撑在钢梁上的混凝土板，或者是波纹钢板加混凝土面层的楼板。在混凝土结构中，楼板是支撑在混凝土梁上的混凝土板，或者是一系列排列紧密的双向梁（肋）加上部的混凝土薄板，板下面呈格状。,girderpost,poured,concreteprofiled,steel,sheet,secondary,beam,composite,floor,with,profiled,steel,sheetIn,an,apartment,building,for,instance,where,walls,and,columns,are,spaced,at,12,to,18
34、,feet,(3.7,to,5.5,meters),the,most,popular,construction,is,a,solid,concrete,slab,with,no,beams.,The,underside,of,the,slab,serves,as,the,ceiling,for,the,space,below,it.,Corrugated,steel,decks,are,often,used,in,office,buildings,because,the,corrugations,when,enclosed,by,another,sheet,of,metal,form,duct
35、s,for,telephoneand,electrical,lines延伸：a,solid,concrete,slab,with,no,beamsslab-column,system,无梁楼盖,例如，在一幢公寓中，柱间距为12到18英尺（3.7米到5.5米），最普遍的是实心的无梁楼板。板下部可作为下层空间的顶棚。办公大楼中常使用波纹钢楼板，这是因为当波纹钢楼板的波纹被另一块金属板盖上时可以形成电话线和电线管道。,Mechanical,and,Electrical,Systems.,A,modern,building,not,only,contains,the,space,for,which,i
36、t,is,intended,(office,classroom,apartment),but,also,contains,ancillary,space,for,mechanical,and,electrical,systems,that,help,to,provide,a,comfortable,environment.,These,ancillary,spaces,in,a,skyscraper,office,building,may,constitute,25%,of,the,total,building,area.,The,importance,of,heating,ventilati
37、ng,electrical,and,plumbing,systems,in,an,office,building,is,shown,by,the,fact,that,40%,of,theancillary,nsilri,：辅助的；ventilating,：通风,；plumbing,systems,plmi,：管道系统；construction,budget,is,allocated,to,them.Because,of,the,increased,use,of,sealed,buildings,with,windows,that,cannot,be,opened,elaborate,mecha
38、nical,systems,are,provided,for,ventilation,and,air,conditioning.,Ducts,and,pipes,carry,fresh,air,from,central,fan,rooms,and,air,conditioning,machinery.,The,ceiling,which,is,suspended,below,the,upper,floor,construction,conceals,the,ductwork,and,contains,the,lighting,units.,Electrical,wiring,for,power
39、,and,for,telephone,communication,may,also,be,located,in,this,ceiling,space,or,may,be,buried,in,the,floor,construction,in,pipes,or,conduits.,elaborate,ilbrt,：精细的,详尽的；ductwork,dktw:k,：管道系统；conduit,kndit,：导管,水管,沟渠,。,There,have,been,attempts,to,incorporate,the,mechanical,and,electrical,systems,into,the,
40、architecture,of,buildings,by,frankly,expressing,them;,for,example,the,American,Republic,Insurance,Company,Building,American,Republic,Insurance,Company,Building,(1965)in,Des,Moines,Iowa,exposes,both,the,ducts,and,the,floor,structure,in,an,organized,and,elegant,pattern,and,dispenses,with,the,suspended
41、,ceiling.,This,type,of,approach,makes,it,possible,to,reduce,the,cost,of,the,building,and,permits,innovations,such,as,in,the,span,of,thestructureDes,Moines,diminz,：得梅因(美国爱荷华州,Iowa州的首府)；suspended,ceiling：吊顶,人们尝试将机电系统暴露出来，融入到房屋的建筑中。例如，在爱荷华州首府得梅因的美国共和保险公司大楼（1965）就将管线和楼板以一种优美的图案展现出来，从而免除了吊顶。这种方法使得降低房屋造价成
42、为可能，并且可以允许创新，例如在结构的跨度方面。,Soils,and,Foundations.,All,buildings,are,supported,on,the,ground,and,therefore,the,nature,of,the,soil,becomes,an,extremely,important,consideration,in,the,design,of,any,building.,The,design,of,a,foundation,depends,on,many,soil,factors,such,as,type,of,soil,soil,stratification,
43、thickness,of,soil,layers,and,their,compaction,and,groundwater,conditions.,Soils,rarely,have,a,single,composition;,they,generally,are,mixtures,in,layers,of,varying,thickness.,For,evaluation,soils,are,graded,according,to,particle,size,which,increased,from,silt,to,clay,to,sand,to,gravel,to,rock.,In,gen
44、eral,the,larger,particle,soils,will,support,heavier,loads,than,the,smaller,ones.,The,hardest,rock,can,support,loads,up,to,100,tons,per,square,foot(976.5,metric,tons/sq,meter),but,the,softest,silt,can,support,a,load,of,only,0.25,ton,per,squarefoot(2.44,metric,tons/sq,meter).stratification,.strtifikei
45、n,：分层；silt,：淤泥，粉土；square,skw,：平方；metric,metrik,：公制的,米制的；compaction,kmpkn,：压缩；,土壤和地基。所有建筑都是坐落在地面上的。因此任何设计中，土壤的特性成为一项的重要考虑环节。基础设计必须考虑众多因素，例如土壤类型、土壤分层、每层的厚度及压缩性、地下水状况等。土壤很少是单一成分的，通常是不同厚度土层的混合物。为了评估土壤，根据粒径不同，土壤依次划分为粉土、粘土、沙土、碎石土和岩石。通常，大粒径的土壤可以承受更大的荷载。最硬的岩石其负载可以高达每平方英尺100吨（976.5t/m2），但是柔软的粉土就只有每平方英尺0.25吨（
46、2.44t/m2）。All,soils,beneath,the,surface,are,in,a,state,of,compaction;,that,is,they,are,under,a,pressure,that,is,equal,to,the,weight,of,the,soil,column,above,it.,Many,soils(except,for,most,sands,and,gavels),exhibit,elastic,properties,-they,deform,when,compressed,under,load,and,rebound,when,the,load,i
47、s,removed.,The,elasticity,of,soils,is,often,time-dependent,that,is,deformations,of,the,soil,occur,over,a,length,of,time,which,may,vary,from,minutes,to,years,after,a,load,is,imposed.,Over,a,period,of,time,a,building,may,settle,if,it,imposes,a,load,on,the,soil,greater,than,the,natural,compaction,weigh
48、t,of,the,soil.,Conversely,a,building,may,heave,if,it,imposes,loads,on,the,soil,smaller,than,the,natural,compaction,weight.,The,soil,may,also,flow,under,the,weight,of,a,building;,that,is,ittends,to,be,squeezed,out.elastic,properties,:弹性性质;deform,di:f:m,:使.变形；rebound:,ribaund,弹回；time-dependent,di:f:m,
49、:时间依赖，时间性的；rebound:,ribaund,弹回；Impose,impuz,：施加；settle,：沉降；heave,hi:v,：举起；squeeze,skwi:z,：压缩所有地表下的土都处于受压状态，就是说，这些土承受与其上的土柱重量相等的压力。许多土（除了大多数沙土和碎石土）显示出弹性性质受压时会变形，卸载后恢复。土壤的弹性是有时间性的，也就是说，土的变形可能发生在荷载作用后从数分钟到数年的时间长度上。如果建筑物作用在土体上的荷载高于土的天然压实重量，可能产生沉降。相反，如果建筑物作用在土体上的荷载小于土的天然压实重量，建筑物就会被举起。土壤可能在建筑的重量下产生流动，就是说，
50、它很容易被压挤出。,Due,to,both,the,compaction,and,flow,effects,building,tend,to,settle.,Uneven,settlements,exemplified,by,the,leaning,towers,in,Pisa,and,Bologna,can,have,damaging,effects-the,building,may,lean,walls,and,partitions,may,crack,windows,and,doors,may,become,inoperative,and,in,the,extreme,a,buildin
