1、英语词性分类及用法英语词性分类及用法词类英语名称作用例词名词Noun(缩写为n.)表示人或事物的名称party政党 people 人类 China中国tennis网球代词Pronoun(pron.)用来代替名词、形容词或数词等He他 we我们 hers她的that那what什么数词Numeral(num.)表示数量或顺序one一 six六first第一形 容 词Adjective(adj.)用来修饰名词,表示人或事物的特性、性质safe安全的 happy快乐的great伟大的busy忙碌的副词Adverb(adv.)用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,表示动作或形状的特性hard艰苦地 too也
2、only仅仅地always永远,一直here这里 not非(不)冠词Article(art.)用在名词前,帮助说明名词所指的人或事物an,a,the动词Verb(v.)表示人或事物的动作或状态eat吃 BE动词(am,is,are)实意动词(do)have有love爱,喜欢介词Preposition(prep.)用在名词、代词等前面,说明句子中词与词之间的关系under在。下in在。里of属于关于连词Conjunction(conj.)用来连接词、短语或句子and和or或者so所以but但是when当时候感 叹 词Interjection(interj.)表示说话时的感情或口气Hello喂we
3、ll好的why呃,嘿 名词的概念 名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词.专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China,the United States,等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。(普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词)普通名词又可分为下面四类:1)个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun 2)集体名词:表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family (以上两类属于可数名词)3)物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air 4)抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概 念,如:work (以上两类属于不可数名
4、词)名词复数的规则变化 情况构成方法例词一般情况加-smap-maps bag-bagscar-cars以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-esbus-buses watch-watchesce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加-slicense-licenses以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y 为i再加esbaby-babies其它名词复数的规则变化 1)以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直 接加s变复数:如:two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays2)以o 结尾的名词,变复数时:a.加s,如:photo-pho
5、tos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos;b.加es,如:potatopotatoes tomatotomatoes3)以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时:a.加s,如:belief-beliefs roof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs;b.去f,fe 加-ves,如:half-halvesknife-knives leaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives thief-thieves;名词复数的不规则变化 1)child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth m
6、ouse-mice man-men woman-women 2)单复同形如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese 3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。如:people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:
7、maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。news 是不可数名词。flowerflowers找规律找规律watchesfactory-factoriesleaf-leavesboxes找规律找规律tomatoespotatoesheroes不规则变化不规则变化child-childrenwoman-womendeersheepman-mengoose-geese 1.Several _ are talking under the treeAnd they are_.Awoman;children Bwoman;child Cwomen;children 2.
8、How far is your school from here?Not very farIts about twenty walk.(2000杭州)杭州)Aminutes Bminutes Cminutes 3.There are three in my family.(2004长春)长春)A.people B.person C.child 4.Most students can go to college for further in our city.A.education B.information C.science 5.This is bedroom.The twin sister
9、 like it very much.A.Ann and Jane B.Ann and Janes C.Anns and Janes C C A A B根据所给单词的正确形式填空:根据所给单词的正确形式填空:1.Different people may have different _.(idea)2.I often go to work on.(foot)3.I know one of the .(boy)4.Mr.Brown is wearing a pair of .(glass)5.Please give them their .(photo)6.Are there any in th
10、e box?(watch)7.There are twelve in a year.(month)8.Would you like some?(tomato)9.Look at those in the boats!(people)10.Look!The are singing.(woman)11.September 10th is Day.(teacher)12.Jim has some .(knife)13.How much are these?(vegetable)14.My school is twenty _ walk from here.(minute)15.The girl un
11、der the tree is a friend of_.(Lucy)ideasfootboysglassesphotoswatchesmonthstomatoespeoplewomenTeachersknivesvegetablesminutesLucys代词 代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反反身代词、相身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词
12、八种。互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。一、一、人称代词人称代词是表示是表示“我我”、“你你”、“他他”、“她她”、“它它”、“我们我们”、“你们你们”、“他们他们”的词。人称代词有的词。人称代词有人人称、数和格的变化称、数和格的变化 数数 单数单数复数复数单数单数复数格格 主格主格主格主格宾格宾格宾格宾格第一人称第一人称 Iwemeus第二人称第二人称 youyouyouyou 第三人称第三人称 he sheit theyHim heritthem 通常,主格作主语,宾格作宾语 通常,当单数的主格作主语时,谓语动词用单数;复数的的主格作主语时,谓语动词用复数。Eg.He is my
13、friend.Its me.They are from China.She lent me a book.I love it.Are you interested in them?二、二、物主代词物主代词表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词形容性物主代词和和名词性物主名词性物主代词代词二种,其人物和数的变化二种,其人物和数的变化见下表见下表,数数 单数单数复数复数人称人称 一一二二三三一一二二三三形物形物 myyourhis/her/its ouryourtheir名名 物物 mineyours his/hers/i
14、tsours yours theirs通常,形容词性物主代词相当形容词的用法,应该位于名词的前面;名词性物主代词相当于形容词性物主代词+名词,之后不接名词。Eg.I like his car.Our school is here and theirs is there.This is your picture.And that is mine.三、三、指示代词指示代词表示表示那个那个、这个这个、这些这些、那些那些等指示概念的代词。等指示概念的代词。单数复数this thatthese thoseEg.That is a good idea.I love those book in blue.T
15、hese people are my friends.四、四、自身代词,也称为自身代词,也称为反身代词反身代词表示表示我自己我自己、你自己你自己、他自己他自己、我们自己我们自己、你们自己你们自己和和他他们自己们自己等的代词。等的代词。单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himselfherselfitselfthemselves反身代词的用法 1.用作同位语(加强被修饰词的语气,紧放在被修饰名词后,或句末):The box itself is not so heavy.You said it yourself.2.用作宾语(动词或介
16、词的宾语):Take good care of yourself.3.用作表语 The poor boy was myself.五、五、表示相互关系的代词叫表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词相互代词,有,有each other 和和one another两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么区两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么区别。别。We should love each other.Tom and Betty are friends,so they always help each other.Our students learn one another.eg.I want something hot.
17、Do you need some coffee?There is nothing good.All of you are students.六、六、不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定不定代词代词。常见的不定代词有。常见的不定代词有a11,both,each,every等,以及含有等,以及含有some-,any-,every-,no-加上加上body,one,thing的合成代词,如的合成代词,如anybody,something,no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定名词和形容词,在句中作
18、主语、宾语、表语和定语语七、七、疑问代词疑问代词有有who,whom,whose,what和和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作作连接代词连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)和表语从句)What are you?Who is his coat?Whose bag is this?Which do you prefer?The blue one or the white one?Could you tell me what is his name?Mother asked
19、 which one I wanted.八、八、关系代词关系代词有有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作等,可用作引导引导定语定语从句从句的关联词。它们在定语从的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语主语、表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们等;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(通称为先行词)。通称为先行词)。He is the man whom you have been looking for.I hope I can find a job that I can devote
20、 myself to.This is the book whose covering is old.That is the same food as you want.1.He shouted louder to the runners,but he still couldnt make _ heard.A.him B.himself C.them D.themselves 2.There are flowers and trees on _ sides of the river.A.every B.both C.either D.all 3.She has three good friend
21、s.One is a doctor;_ are teachers of Chinese.A.another B.the other two C.other D.others 4.Before handing in your compositions,please correct the mistakes in each line if_.A.so B.no C.any D.some Exercises B B B C 1._(我)am a worker._(你)are a doctor._(她)is a teacher.2.This is_(他的)shirt.3.This is _(我的)pe
22、n.4._(他们的)trousers are there.5.I like this picture.Please give _(它)to_(我).6.People get _(他们的)money from_(我).7._(他们)are new students._(他们的)names are Lucy and Lily.8.These are _(我们的)shoes.Can _(我们)wear _(它们).9Thank _ for _(你的)help.10._(他)loves _(她),and _(她)loves _(他),too.11._(我)love _(你),and _(你)love
23、_(我),too.I You my his She Theirtheirme itThey Their me our me them we He your you you you her I him she形容词 用来表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词称为形容词。作 用例 句定 语You can see a lot of beautiful flowers in the garden.表 语Your coat is too small.宾语补足语The old woman keeps everything clean and tidy.注意:1.有些形容词只能作表语,如:alone,afrai
24、d,asleep 等。例如:The old man is alone.2.形容词用来修饰something,anything,nothing,everything等不定代词,要 放在这些词的后面。Youd better tell us something interesting.形容词在句子中的位置作定语时放在名词的前面,且音节少的词放在音节多的词前。a big yellow wooden wheel.作表语时放在连系动词之后。The price sounds reasonable.作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。We must try our best to keep our environme
25、nt clean.后置的情况:修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。Something serious has happened to him.与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”的词连用时形容词后置。Hes 1.8 metres tall.注意:一.以-ly结尾的形容词 1)friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词。daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early The Times is a daily paper.The Times is publ
26、ished daily.二.用形容词表示类别和整体 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry 三.多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)-出处-材料性质,类别-名词 a small round table;a tall gray building;a dirty old brown shirt;a famous German medical school副词 一、副词的位置副词的位置 在许多情况下,副词都放在所修饰的
27、动词后面或句末。The girl dances very well.2.有时也放在主语后面,谓语动词前面(对动作加以强调)。He angrily closed the door.3.句中的副词如碰上助动词,be动词,则通常放在助动词,be动词之后,实义动词之前 We have already read the book.二.副词的分类 1、时间和频度副词:now,then,often,always,usually,early,today,lately,next,last,already,generally,frequently,seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too,im
28、mediately,hardly,finally,shortly,before,ago,sometimes,yesterday.2、地点副词:here,there,everywhere,anywhere,in,out,inside,outside,above,below,down,back,forward,home,upstairs,downstairs,across,along,round,around,near,off,past,up,away,on.3、方式副词:carefully,properly,anxiously,suddenly,normally,fast,well,calmly
29、,politely,proudly,softly,warmly 4、程度副词,放在被修饰词之前:much,little,very,rather,so,too,still,quite,perfectly,enough,extremely,entirely,almost,slightly.5、疑问副词:how,when,where,why.6、关系副词:when,where,why.7、连接副词:how,when,where,why,whether.三、副词的排列顺序 1)时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。2)方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。Please wri
30、te slowly and carefully.3)多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。The children played games very quietly in their room by themselves yesterday。注意:1 副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。改错:(错)I very like English.(对)I like English very much.注意:2副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。I dont know him well enough.There is enough food for
31、 everyone to eat.There is food enough for everyone to eat.动词动词就是表示动作或者是状态的词。例如:run;work;sleep,等 动词的分类 1 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为行为动词(实义动词)、系动词、助动词和情态动词四类,有些动词是兼类词。如:We have lunch at 12.I am hungry.She didnt know him.You can swim.系动词系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词。有些不具词义;有些具有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状
32、况、性质、特征等情况。1)状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,2)持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,3)表像系动词用来表示看起来像这一概念,主要有seem,appear,look4)感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste 5)变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run 6)终止系动词表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove,turn out,表达证实,变成之意 助动词最常用的助动词有:be,
33、have,do,shall,will,should,would 1)助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用 2)助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,a.表示时态,He has got married.b.表示语态,He was sent to England.c.构成疑问句,Do you like college life?d.与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,I dont like him.e.加强语气,He did know that.情态动词情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,但要与动词原形一起使用,给谓语动词增添情态色彩,表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能、应该或必要等。只做情态动词
34、:must,can(could),may(might),shall(should),will(would)可做情态动词又可做实义动词:need,dare 具有情态动词特征:have(had,has)to,used to实义动词实义动词意思完全,能独立用作谓语。实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词(及物动词是指后面要求有直接宾语的动词;不及物动词指后面不需要跟宾语的动词)Think,want,play,drive等动词有五种形态 分别是:原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Pas
35、t Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。数词 (表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。)一、基数词 基数词写法和读法 二、序数词 序数词的缩写形式:first1stsecond2ndthirty-first31st 基数词基数词一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复数:一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复数:a.与与of 短语连用,表示概数,短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连不能与具体数目连 用,如用,如scores of people 指许多人;指许多人;b.在一些表示在一些表示一排一排
36、或或一组一组的词组里的词组里;如:如:They arrived in twos and threes.他们三三两两的到他们三三两两的到达了。达了。c.表示表示几十岁几十岁;d.表示表示年代年代,用,用 in+the+数词复数;数词复数;e.在乘法运算的一种表示法里在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如:如:3 x 5=15 Three fives is(are)fifteen.数词的用法数词的用法 1)表示倍数 once,twice,three times2)表示分数表示分数构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用
37、复数:时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数:1/3 one-third;3/37 three and three-sevenths.介 词介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词,介词分类 按结构英语介词可分为2类:1简单介词(约有70个),如:in,at,on,by,with,down,for,beside,along,across等。2短语介词,指多个单词构成的
38、介词,如,in front of,out of,instead of,far from,apart from 等。1.表示地点位置的介词 at,in,on,to,above,over,below,under,in front of,in the front of,beside,behind 2.表示时间的介词in,on,at,after,from,since,时间名词前介词用法口诀 年前周前要用in,具体日子要用on,遇到几号也用on,上午下午得是in,要说某日上下午 用on换in记清楚,午夜黄昏用at,黎明用它也不错,at用在时分前,说“差”可要用上to,说过要用past 表示运动方向的介词
39、:across,through 4.表示“在之间”的介词:表示“在之间”的介词在英语中属于方位介词,如in front of,behind,on,in,near,under,up between,among 连词(是一种虚词,它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。)连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。1.并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如:and,but,or,nor,so,as well as,bothand,not onlybut also,eitheror,neithernor,(and)then等等。2.从属连词经常引导一个从句,如:when,w
40、here,because,if,as,等 英语词性解析英语词性解析-连词连词 连词不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如:and,but,or,nor,so,therefore,yet,however,for,hence,as well as,bothand,not onlybut also,eitheror,neithernor,(and)then等等。此课件下载可自行编辑修改,仅供参考!此课件下载可自行编辑修改,仅供参考!感谢您的支持,我们努力做得更好!谢谢感谢您的支持,我们努力做得更好!谢谢