1、Chapter III Flight control 1 飞行监控概述飞行监控概述 Overview of the flight control 2 飞行监控的通信手段与程序飞行监控的通信手段与程序 Flight controls procedures and means of communication 3 飞行监控示例飞行监控示例 Flight control examples 根据CCAR-121部E、F分部要求，航空公司按照运行总手册中的政策、程序和标准，规定了对每次飞行所实施的签派放行及飞行监控的程序。According to CCAR-121 E,F Division requir
2、ements,airlines in accordance with the running total manual in the policies,procedures and standards,provides for the implementation of each flight procedures for dispatch release and flight controls1.1国内、国际定期载客 运行飞行监控的要求 Domestic and International scheduled passenger flight monitoring requirements
3、在CCAR121中的E分部中第121.97条“通信设施”规定如下：合格证持有人应当证明，在正常运行条件下，在整个航路上，所有各点都具有陆空双向无线电通信系统，能保证每一架飞机与相应的签派室之间，每一架飞机与相应的空中交通管制单位之间，以直接的或者通过经批准的点到点间的线路进行迅速可靠的通信联系。The E segment in CCAR121 the first 121.97,communication facility as follows:The certificate holder should demonstrate that,under normal operating condit
4、ions,the entire route,all the points have two-way air-ground radio communication system to ensure each aircraft dispatch room with the corresponding between each aircraft and the corresponding between the air traffic control unit to direct or point to point through the approved route between the rap
5、id and reliable communication links 除经局方根据所用机型和运行情况作出特殊批准外，对于合格证持有人的所有运行，每架飞机与签派室之间的通信系统应当是空中交通管制通信系统之外的独立系统。In addition to used by the Council under the operation of aircraft and to make special approval,the certificate holder for all the running,each aircraft and dispatch communication system betw
6、een rooms should be air traffic control communication system separate from the system.飞行签派员必须充分利用各种通讯手段或其他适用方法对每架运行中的飞机实施监控，了解飞机的运行动态；Flight dispatchers must make full use of various means of communication or other applicable methods for each aircraft monitoring the implementation of the operation o
7、f the aircraft,to understand the dynamic operation of the aircraft;在飞行期间机长应通过公司电台等尽量与飞行签派员保持联系以互通信息，如公司位置报告点的联系等 During the flight the captain should be possible through the companys radio stations to maintain contact with flight dispatchers to share information such as company location reports poin
8、t links 在飞行关键阶段包括滑行、起飞和着陆的所有地面操作，以及除巡航飞行以外的在 3000米（10000英尺以下进行的所有其他飞行操作）机长与飞行签派员的这种联系应尽量减少或避免，除非这种联系是飞行安全所必需的 Critical phase of flight,including taxiing,takeoff and landing of all ground operations,as well as outside except cruise flight at 3000 meters(10,000 feet below the flight operations of all
9、the other)the captain and the flight dispatcher link should be minimized avoided,unless such contact is necessary for flight safety 飞行跟踪中心应当设在适用于对下列情况实施飞行跟踪的位置：Flight Tracking Center would be in the position that implementation of the following conditions apply to flight:确保对每次飞行的始发机场和目的地机场的飞行进程进行适当的
10、监控，包括对中途停留机场和改航备降机场飞行进程的监控，以及对在这些机场所需的维修或者机械延误进行适当的监控。确保机长能够得到安全飞行必需的所有资料。Ensure that each flight departure airport and destination airport,the flight process,appropriate monitoring,including stopovers and change its route of alternate airport,airport flight process control,and maintenance of these
11、airports or mechanical delays required for appropriate monitoring.Ensure that the captain can get all the information necessary for safe flight.实施补充运行的合格证持有人可以使用非所属人员提供的飞行跟踪设施，但在这种情况下，合格证持有人应当对每次飞行的运行控制持续负责。飞行跟踪系统不要求与空中飞行的机组建立通信联系。在合格证持有人的运行规范中应当明确批准使用的飞行跟踪系统和飞行跟踪中心的所在位置。Implementing additional oper
12、ating certificate holder can use the non-affiliated personnel flight tracking facilities,but in this case,the certificate holder should be on each flight control continued to be responsible for the operation.Flight tracking system does not require the flight crew to establish communication links.In
13、the certificate holder operations specifications approved for use in flight should be clear the flight tracking system and the location of the tracking center.实施补充运行的每个合格证持有人应当证明系统具备足够的设备和合格人员，为下列人员提供每一次飞行的起始和安全运行所必需的信息：每架飞机的飞行机组；合格证持有人指定实施运行控制的人员。Implementation of additional run in each of the cert
14、ificate holder should demonstrate that the system has sufficient equipment and qualified personnel,provide for the following start of each flight and safe operation of the necessary information:the flight crew for each aircraft;certificate holder specifies the implementation of the operational contr
15、ol of personnel 对航空公司实施补充运行飞行跟踪的要求主要特点为：并非要求飞行签派员实施全程跟踪；飞行跟踪设施可以是不独立的。不过，实际运行时，航空公司可以实施较高的标准。The main features of airline flight tracking implementation of additional requirements to run are:not asking flight dispatchers for the implementation of tracking;flight tracking facility can not be independ
16、ent.However,the actual run-time,airlines can implement higher standards.2.1 飞行签派员职责飞行签派员职责 The duties of the flight dispatcher 飞行签派员在飞机运行过程中必须为机长提供保障飞行安全的更多信息或资料，在飞行监控过程中必须负责飞行监控的飞行签派员应与机长保持通信联络。Flight dispatchers and aircraft operation must provide protection for the pilot in command for more infor
17、mation or flight safety information,in-flight monitoring process the flight dispatchers must be responsible for monitoring the flight and should be to maintain communications with captain.及时准确向机长报告任何可能影响飞行安全的补充信息；Timely and accurate reports to the captain that may affect flight safety of any additio
18、nal information;在非正常情况下，当机长不能执行原定飞行计划时，提供必要协助；In abnormal circumstances,when the captain can not perform the original flight plan,to provide the necessary assistance;The duties of the flight dispatcherThe duties of the flight dispatcher 掌握起飞机场、航路、目的地机场和备降机场的天气变化情况、航行通告以及相关机场的设施和各导航设备的状况，并及时将最新的信息通报给
19、机长 Master the departure airport,route,destination airport and alternate airport weather conditions,navigation notices and related airport facilities and the status of navigation equipment,and promptly communicated to the commander of the latest information 监控飞机燃油计划执行情况及剩余油量；Monitoring the implementa
20、tion of plans of jet fuel and residual fuel;紧急情况、机械或其他操作故障时，帮助机长取得最低延误，并通知相关部门；Emergency,mechanical or other operational failure,to help the captain to obtain the minimum delay,and notify the relevant departments;The duties of the flight dispatcherThe duties of the flight dispatcher 签派员及时记录与飞行机组的通信内
21、容 Dispatchers timely record the content of communications with the flight crew 保证航班安全、合法和高效率的完成 To ensure flight safety,legal and efficient completion 机长向执行飞行监视任务的签派员报告飞机的运行状态、飞行任务的进展情况和所有与飞行安全有关的重要信息：Captain mission to monitor the implementation of flight dispatchers report the operational status o
22、f the aircraft,mission progress and all important information related to flight safety:起飞和降落后的报告 After take-off and landing reports 当剩余油量低于运行飞行计划中所规定的最低油量时；When the remaining fuel in the flight plan is running below the minimum amount of oil;当机长认为有必要改变运行飞行计划中所规定的航路时；When the captain feels it necessa
23、ry to change the flight plan running routes when required;发生事故或事件后 Accident or incident 准备执行紧急定位器发讯(ELT)程序时；Prepared to implement emergency locator signaling(ELT)program;发生非法干扰和旅客闹事事件时；Occurrence of unlawful interference and passenger trouble events;准备紧急着陆或水上迫降时；准备紧急着陆或水上迫降时；Prepare an emergency lan
24、ding or ditching;准备使用机载紧急逃生设备时；准备使用机载紧急逃生设备时；Ready to use on-board emergency escape equipment;任何其他与飞行有关的非正常情况任何其他与飞行有关的非正常情况 Any other non-normal flight-related 位置报告内容：Location report:飞机飞越公司位置报告点时，机长应向飞行签派员报告下列内容：Aircraft flying over the company position reporting point,flight dispatchers captain sh
25、ould report the following content:-飞机/航空器呼号；-Aircraft/aircraft call sign;-位置报告点的名称及通过该点的时间；飞行高度；The name and position reporting point of time by that point;altitude;-预计到达下个报告点的时间或预达时刻；-expected arrival time of the next reporting point,or pre-up time;-高空风和温度；upper wind and temperature;-颠簸信息；-turbulen
26、ce information -剩余燃油 residual fuel oil -其他必要的事项-other necessary matters3.2 不能截获公司位置报告点时应采取的行动 The company position points can not be intercepted actions to be taken 如果在预计收到位置报告那一时刻后的30分钟内没有获得位置报告，负有飞行监控职责的飞行签派员首先应与预计飞机所在管制区域的空中交通管制部门联络求证飞机位置。If you receive a position report is expected 30 minutes af
27、ter the moment there is no position reports received,which bears flight dispatchers monitor the flight duties should be the first aircraft is expected to control the region where air traffic control departments to verify the aircraft position.根据求证的结果，如飞行签派员判断飞机可能发生不安全状况，则应及时向公司有关领导报告并采取相应应急措施。Accord
28、ing to verify the results,such as aircraft flight dispatchers to determine unsafe conditions occur,the leadership should be promptly reported to the company and take emergency measures.飞行签派人员应根据公司燃油政策的油量规定以及性能部门提供的起飞油量、航段油量和飞行时间对燃油进行监控。并在条件、设备可能达到的情况下对下述燃油进行监控。Flight dispatchers should be based on o
29、il company fuel policy,the provisions of the take-off and performance sector oil,fuel and flight time on the leg of fuel to be monitored.And in the conditions,the device may reach the following cases,the fuel to be monitored 剩余燃油：Residual fuel oil:到达剩余燃油要求飞行机组和飞行签派员对到达着陆机场后的机上剩余燃油保持监控。Reach the rema
30、ining fuel requirements and flight dispatchers and flight crew landed at the airport on the arrival of the machine to keep monitoring the remaining fuel.当实际情况偏离预先飞行计划时，飞行机组和飞行签派员当实际情况偏离预先飞行计划时，飞行机组和飞行签派员应重新计算到达剩余燃油，并证实到达计划着陆机场时，应重新计算到达剩余燃油，并证实到达计划着陆机场时，机上备份燃油和至最远备降机场用油未被使用。机上备份燃油和至最远备降机场用油未被使用。When
31、the actual deviation from the pre-flight plan,flight crew and flight dispatchers should be re-calculated to reach the remaining fuel,and confirmed plans to reach the landing at the airport,flight back to the farthest alternate airport fuel and oil is not used.飞机在着陆时应当保留备份油量未被使用。机长应斟酌使用备份油量并保证航班飞行能安全
32、完成任务。Should be retained in landing the aircraft back up fuel is not used.The captain should be appropriate to use a backup fuel and to ensure a safe flight to complete the task.只有当采取所有的其他行动措施后，方可使用备份油量。Only when all the other actions taken measures,may use a backup fuel.备份油量的目的是如果遭遇意外的延误或其他情况时，可利用这些
33、油量继续飞行。The purpose of the backup fuel is that if the delay in an accident or other circumstances,you can use oil to continue flying.决断油量：Oil determination:决断油量是当机长和飞行签派员在准备作出时继续飞往目的地机场，还是直接飞往备降机场或其它机场的运行决断时，飞机预计到达目的地机场时的剩余油量。Oil determination is when the captain and flight dispatchers decide to cont
34、inue to fly in the preparation of the destination airport,or fly direct to an alternate airport or other airport operating decisions,the aircraft expected to arrive at the destination airport,the remaining fuel.最低决断油量等于在预计着陆机场处按要求在FL250高度层上继续飞行45分钟的备份燃油加上从目的地机场飞往备降机场时所需要的备降燃油。Minimum oil is equal to
35、 the resolution at the airport in anticipation of landing a high level required to continue at FL250 the flight plus 45 minutes of backup fuel to fly from the airport of destination alternate airport need alternate fuel.最低油量是指在飞行过程中应当报告空中交通管制员采取应急措施的一个特定燃油油量最低值。Minimum fuel is the that should be rep
36、orted to controllers in the flight air traffic to take emergency measures of a specific minimum value of fuel oil.该油量是在考虑到规定的燃油油量指示系统误差后，最多可以供飞机在飞抵着陆机场后，能以等待空速在高于机场标高450米（1500英尺）的高度上飞行30分钟。The provided fuel take into account the fuel oil system error indication,the aircraft flew for up to landing at
37、 the airport,able to wait by that airspeed above the airport elevation of 450 meters(1500 feet)altitude flight 30 minutes.3.4 气象监控 Weather Monitoring 签派员应对所负责的飞行区域内以下气象变化进行监控，并及时将重要变化通报给机组：航路的风向和风速(机组报告)及修正；目的地机场、备降机场和航路的天气变化情况及发展趋势；危险天气警告，包括航路上、机场区域颠簸、风切变、雷暴、结冰和雪情通告等。Dispatcher should monitor the f
38、ollowing weather change of his area and report important one to crewmember:wind direction,wind speed(reported by flight crew)and wind revision on route;weather change and trend at destination,alternate airport and on route;hazardous weather warning including turbulence,wind shear,thunder,icing and s
39、now tam on route and at airport.1 飞行监控的主要通信手段 Main communicating way of flight monitoring2 飞行监控程序 Flight monitoring procedure 数据链通讯:ACARS（航空器通信寻址和报告系统）Data link communication:ACARS 语音通讯:VHF无线电通信、HF无线电通信、卫星通信系统、语音粘贴（PHONE PATCH）Voice communication:VHF,HF radio communication,satellite communication sy
40、stem and PHONE PATCH1.1语音通讯 Voice Communication 语音通信是靠无线电电台或者卫星进行通话的地空通讯方式，其中使用无线电电台是国内最普遍使用的通信方式，但是由于通讯效果要受到高度、距离、天气等因素的限制，而不能给航空器提供贯穿整个飞行任务的通信保障。Voice communication is a ground-air communication based on radio station or satellite.The one with radio station is the most common way of communication
41、in China.But its effect is limited by altitude,distance and weather,and it cant provide communication service throughout the flight.语音通讯语音通讯 Voice Communication 在航空器起飞前，签派员可以通过语音通信与机长进行放行上的沟通，如果目的地或者航路天气有重要变化，需要双方决定该航班是否需要延误或者取消。Before take-off,dispatcher may communicate with the captain on release
42、by voice communication.If important weather change happens,they both need to decide whether flight should delay or be canceled.如果某些地面保障单位迟迟没有到位，机长也可以通过语音通信要求签派员进行协调，以保障飞行任务的正常执行。If some ground service doesnt on duty,captain should ask dispatcher by voice communication to coordinate with them and ens
43、ure the normality of the flight task.航路上如果遇到紧急情况或者需要向地面请求信息的时候，可以通过语音通讯与签派员取得联系；同样当地面有需要向飞行员提供的信息或有需要了解的情况时，也可以联系飞行员。If the aircraft encounters emergent situation or needs information from ground,the pilot should use voice communication to contact dispatcher;in the same way,when ground need to provi
44、de information to pilot or know whats happening,they can also contact pilot.语音通讯语音通讯 Voice Communication 如果公司要求，还应在公司规定的报告点报告飞机所在位置、预达时间、油量等相关情况，以便地面控制中心能对飞行任务的执行情况有及时的了解。As required by the company,pilot should report the position and ETA and fuel quantity at required fix in order to let ground cont
45、rol center to know the situation of the flight task.语音通讯语音通讯 Voice Communication 在航空器降落前，飞行员可以通过语音通信向签派员通报预计到场时间以及落地后所需要的地面服务，并获得停机位信息。Before landing,pilot may report to dispatcher estimate arrival time and ground service needed after landing and get stand information by voice communication.语音通讯语音通讯
46、 Voice Communication1.2 数据链通讯 Data link communication 数据链通信是通过VHF、HF或者卫星通讯所进行的地空数据传递的通讯方式，其中信息的准确性可以使飞行驾驶员更加精力集中于安全飞行上。Data link communication is a ground-air data transmitting communication by VHF,HF and satellite communication.The accuracy of information let pilot focus more on safe flying.飞行员的工作强
47、度可以大大降低 The workload of pilot may be largely reduced 减少了由于语言问题造成的隐患 Reducing of hidden trouble by language 数据链通信的效率高 High efficiency of data link communication 节约飞行前准备的时间 Saving preparation time before flight 有助于减少航班延误 Reducing flight delay 紧急情况下 技术支援 Technique support on emergency 运行控制全程监控：Full Mon
48、itoring of Operation Control 当目的地或者航路天气变差，或者有重要的航行信息可以通过ACAES及时通报给飞行员。如飞机上发生了紧急情况如机械故障等，机长也可以通过ACARS及时与地面取得联系，获得相关信息，有助于对所发生的情况做出最合理的判断。When the weather on route or at destination turning bad,important NOTAM can can be reported to pilot by ACAES immediately.And if emergency like mechanical problem h
49、appens on aircraft,pilot can also contact ground by ACARS to get related information which helps to make reasonable decision in the situation.电子舱单上传：Electronic Manifest Upload 能够在50秒内完成舱单上传，机组需要确认，具有快速、准确、高效等优势，尤其体现在临时改做舱单等方面，减少了由于人为原因造成的航班延误。Finish the manifest upload in 50 seconds.Crewmember shoul
50、d ensure the rapidity,accuracy and efficiency,especially when temporary manifest change should be made,to reduce the delay by human factor.飞机ECAM故障及发动机故障监控：Aircraft ECAM Problem and Engine Problem Monitoring 飞机在空中出现故障后，机务会及时收到与飞机一样的警告，可以提前准备需要的航材，并通过ACARS提出相关处置建议，机组也可以将警告通过自由报文告诉签派部门进行信息传递；When prob
