1、SB1U1 Using languageNon-defining attributive clauseLook at the sentences from the Look at the sentences from the reading passage and answer the reading passage and answer the questions.questions.1.What do“where”,“which”and“when”refer to in each sentence?2.Which sentences contain a clause with essent
2、ial information and which with extra information?If you take away the clauses,do the sentences still make sense?3.Which clauses are separated by a comma,the ones with essential information or the ones with extra information?1.1.In sentence(a)“where”refers to“the waiting In sentence(a)“where”refers t
3、o“the waiting area”;in sentence(b)“which”refers to area”;in sentence(b)“which”refers to “.laughter produces chemicals to make“.laughter produces chemicals to make people feel better”;in sentence(c)“when”people feel better”;in sentence(c)“when”refers to“the time”.refers to“the time”.2.2.Sentence(c)co
4、ntains a clause with essential Sentence(c)contains a clause with essential information,sentences(a)and(b)contain clauses information,sentences(a)and(b)contain clauses with extra information.If we take away the clause of with extra information.If we take away the clause of sentence(c),the meaning of
5、it is incomplete.If we sentence(c),the meaning of it is incomplete.If we take away the clauses of sentences(a)and(b),the take away the clauses of sentences(a)and(b),the two sentences still make sense.two sentences still make sense.3.3.Sentences(a)and(b)with extra information are Sentences(a)and(b)wi
6、th extra information are separated by commas.separated by commas.I like the boy.I like the boy.I like the boy who can play the I like the boy who can play the accordion.I like Johnson,who can play the I like Johnson,who can play the accordion.限制性定语从句限制性定语从句修饰限制先行词修饰限制先行词翻译为翻译为“的的”非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句补充说
7、明主句补充说明主句翻译时另起一句翻译时另起一句1.形式和功能不同形式和功能不同限制性定语从句的主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，限制性定语从句的主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，从句对先行词的意义进行修饰、限定和识别，如从句对先行词的意义进行修饰、限定和识别，如果把从句去掉，就会造成句意发生变化，甚至不果把从句去掉，就会造成句意发生变化，甚至不能成立；能成立；非限制性定语从句的主句和从句之间通常用逗号非限制性定语从句的主句和从句之间通常用逗号隔开，从句对先行词起补充说明的作用，如果把隔开，从句对先行词起补充说明的作用，如果把从句省略掉，对句意没有太大影响。从句省略掉，对句意没有太大影响。My sister
8、 My sister who works in Shanghai who works in Shanghai sends me an sends me an email almost every day.email almost every day.既然需要限定，说明我的姐姐很多，除了在上海工既然需要限定，说明我的姐姐很多，除了在上海工作的姐姐，还有其他姐姐，删去后从句表意不明。作的姐姐，还有其他姐姐，删去后从句表意不明。我在上海工作的姐姐几乎每天都给我发电子邮件。我在上海工作的姐姐几乎每天都给我发电子邮件。（限制性定语从句）（限制性定语从句）ExamplesMy sister,My sist
9、er,who works in Shanghai,who works in Shanghai,sends me sends me anan email almost every dayemail almost every day.既然不需要限定，说明我只有一个姐姐，删去从句既然不需要限定，说明我只有一个姐姐，删去从句后句意依然明确。后句意依然明确。我姐姐在上海工作，几乎每天都给我发电子邮件。我姐姐在上海工作，几乎每天都给我发电子邮件。（非限制性定语从句）（非限制性定语从句）2.翻译不同翻译不同翻译时，一般把限制性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的翻译时，一般把限制性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前；先
10、行词之前；而非限制性定语从句通常与主句分开翻译。而非限制性定语从句通常与主句分开翻译。He is the man He is the man whose car was stolenwhose car was stolen.他就是汽车被窃的那个人。他就是汽车被窃的那个人。（限制性定语从句）（限制性定语从句）I I ve invited Mary,ve invited Mary,who lives in the next flat.who lives in the next flat.我邀请了我邀请了MaryMary，她就住在隔壁。，她就住在隔壁。(非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句)3.3.先行
11、词不同先行词不同限制性定语从句的先行词常常是名词或代词；限制性定语从句的先行词常常是名词或代词；非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是名词或代词，非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或整个句子。也可以是短语或整个句子。Shanghai is no longer the city Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to bethat it used to be.上海不再是过去的那座城市了。上海不再是过去的那座城市了。He He who laughs lastwho laughs last,laughs best.,laughs be
12、st.谁笑到最后谁就笑得最好。谁笑到最后谁就笑得最好。（限制性定语从句）（限制性定语从句）先行词是名词先行词是名词先行词是代词先行词是代词（限制性定语从句）（限制性定语从句）Charles Smith,Charles Smith,who was my former teacher,who was my former teacher,retired last year.retired last year.Charles SmithCharles Smith去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。（非限制性定语从句）（非限制性定语从句）They rely on themselv
13、es,They rely on themselves,which is much better.which is much better.他们依靠自己，这样好得多。他们依靠自己，这样好得多。（非限制性定语从句）（非限制性定语从句）先行词是名词先行词是名词先行词是句子先行词是句子限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限制性限制性非限制性非限制性形式上形式上 不用逗号不用逗号用逗号用逗号意义上意义上 去掉后主句意思不完整去掉后主句意思不完整去掉后主句意思完整去掉后主句意思完整作用作用修饰限制修饰限制补充说明补充说明先行词先行词 词词(n/pronn/pron)
14、/)/短语短语词词/短语短语/整个主句整个主句关系词关系词 关代作宾时可省关代作宾时可省whomwhom作宾时可用作宾时可用whowho代代不用不用that,whythat,why引导引导所有关代均不可省所有关代均不可省翻译翻译先译从句再译先行词，先译从句再译先行词，的的先译先行词后译从句，先译先行词后译从句，形成两个分句形成两个分句Relative Pronounsreferring to a referring to a humanhumanreferring to referring to something other something other than a humanthan
15、a humanpossessivepossessiveRestrictiveRestrictive who,whom,who,whom,thatthat which,which,thatthat,as,aswhosewhoseNon-Non-restrictiverestrictivewho,whomwho,whomwhich,aswhich,aswhosewhose This is the man(This is the man(whom/who/thatwhom/who/that)we are talking about.)we are talking about.The young ma
16、n had a new girlfriend,The young man had a new girlfriend,whomwhom he wanted to he wanted to impress.impress.Her father,who has a lot of money,wishes her to study Her father,who has a lot of money,wishes her to study abroad.abroad.(改错改错)I had to fix my printer,that I bought less than a)I had to fix
17、my printer,that I bought less than a year ago.year ago.非限制性定语从句的使用非限制性定语从句的使用1.1.修饰专有名词修饰专有名词I look forward to climbing I look forward to climbing the Great Wallthe Great Wall,which is,which is one of the great wonders in the world.one of the great wonders in the world.2.2.先行词特指先行词特指某一类事物某一类事物/独一无二的
18、人独一无二的人/事物事物FootballFootball,which is a very interesting game,is played,which is a very interesting game,is played all over the world.all over the world.3.3.修饰句子修饰句子On March 8,2014,154 Chinese died in the crash of On March 8,2014,154 Chinese died in the crash of Flight MH370Flight MH370,which was a
19、frightening news for us.,which was a frightening news for us.Fill in the blanks.Add prepositions or commas if necessary.Fill in the blanks.Add prepositions or commas if necessary.Many years ago,there was a clergyman(Many years ago,there was a clergyman(神职人员神职人员)_ name is John.He had to go from one p
20、lace to _ name is John.He had to go from one place to another _ he could meet his fellowmen.Therefore,another _ he could meet his fellowmen.Therefore,he missed his mum very muchhe missed his mum very much,_ lived alone in _ lived alone in London.London.John tried hard to help all his fellowmen,but h
21、e soon John tried hard to help all his fellowmen,but he soon met with many difficultiesmet with many difficulties,_ the most serious was _ the most serious was his clothing.As a clergyman,he had to be in black all day his clothing.As a clergyman,he had to be in black all day long,a colour _ often fr
22、ightened some of his long,a colour _ often frightened some of his fellowmen,especially children.He really hated it.Finally,fellowmen,especially children.He really hated it.Finally,John made up his mind and said,“I will wear John made up his mind and said,“I will wear nono clothes clothes _ will dist
23、inguish me from my fellowmen.”_ will distinguish me from my fellowmen.”A few days later,a reporter heard of Johns words A few days later,a reporter heard of Johns words and put them on the newspaperand put them on the newspaper,_ brought John _ brought John some unexpected trouble.some unexpected tr
24、ouble.whosewhosewherewherewhowhoof whichof whichthat/whichthat/whichthatthat which which介词介词+关系词关系词 Inthedarkstreet,therewasntasingleperson_shecouldturnforhelp.to whom Thefactory_hisfatherworksisfarawayfrommyhometown.in which This is Mr.Smith,_ factory we work.in whose We stood at the top of the hil
25、l,_ we can see the town.from whereRead the passage and rewrite the tips Read the passage and rewrite the tips using non-defining attributive clauses.using non-defining attributive clauses.Add more tips to the list if you can.Add more tips to the list if you can.Go for a walk in the countryside,Go fo
26、r a walk in the countryside,where you can enjoy the where you can enjoy the beautiful views and a peaceful beautiful views and a peaceful atmosphere.atmosphere.Spend time with your family Spend time with your family and friends,and friends,which will activate which will activate chemicals in your br
27、ain to chemicals in your brain to make you feel happier.make you feel happier.Try to accept your mistakes,Try to accept your mistakes,where/through which you can where/through which you can learn a lot.learn a lot.Close your eyes and picture the Close your eyes and picture the future,future,where yo
28、uve made your where youve made your dreams come true.dreams come true.Complete the joke with the sentence Complete the joke with the sentence parts in the box using who/which and parts in the box using who/which and put commas in the correct position.put commas in the correct position.1.who is lying
29、 next to him2.which he finds annoying3.which he thinks will impress Holmes4.who has lost his patience by nowListen and complete the conversations.Listen and complete the conversations.Fun timeWhy are you grinning from grinning from 1 _?Cool!What are you going to watch?Yes!I laughed mylaughed my 2 _.
30、Youll enjoy it!Ive won a free cinema ticket.My Crazy Family.Have you seen it?ear to earear to earhead off head off I really dont get Harry.No.Today,he was all 3 _.He asked me to help him with that website of his.Well,I said yes.We all deserve a second chance,I guess.Why?Is he still not talking to yo
31、u?Really?What did you say?smilessmilesWhats the matter?Why the long face?Thats so funny!Yesterday,I stepped on a banana skin and fell over in front of the whole class.I was the 4 _ stock of the class.Even my teacher cracked 5 _!laughinglaughinga smile a smile Match the expressions you have Match the
32、 expressions you have completed in the above activity to completed in the above activity to their meanings.their meanings._:a person that everyone laughs at because they have done something funny or silly_:to look friendly and happy,especially when other people are not expecting you to_:to look extr
33、emely happy because you are very pleased about something_:to smile slightly_:to laugh very loudly and for a long timelaughing stocklaughing stockbe all smilesbe all smilesgrin from ear to eargrin from ear to earcrack a smilecrack a smilelaugh ones head offlaugh ones head offNow work in groups and th
34、ink of Now work in groups and think of more expressions about laughter.more expressions about laughter.a good laugh burst out laughingfall about laughing for laughs have/get the last laugh He who laughs last,laughs best.哈哈大笑哈哈大笑放声大笑放声大笑忍不住大笑忍不住大笑为了取乐；作为消遣为了取乐；作为消遣笑到最后笑到最后笑到最后的人笑得最开心。笑到最后的人笑得最开心。gigg
35、le;laugh foolishly;simpergrinsmile at sbsmile bitterlysmirk snicker;laugh up ones sleeve tease;make fun of 朝某人微笑朝某人微笑苦笑苦笑幸灾乐祸地笑幸灾乐祸地笑窃笑窃笑取笑取笑傻笑傻笑咧着嘴笑咧着嘴笑Did You Know?Did You Know?April Fools Day is on 1 April.Its April Fools Day is on 1 April.Its the one day of the year when the one day of the year
36、when people in many parts of the world people in many parts of the world play practical jokes on each other.play practical jokes on each other.Even newspapers,radio and TV Even newspapers,radio and TV stations play tricks on their stations play tricks on their readers and audiences.The readers and a
37、udiences.The jokes traditionally last until noon jokes traditionally last until noon in the UK.But in some other in the UK.But in some other countries,such as the US,they countries,such as the US,they can last all day!can last all day!Listen to the radio programme and Listen to the radio programme a
38、nd choose the pictures mentioned.choose the pictures mentioned.Listen again and complete the notes.Listen again and complete the notes.1.1.“the washing of the lions”“the washing of the lions”2.2.18th and 19th centuries18th and 19th centuries5.5.smells to be carriedsmells to be carried4.4.BBC News Ch
39、annelBBC News Channel3.3.196519657.7.a really good harvesta really good harvest6.6.19571957Complete the boxes with expressions Complete the boxes with expressions from the radio programme.from the radio programme.Lets start with.Now,my favourite one.Thats so funny!Its a good one!I can imagine!I dont get it.Thank you
