1、Cataloguing trends and development Part I 世界编目观念的发展、编目界的最新动态和趋势 第1部（对书目管理的未来知觉与美国国会图书馆报告）Goh Su Nee 吴淑妮Head,Bibliographic Services Division书目服务部总负责人Nanyang Technological University Library南洋理工大学图书馆 April 2010 2010年 4月Outline纲要 Ivey,Robert T.(2009)Perceptions of the Future of Cataloging:Is the Sky Re
2、ally Falling?对书目管理的未来知觉：天要塌了吗？Future of bibliographic control LC report 美国国会图书馆工作小组对于书目管理的未来的报告Number of articles on future of cataloguing 有关编目的未来的文章数量图1：历年发表的有关编目未来的文章的大概数量（数据来源：Google,Library literature,Cataloging&Classification Quarterly);Ivey,Robert T.(2009)Perceptions of the Future of Catalogin
3、g:Is the Sky Really Falling?,Cataloging&Classification Quarterly,47:5,464 4824 trends identified by Richard Meyer in 1997 Richard Meyer 在1997辨认的四个趋势 Fewer things to catalogue 越来越少需要编目的资源 More outsourcing 更多外包 Lower costs for traditional cataloguing 传统书目管理成本越来越低 Greater variety of information resourc
4、es to manage 更多种类的信息资源需要书目管理Richard W.Meyer,“The Catalogers Future:A Directors View,”Cataloging&Classification Quarterly 24,no.1/2(1997):195204.Fewer things to catalogue?更少资源需要编目？图2：近年来平均每家图书馆分编的单册（数据来源于ARL的年度统计调查，包括测绘制图资料）Ivey,Robert T.(2009)Perceptions of the Future of Cataloging:Is the Sky Really
5、 Falling?,Cataloging&Classification Quarterly,47:5,464 482More outsourcing?更多外包项目？Lam(2005):79%of libraries surveyed were outsourcing some catalogue functions.参与调查的图书馆中79%正在外包某些编目功能。Indiana University Report(2006):Only 3 out of 14 libraries were outsourcing catalogue functions.该州14家图书馆中仅3家正在外包编目功能。L
6、ower costs for traditional cataloguing?传统编目的成本越来越低？图3：学术研究图书馆使用辅助专职人员做原编的比率Ivey,Robert T.(2009)Perceptions of the Future of Cataloging:Is the Sky Really Falling?,Cataloging&Classification Quarterly,47:5,464 482Lower costs for traditional cataloguing?传统编目的成本越来越低？Ivey,Robert T.(2009)Perceptions of the
7、 Future of Cataloging:Is the Sky Really Falling?,Cataloging&Classification Quarterly,47:5,464 482Greater variety of information resources to manage?更多种类的信息资源需要管理？图5：学术图书馆处理数字资源的编目员比例Ivey,Robert T.(2009)Perceptions of the Future of Cataloging:Is the Sky Really Falling?,Cataloging&Classification Quart
8、erly,47:5,464 482Greater variety of information resources to manage?更多种类的信息资源需要管理？Ivey,Robert T.(2009)Perceptions of the Future of Cataloging:Is the Sky Really Falling?,Cataloging&Classification Quarterly,47:5,464 482Cataloguers in the digital age数字时代的编目员 Changing role classical cataloguing as pre-c
9、oordinate vs.digital age cataloguing as post-coordinate 改换角色 传统的编目为前协调，数字时代的编目为后协调 User wont be restricted by the search terms that have already been allocated 用户不再被预定的检索术语所限制 No more search engine vs.library catalogue but a combination 搜索引擎与图书馆书目管理不再对立，而是共存Ivey,Rober图书馆t T.(2009)Perceptions of the
10、Future of Cataloging:Is the Sky Really Falling?,Cataloging&Classification Quarterly,47:5,464 482Cataloguers in the digital age数字时代的编目员 Based on emergence of XML and development of Semantic Web 基于可扩展标记语言的崛起与语义网的发展 Role of academic catalogue to expand from a locating device to being a research tool in
11、 itself 学术性编目的角色从定位的方式之一扩展为本身成为一种研究工具Ivey,Robert T.(2009)Perceptions of the Future of Cataloging:Is the Sky Really Falling?,Cataloging&Classification Quarterly,47:5,464 482TASK GROUPS ON THE FUTURE OF CATALOGING编目的未来工作组 University of California study加利福尼亚大学的研究 Users preference for simplicity and imm
12、ediate results 用户偏爱简洁、快速的结果 Single catalogue interface for the whole California system 整个California系统的单一目录界面 Implementation of Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records(FRBR)书目记录功能需求概念的应用 Eliminate local variation in catalogue practices 消除编目实践中的本地差异 Metadata simplification简化元数据 Importing mor
13、e data from vendors从书商引进更多数据Ivey,Robert T.(2009)Perceptions of the Future of Cataloging:Is the Sky Really Falling?,Cataloging&Classification Quarterly,47:5,464 482TASK GROUPS ON THE FUTURE OF CATALOGING编目的未来工作组Indiana University report 印第安纳大学报告 in purchase of online resources网络资源购买量增长 in purchase of
14、 print materials印刷型文献购买量减少 Growth of online publications在线出版物的增长 Mass commercial digitization海量的商业数字化 in budgets预算下降 in reliance on external vendors对书商的依赖增加 From“creating MARC records”to“creating metadata in diverse environments”从“建立MARC记录”到“建立多种环境下的元数据”Ivey,Robert T.(2009)Perceptions of the Future
15、of Cataloging:Is the Sky Really Falling?,Cataloging&Classification Quarterly,47:5,464 482TASK GROUPS ON THE FUTURE OF CATALOGING编目的未来工作组Indiana University report印第安纳大学报告From editing records of widely held published materials to preparing metadata for uniquely held research materials从“为广泛出版的文献编辑记录”到“
16、为独特研究馆藏提供元数据”To change relationships between cataloguing and other departments within the library改变图书馆中编目与其他部门的关系Expanding cataloguers work into non-MARC metadata编目员工作扩展至非MARC的元数据Continuous effort to seek efficiencies through outsourcing and batch processing of vendor-supplied records从外包和批处理书商供应记录中寻
17、找效率Few of digitally available information resources would be described with MARC极少数字化资源采用MARC进行描述Ivey,Robert T.(2009)Perceptions of the Future of Cataloging:Is the Sky Really Falling?,Cataloging&Classification Quarterly,47:5,464 482Report to Library of Congress by Karen Calhoun(2006)Karen Calhoun提交给
18、国会图书馆的报告(2006)Powerful new discovery tools outside the library catalogue图书馆目录以外的新的功能强大的资源发现工具 Cost-effectiveness of cataloguing tradition and practice is under fire编目传统与实践的成本效益受到责难 Data consolidation,state-wide systems,multiple pathways for discovering materials 数据整合，全国范围的系统，检索资料的多种途径 74 specific re
19、commendations to change nature of the catalogue,process of cataloguing and delivery of library services74个关于改变编目的本质、编目的过程、图书馆服务传递过程的建议Calhoun,K.(2006).“The Changing Nature of the Catalog and Its Integration with Other Discovery Tools,”Conclusion 结论 Cataloguing will become more automated 编目将更加自动化 Sta
20、ndards more flexible 编目标准更加灵活 Additional material to be linked to bibliographic records 额外资料链接到书目记录，如评论 MARC will be replaced 机读目录格式将被取代 More evolutionary than revolutionary 发展将更多的是渐近式，而不是革命式。Conclusion 结论 Impending dominance of digital over paper acquisitions 数字文献采购将占主导地位 Shift of resources from ca
21、reful cataloguing of widely held materials to a more free-form cataloguing of unique materials 编目的对象将逐渐转移到较独特的馆藏 Such a shift would increase rather than decrease the demand for the skills of trained cataloguers 这样的趋势将使受过专门训练的编目员的技能更受重视 Cataloguers need to be more flexible and versatile 编目员必须更灵活及多才多艺
22、Careful cataloguing of widely held materialFree-form cataloguing of unique materialConclusion 结论 Cataloguers must become more visible 编目员需提高可见度 Cataloguers to be more engaged in teaching students 编目员需参与学生培训 Cataloguers should publish more in journals outside the traditional library realm,including m
23、aking presentations at more interdisciplinary forums 编目员需在传统图书馆领域以外的期刊发表更多论文，包括在跨学科论坛上做陈述 Good communicator 优秀沟通者 Capable of performing many different library functions 能够胜任图书馆各种的角色On the record:report of the Library of Congress Working Group on the Future of Bibliographic Control纪录在案：美国国会图书馆书目控制的未来
24、工作组报告纪录在案：美国国会图书馆书目控制的未来工作组报告1.INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD PRODUCTION AND MAINTENANCE 提高书目生产和维护的效率提高书目生产和维护的效率1.1 Eliminate Redundancies 消除冗余消除冗余 1.2 Increase Distribution of Responsibility for Bibliographic Record Production and Maintenance 促进书目记录创建和维护的责任的分配促进书目记录创建和维护的责任的分配1.3
25、Collaborate on Authority Record Creation and Maintenance 规范记录创建和维护的合作规范记录创建和维护的合作Report 9 Jan 2008 报告2008年1月9日Response 1 Jun 2008 回复 2008年6月1日Recommendations for next 4 years 15 Sept 2009 对未来四年的建议 2009年9月15日1.INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD PRODUCTION AND MAINTENANCE 提高书目生产和维护的效率提高书目
26、生产和维护的效率1.1.1 Make use of more bibliographic data available earlier in the supply chain 更多利用供应链中较早可用的书目数据1.1.2 Re-purpose existing metadata for greater efficiency 为提高效率，重新考虑使用现有的元数据1.1.3 Fully automate the CIP process CIP过程的全部自动化1.1.4 Re-examine the current economic model for data sharing in the net
27、worked environment 重新审视网络环境下当前的数据共享经济模式1.1.5 Develop evidence about discovery tools to guide decision-makers 提供关于发现用于指导决策人的工具的证据促进书目记录创建和维护的责任的分配促进书目记录创建和维护的责任的分配1.1.2.1 All:Develop workflow and mechanisms to use data and metadata from network resources,such as abstracting and indexing services,Amaz
28、on,IMDb,etc.,where those can enhance the users experience in seeking and using information.全部图书馆：全部图书馆：开发如何使用源自网络资源的数据和元数据的工作流程和机制，比如摘要标引服务，亚马逊,互联网电影数据库等等，通过这些工作流程和机制可以增强用户在寻找和使用信息过程中的体验。1.1.2.2 All:Use metadata supplied by sound recording,motion picture,and other audio-visual distribution sources.全
29、部图书馆：全部图书馆：使用录音、电影以及视听发行资源提供的元数据1.1.2.3 All:Use descriptive cataloging provided by book vendors and non-U.S.libraries whenever available.全部图书馆：全部图书馆：使用书商和非美国图书馆提供的可用的描述书目规范记录创建和维护的合作规范记录创建和维护的合作1.1.3.1 LC:Develop content and format guidelines for submission of ONIX data to the CIP program and requir
30、e publishers participating in the program to comply with these guidelines.国会图书馆：制订国会图书馆：制订向在版编目项目提交向在版编目项目提交ONIX数据的内容和格式的准则，数据的内容和格式的准则，并且要求参与项目的出版商遵守该准则。并且要求参与项目的出版商遵守该准则。1.1.3.2 LC:Develop a mechanism to accept these data in a fully automated fashion so that the descriptive portion of the bibliogr
31、aphic record is created prior to cataloging.国会图书馆：制订全自动国会图书馆：制订全自动化接受数据的机制，以便著录部分可以比编目更早被创化接受数据的机制，以便著录部分可以比编目更早被创建出来。建出来。On the record:report of the Library of Congress Working Group on the Future of Bibliographic Control1.INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD PRODUCTION AND MAINTENANCE提高
32、书目生产和维护的效率提高书目生产和维护的效率On the record:report of the Library of Congress Working Group on the Future of Bibliographic Control2.ENHANCE ACCESS TO RARE,UNIQUE,AND OTHER SPECIAL HIDDEN MATERIALS促进对珍本、促进对珍本、孤本等特藏的获取孤本等特藏的获取RESPONSE&RECOMMENDATIONSSpecial collections at LC回复回复&建议建议国会图书馆的特藏国会图书馆的特藏3.POSITION
33、 OUR TECHNOLOGY FOR THE FUTURE从将来着眼定位我们的技术从将来着眼定位我们的技术3.1 The Web as Infrastructure网络基础设施网络基础设施3.2 Standards 标准标准RESPONSE&RECOMMENDATIONSBibliographic data in new discovery environments回复回复&建议建议新的书目数据新的书目数据开发环境开发环境On the record:report of the Library of Congress Working Group on the Future of Bibliog
34、raphic Control4.POSITION OUR COMMUNITY FOR THE FUTURE定位团体的未来4.1 Design for Todays and Tomorrows Use为现在和将来的使用做规划为现在和将来的使用做规划4.2 Realization of FRBR FRBR 的实现的实现4.3 Optimize LCSH for Use and Reuse 为了可重复利用，优化为了可重复利用，优化LCSHRESPONSE&RECOMMENDATIONS回复回复&建议建议Systems to support relating evaluative data such
35、as reviews&ratings to bibliographic records 用于支持与评估用于支持与评估相关的数据的系统，比如书目纪录的相关的数据的系统，比如书目纪录的审查和评级审查和评级Guidance to user tagging eg.Term completion,tag clouds 用户用户标签标签引导引导，比如术语补充、比如术语补充、标签群。标签群。Working with OCLC,IFLA Working Group&representative system vendors与与OCLC、国际图联工作组、国际图联工作组&有代表性有代表性的系统供应商合作的系统供应
36、商合作On the record:report of the Library of Congress Working Group on the Future of Bibliographic Control5.STRENGTHEN THE LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE PROFESSION 加强图书情报学专业加强图书情报学专业5.1 Build an Evidence Base 建立一个实证基础建立一个实证基础5.2 Design LIS Education for Present and Future Needs 针对现在和将来的需要，规针对现在和将来的需要
37、，规划图书情报学教育划图书情报学教育RESPONSE&RECOMMENDATIONS回复回复&建议建议Promote collaboration and research among academics,practitioners&related communities 促进学术界，从业者和相关团体机构之间的合作和研究Promote publicity&distribution of research efforts and results 促进研究工作和成果的公开化和传播Make educational materials available over the Internet,free or at reasonable cost 在网上可以免费或者支付合理价钱得到教育资料Library of Congress training content国会图书馆的培训内容THANK YOU 谢谢谢谢
