1、In this unit you will learn how to In this unit you will learn how to incorporate basic writing strategies in your academic writing process.论文写作，尤其是文献综述写作部分，需要对已发表文献进行综合分析、归纳疏理、总结和评论，因此需要作者在已有文献解读的基础上，进行科学引用。为避免抄袭(plagiarism)的发生，需要在写作过程中学会使用缩写(summary)、改写(paraphrase)和引用(quotation)，才可以规范引用文献。1.缩写(sum
2、mary)用简练的语言对原文进行高度概括，在篇幅上应小于原文，但内容上应忠实原文。2.改写(paraphrase)重组语言对原文进行改写，在篇幅上与原文基本相符，并且内容忠实原文。3.引用(quotation)指引用原文原话，须严格标明出处页码引证(citation).Task Objective总而言之，引用他人观点及研究结果需要引证，否则就会涉嫌抄袭。而“引用”通常用于经典文献中经典段落、语句的引用，如下定义是最常见的原话引用，但因其“原话引用”的性质，在论文中使用频率和数量，远低于缩写和改写，本章重点介绍的是“缩写”和“改写”两种写作技巧，二者贯穿于写作过程中。以下在 Sample1基础
3、上设计三个递进式，分析该段文字的缩写和改写范文，在Sample 1中学习缩写和改写的具体技巧，并运用已学技巧分析 Sample 2的练习部分，Sample 3 简略介绍引用技巧。Learn to write a summary by following the guidelines below in writing a summary,and then write a summary on your own.Task Preparation Sample1Exercise IG U I D I N G QUESTIONSANSWERSTIPS1)What are the key words a
4、nd common terms in the passage?Key words and common terms might be used in a summary of paraphrase writing,without the need to document the source.2)What is the major problem proposed in the passage?Jot down the major problem and include it in the summary writing.3)What solution is proposed?This par
5、t is also very important element,which must be included in summary.4)What are key points you w i l l include in summary writing?A brief introduction of topic,a clear statement of the problem and a final solution will make up a good summary.5)What are less important elements in the passage?Less impor
6、tant details,examples,illustration,data,anecdotes,etc.can be excluded in a good summary.G U I D I N G QUESTIONSANSWERSTIPS1)What are the key words and common terms in the passage?Key words and common terms might be used in a summary of paraphrase writing,without the need to document the source.2)Wha
7、t is the major problem proposed in the passage?Jot down the major problem and include it in the summary writing.3)What solution is proposed?This part is also very important element,which must be included in summary.4)What are key points you w i l l include in summary writing?A brief introduction of
8、topic,a clear statement of the problem and a final solution will make up a good summary.5)What are less important elements in the passage?Less important details,examples,illustration,data,anecdotes,etc.can be excluded in a good summary.patent,patent law,patent ownership,first-to-file,first-to-invent
9、,WIPO,economy,etc.S7 is the proposed problem associated with the variation in patent laws.The last paragraph,from S18-20,serves as the solution part of this problem-solution essay.Introduction,problem,solutionS1 definition,S5-6 examples,S12-14 further explanation,etc.are less important Read the foll
10、owing condensed draft of the above text,and discuss with your neighbor based on the following questions.with your neighbor based on the following questions.Task Preparation Sample I Exercise II1.Does the following text contain all the necessary information from the original text?2.Does this rewritte
11、n text commit plagiarism?Please justify your point.3.Do you think it is a satisfactory summary?Why or why not?1.Does the following text contain all the necessary information from the original text?2.Does this rewritten text commit plagiarism?Please justify your point.KeyGenerally this rewritten text
12、 contains all the necessary information from the original text.This rewritten text serves as a good example of plagiarism.All the sentences are taken from the original text with few slight changes.(The whole text is made up of S2,3,5,6,7,8,11,15,17,18,19 from the original text).Furthermore,the sourc
13、e is not documented.3.Do you think it is a satisfactory summary?Why or why not?This is a poorly written summary.It is a plagiarized version of the original text.Furthermore,the language is not condensed and allows no insight of the writer.But it has captured the major points of the original text.Que
14、stions on paraphrase writing:Questions on paraphrase writing:Task Preparation Sample I Exercise III1)Does the paraphrase summary present the main idea of the original text in Sample 1?2)What changes has the writer employ to rewrite the summary?3)Which vocabulary items are not paraphrased in the para
15、phrased paragraph?Questions on paraphrase writing:Questions on paraphrase writing:Task Preparation Sample I Exercise III1)Does the paraphrase summary present the main idea of the original text in Sample 1?2)What changes has the writer employ to rewrite the summary?3)Which vocabulary items are not pa
16、raphrased in the paraphrased paragraph?Yes,the rewrite paragraph includes the problem and solution of the original text.The writer uses some vocabulary changes and sentence structure changes in rewrite paragraph.Patent,patent law,first-to-invent,first-to-file,Paris Convention on Industrial Propertie
17、s,World Intellectual Properties Organization(WIPO).Read the following texts written based on the original text above and decide which is a legitimate summary and paraphrase of the original text.Try to justify yourself with the skills you have acquired in Sample 1.Task Preparation Sample IIExercise V
18、Text 1 is a plagiarized version of the original text,because most of these sentences do little more than substitute one phrase for another.An additional problem with this passage is that the only citation occurs at the very end of the paragraph.The reader might be misled into thinking that the earli
19、er sentences were not also based on Sacks.Text 2 is a legitimate paraphrase.Text 3 is a legitimate summary.Are there any common terms?Are there any unique or key words that we borrowed from the original writer?Task Preparation Sample IIIExercise VICommon terms include“paraphrase”,“quote”.“Quoting to
20、o much”and“talk”are borrowed from the original writer.Practice these patterns and expressions often used in writing strategies.1.1 综述学者观点综述学者观点：1)He coined the term conspicuous consumption to describe spending undertaken mainly to demonstrate to others the spenders ability to pay.2)Further,Sczesny(2
21、003)found that females,although they reported that they possessed more person-oriented traits than males,described themselves as similarly task-oriented as males.3)These results support the idea of gender stereotypes as dynamic constructs as proposed by Diekman and Eagly(2000)and reflect more recent
22、ly reported changes in masculine gendered behavior(Twenge,1997,2001).4)Fiedlers LPC contingency model(1967,1978)describes how the situation moderates the relationship between leader effectiveness and a trait measure called the least preferred co-worker score.5)As described in the literature review,w
23、omen have been found to embrace transformational leadership qualities to a greater extent than men,while men tend to embrace more transactional styles(Bass&Avolio,1993;Druskat,1994;Eagly&Johannesen-Schmidt,2001;Eagly,Johannesen-Schmidt&van Engen,2003).6)Findings from the recent literature that descr
24、ibes differences in the way females and males lead their organizations(Billing&Alvesson,1994;Rosser et al.,2003).7)The literature and research reveal that women and men exhibit dissimilar leadership styles and react differently when placed in similar situations(Astin&Leland,1991;Benismon&Neumann,199
25、3;Eagly&Carli,2003).8)Although no theory on offer can fully explain Tau and Kappa effects(Sarrazin et al.,2004),the theory that appears to explain the majority of available data is the“imputed velocity hypothesis”(Jones&Huang,1982),according to which Tau and Kappa effects arise because“subjects impu
26、te uniform motion to discontinuous displays”(pp.128;see also Anderson,1974).9)John Locke(1995)argued that space and time are mutually inextricable in our minds,concluding that“expansion and duration do mutually embrace and comprehend each other;every part of space being in every part of duration,and
27、 every part of duration in every part of expansion”(p.140).10)A significant amount of past research has examined how individuals purchase and display status-conveying products in order to present a particular image and to show that they are better than others(Bagwell&Bernheim,1996;Mason,1992;Veblen,
28、1899).11)One such avenue is to examine the relationship between race and gender and how activating one or the other characteristic affects behaviors.1.2介绍研究目的和内容介绍研究目的和内容:1)This paper describes six psychophysical experiments that tested the separability of distance and duration in human judgments.2)
29、The strongest and most consistent findings from this study reveal that transformational leadership and institutional context are the most important elements in ratings of leader effectiveness.3)These findings support the claim that leadership roles are widely perceived as aligning with stereotypical
30、ly masculine traits.4)This result may imply that increasing diversity on campus has been a struggle for all types of leaders at all types of institutions,regardless of gender,race,and leadership style.5)Patterns of cross-dimensional interference were analyzed to reveal relationships between spatial
31、and temporal representations.6)My results suggest that these individuals utilize the act of paying money for products(in general)as a status enhancing strategy.7)I examine how individuals who have(do not have)high status,either achieved through personal merit or endowed through birth,engage(do not e
32、ngage)in certain behaviors(e.g.,wait longer for exclusive services,pay more for products)in order to affirm or to enhance their status.8)In this paper we have discussed many different ways that language can have an impact on message persuasion.9)As discussed,this research extends previous bilingual
33、research by exploring content-related factors that should guide language choice in advertising to bilingual markets.10)Our research shows how the everyday usage of a language in different contexts can lead to greater accessibility of words in the various languages spoken by bilinguals when the words
34、 relate to those contexts.11)The purpose of study is to investigate whether ads that use the appropriate language for the language domain content area will be preferred over ads that do not use the appropriate language for the language domain content area.12)This article examines changes in attitude
35、s toward marriage and children in Austria,(West)Germany,Great Britain,Ireland,the Netherlands,and the U.S.using the data from the 1988,1994,and 2002 waves of the International Social Survey Program(ISSP).13)This article discusses the evolution of science and policies to control acid rain in Europe a
36、nd the United States over the past several decades.14)This paper analyzes US geographic differences over nine regions in patterns of occupational mobility between 1880 and 1900 among the National Panel Study of white men in the age cohorts 5-14 and 25-34.15)This study investigates how Chinese underg
37、raduate college students studying English as a foreign language learned new vocabulary with inference-based computer games embedded in eBooks.1)Skim the text,noting down the major points.2)Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning.3)Set the original aside(otherwise you will b
38、e led by the original text),and write your summary or paraphrase on a note card.4)Jot down a few words to remind you later how you envision using this material.5)Grasp the main idea and then capture in your own words the most important elements from the original passage.6)Use a one-sentence thesis s
39、tatement that sums up the main point of the source.This thesis statement is not your main point;it is the main point of your source.7)Introduce the text to be summarized,by giving the title of the source(following the citation guidelines of whatever style)or providing the name of the author of the s
40、ource.8)Dont merely paraphrase.Analyze and add your own insight into the reading.9)Distinguish between main and subsidiary information.Dont include all the details from the original passage when paraphrasing.10)You dont need to change every word.Common key terms are consistently used in writing.11)A
41、ny unique term orphraseology coined by the original writer should be put in quotation marks.12)Cite the source at the end(following the citation guidelines of whatever style).13)Dont distort the original meaning and refer back to the original text after writing.14)Go through the process again,and ma
42、ke some changes as appropriate.1.Read the following text carefully,and write a summary and a paraphrase based on it.Remember to follow the tips listed above.Task RealizationStudents frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes,and as a result they overuse quotations in the final research pape
43、r.Probably only about 10%of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter.Therefore,you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes.Lester,James D.Writing Research Papers.2nd ed.(1976):46-47.SummaryStudents should take just a few not
44、es in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper(Lester 46-47).ParaphraseIn research papers students often quote excessively,failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level.Since the problem usually originates during note taking,it is e
45、ssential to minimize the material recorded verbatim(Lester 46-47).2.Read the following two texts and decide whether the paraphrase is a legitimate one.Original TextStudents frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes,and as a result they overuse quotations in the final research paper.Probabl
46、y only about 10%of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter.Therefore,you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes.Lester,James D.Writing Research Papers.2nd ed.(1976):46-47.2.Read the following two texts and decide whether t
47、he paraphrase is a legitimate one.Rewritten Text Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes,resulting in too many of them in the final research paper.In fact,probably only about 10%of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material.So it is important to limit the am
48、ount of source material copied while taking notes.The rewritten text is a plagiarized version.The rewritten text simply changes some words in the original text,without changing the structure of the text.Furthermore,it doesnt cite the source.3.On a separate piece of paper,write a paraphrase of each o
49、f the following passages.Try not to look back at the original passage.1)The twenties were the years when drinking was against the law,and the law was a bad joke because everyone knew of a local bar where liquor could be had.They were the years when organized crime ruled the cities,and the police see
50、med powerless to do anything against it.Classical music was forgotten while jazz spread throughout the land,and men like Bix Beiderbecke,Louis Armstrong,and Count Basie became the heroes of the young.The flapper was born in the twenties,and with her bobbed hair and short skirts,she symbolized,perhap
