1、 Present Perfect Tensen现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,也可表示过去已经开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。n构成:主语+have/has+过去分词+其他。(当主语是第三人称单数时用has,其余人称用have。过去分词:规则动词的过去分词构成与动词过去式相同;不规则动词需要特殊记忆。)n否定式:主语+havent/hasnt+过去分词+其他。疑问式:Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他?简略答语:Yes,主语+have/has.(肯定)No,主语+havent/hasnt.(否定)The Past Perfect Tensen定义：定义：表示发
2、生在过去的动作对过去晚些时候造成的影响或结果过去某一动作一直持续到过去晚些时候将来可能还要延续。发生在前的那个动作【过去的过去】n二）基本结构二）基本结构：主语+had+过去分词vpp.(done)n肯定句：主语+had+过去分词.否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词.n一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词?肯定回答：Yes,主语+had.否定回答：No,主语+had not.n特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（Had+主语+过去分词）？n 被动语态：主语+had（hadnt)+been+过去分词By the end of the match,they had kicked two g
3、oals.We had already had lunch before we arrived there.过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻以前已经完成的动作或存在的状态，其构成形式为“助动词had过去分词”。nowpastfuture过去完成过去完成现在完成现在完成过去完成式表示在过去某个过去完成式表示在过去某个时刻之前已经完成的动作。时刻之前已经完成的动作。The past perfect passive=The past perfect+The passive voice过去完成时的被动语态有以下三种形式：(1)肯定结构：主语 had been done 其他成分;(2)否定结构：主语 ha
4、d not been done 其他成分;(3)疑问句结构：had 主语 been done 其他成分;疑问词 had 主语 been done 其他成分。n1.By the end of last month,the work had been finished.n2.The boy was reminded that his homework had not been handed in.n3.The work was done earlier than it had been planned.n4.As soon as their homework had been assigned,t
5、hey started to do it.5.They left after the door had been locked.n用法：用法：na 在told,said,knew,heard,thought 等动词后的宾语从句。nShe said(that)she had never been to Paris.nb 状语从句n在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般现在时。nWhen the police arrived,the thieves had run away.nc 表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,except,think,intend,mea
6、n,suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本，未能”。n We had hoped that you would come,but you didnt.n过去完成时的时间状语过去完成时的时间状语before,by,until,when,after,once,as soon as.nHe said that he had learned some English before.By the time he was twelve,Edison had began to make a living by himself.Tom was disappointed that most of the gu
7、ests had left when he arrived at the party.使用过去完成时的几个典型句型：一、主语过去完成时when引导的从句（注：从句谓语动词为过去式）by the time引导的从句（注：从句谓语动词为过去式）before引导的从句（注：从句谓语动词为过去式）1.We four thousand new words by the end of last year.A.had learned B.have learned C.learned D.will have learned 实例详解根据by短语中的last year得知，正确选项为A。2.Tom was di
8、sappointed that most of the guests when he at the party.A.left;had arrived B.left;arrived C.had left;had arrived D.had left;arrived 正确答案为D。guests先“离开”，Tom后“到达”。1 After the hurricane,Mary _(see)that the roof of her house _ (disappear).2 She _(return)home and _ (find)all her furniture _ (ruin)by the f
9、lood.3 Arthur was surprised when he _ (arrive)home because the tornado _(take)the feathers off his chickens.sawhad disappearedreturnedfoundhad been ruinedarrivedhad taken2P24 4 We _(leave)the house when the thunderstorm _(finish).5 He _(try)to drive back to his home before the flood _(pass)through t
10、he village.lefthad finishedtriedpasseddestroy die fall flood kill1 After the earthquake,they discovered that several people _.2 When the hurricane ended,several buildings in the town _.3 His village _in the heavy rain,so he moved to his parents house.had been killedhad been destroyedhad been destroy
11、ed3P24 destroy die fall flood kill4 When she woke up,she found that her house _ by the thunderstorm.5 Arthur was unhappy because some of his animals _.had diedhad been destroyed1.At the end of the meeting,it was announced that an agreement _.(2007江苏江苏)A.has been reached B.had been reached C.has reac
12、hed D.had reached2.John had to have his car repaired in a garage because it seriously.(2007上海春上海春)A.damaged B.was being damaged C.had damaged D.had been damaged 3.Experiments of this kind _ in both the U.S.and Europe well before the Second World War.(2011 北京)A.have conducted B.have been conducted C.
13、had conducted D.had been conducted1.他到学校的时候，第一节课已经上完了。By the time he got to the school,the first period _.2.老师进来之前教室已经打扫干净了。The classroom _ before the teacher came.3.这个建筑我六岁就建好了。The building _ when I was 6.had been finishedhadnt been cleaned汉译英。had been builtHe said,“Im still working because there i
14、s a lot to do.”He said that he was still working because there was a lot to do.引述别人的话叫引述别人的话叫直接引语直接引语；“”用自己的话转述别人的话叫用自己的话转述别人的话叫间接引语间接引语。间接引语间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句，在多数情况下构成宾语从句，直接引语直接引语前后加引号，间接引语不用加。前后加引号，间接引语不用加。直接引语直接引语间接引语间接引语一般现在时一般现在时一般过去时一般过去时一般将来时一般将来时现在完成时现在完成时现在进行时现在进行时过去完成时过去完成时1.直接引语变为间接引语的时态变化
15、：直接引语变为间接引语的时态变化：一般过去时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时过去将来时过去将来时过去完成时过去完成时过去进行时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成时2.指示代词、时间状语、地点状语的变化指示代词、时间状语、地点状语的变化直接引语直接引语间接引语间接引语指示指示代词代词thisthese时时间间状状语语nowtodaythis week,monthlast week two days agonext week 地点地点状语状语herethatthosethenthat daythat week,monththe week beforetwo days beforethe next week
16、there1.引用的句子是陈述句时，间接引语可引用的句子是陈述句时，间接引语可 以用宾语从句的形式。以用宾语从句的形式。1.She said,“I like English very much.”She said she liked English very much.2.Betty said,“Ill be waiting for your call.”Betty said that she would be waiting for my call.1.The teacher asked me,“Do you like English?”The teacher asked me if I l
17、iked English.2.He asked,“Youve already finished your homework,havent you?”He asked if/whether we had already finished our homework.2.直接引语为一般疑问句、反意疑问句或直接引语为一般疑问句、反意疑问句或选择疑问句，可以改成以选择疑问句，可以改成以if/whether+陈陈述句述句的形式。的形式。3.He asked me,“Do you want to stay at a hotel or at my home?”He asked me whether I wan
18、ted to stay at a hotel or his home.4.She asked us,“Youre from the same city,arent you?”She asked whether we came from the same city.3.引语为特殊疑问句时，可以保留疑引语为特殊疑问句时，可以保留疑问词，后跟陈述句。问词，后跟陈述句。1.He asked me,“Where are you going?”He asked me where I was going.2.She asked him,“Whom do you want to see?”She asked
19、him whom he wanted to see.4.引用祈使句时，间接引语用不定式，引用祈使句时，间接引语用不定式，主句动词根据句子意义，可用主句动词根据句子意义，可用ask,want,tell,order,promise,advise等词代替。等词代替。1.The teacher said to the student,“Dont be late again.”The teacher told the student not to be late again.2.“Wake him up,”she said to me.She told me to wake him up.5.过去时如有
20、表示具体年份的状语，不过去时如有表示具体年份的状语，不必改变时态。必改变时态。“I was born in 1980,”Julia said.Julia said that she was born in 1980.6.引语中含有引语中含有must,should,would等情态等情态动词时，不必改变时态。动词时，不必改变时态。“You should be back by six,”she said.She said I should be back by six.7.当引用的事情为永恒的真理、依然当引用的事情为永恒的真理、依然存在的事情时，可以不必改变时态。存在的事情时，可以不必改变时态。1
21、.He said that the earth rotates around the sun.2.He said that the train leaves at 6:30.1.He asked _ for the computer.A.did I pay how much B.I paid how much C.how much did I pay D.how much I paid2.“Have you seen the film?”he asked me.He asked me _.A.had I seen the film B.have I seen the film C.if I h
22、ave seen the film D.whether I had seen the film3.“Please close the window,”he said to me.He _ me _ the window.A.said to;to close B.told to;closing C.asked;to close D.said to;please close4.“I am a teacher,”Jack said.He said _.A.that I am a teacher B.I was a teacher C.that he is a teacher D.he was a t
23、eacher5.He said,“Mother,the boy is very naughty.”He _ very naughty.A.said his mother that the boy was B.said to his mother that the boy is C.told his mother that the boy was D.spoke to his mother that the boy was6.“Youve already got well,havent you?”she asked.She asked _.A.if I have already got well
24、,hadnt you B.whether I had already got well C.have I already got well D.had I already got well.7.He asked,“Are you a Party member or a League member?”He asked me _.A.am I a Party member or a League member B.was I a Party member or a League member C.whether I was a Party member or a League member D.w
25、hether was I a Party member or a League member.8.He asked,“How are you getting along?”He asked _.A.how am I getting along B.how are you getting along C.how I was getting along D.how was I getting along9.He asked me _ with me.A.what the matter is B.what the matter was C.whats the matter D.what was the matter10.He said,“Dont do that again.”He _ me _ that again.A.said to me;not to do B.said to me;dont do C.told me;dont do D.told me;not to do
