1、1Hunan University of Arts and ScienceHunan University of Arts and ScienceHUMAN ANATOMY2The general descriptionThe bones of trunkThe skullThe bones of limbs homework第一篇：第一篇：Chapter 1 Osteology 骨学骨学31 The general descriptionThe general features of the bonesThe bone number of the adultThe shape and cla
2、ssification of the bonesThe structure of the bonesThe chemical composition and physical properties of the bonesThe basic conceptsThe visceral bones4Proper shape Hard and resilientAbundant in blood and nerve supplyMetabolism and growthRepairing 修复修复Regeneration 再生再生Reconstruction 再造再造 The general fea
3、tures of the bones5儿童的骨头比成人多。儿童的骨头比成人多。因为：因为：儿童的骶骨有儿童的骶骨有5块，成人后合为块，成人后合为1块。块。儿童的尾骨有儿童的尾骨有45块，成人后合为块，成人后合为1块。块。儿童有儿童有2块髂骨、块髂骨、2块坐骨和块坐骨和2块耻骨，到成人就合并成为块耻骨，到成人就合并成为2块块髋骨。髋骨。这样儿童的骨头要比成人多这样儿童的骨头要比成人多 1112块，块，就是说有就是说有217218块。块。而初生婴儿的骨头竟多达而初生婴儿的骨头竟多达305块块。6 Auditory ossicles51 Trunk bones126 Limb bones23 Sku
4、ll bones The bone number of the adultTotoal =?206 in adult成人骨块数成人骨块数6long boneshort boneflate boneirregular bone The shape and classification of bonesBone types7 The structure of bonesBony substance 骨质骨质Periosteum 骨膜骨膜Bone marrow 骨髓骨髓Nervous fibers 神经神经Blood vessels 血管血管Living bone structure年龄对骨的化学成
5、分和物理性质的影响costal head 肋骨头The second cervical vertebra known as the Axis(枢椎),bears the odontoid(指状的)process on the superior aspect of its body.spinous processMade up of the bones of the limbs(肢).Bone marrow type位于颅骨两侧，并延至颅底，参与构成颅底和颅腔的侧部，形状不规则，以外耳门为中心可分为颞鳞、鼓部和岩部3部分，周围与顶骨、枕骨及蝶骨相接。Sternal bodyThe red and
6、 yellow bone marrow儿童有2块髂骨、2块坐骨和2块耻骨，到成人就合并成为2块髋骨。Hyoid bone 舌骨Bone marrow type年龄对骨的化学成分和物理性质的影响成对分布，即左、右两块上颌骨在正中线相连结，上颌骨由 1个骨体和4个突起组成。Requirement:answer every question in English.Sphenoid bone 蝶骨 The structure of bones1 The general descriptionMastoid(乳突的)fontanelle8The structure of bones9Compact bo
7、ne(骨密质骨密质)Cancellous bone(骨松质骨松质)The structure of the bony substanceBony substance structure Compact bone(密质密质)：既致密又坚硬，既致密又坚硬，耐压性耐压性较大，类似象牙。较大，类似象牙。Spongy bone(松质松质)：由互相交叉成网的骨小梁由互相交叉成网的骨小梁构成，近似海绵，弹性较大。构成，近似海绵，弹性较大。10The bony substanceThe visceral bones are formed in soft organs.Hyoid bone儿童的骶骨有5块，成人
8、后合为1块。Temporal bone 颞骨The bony substance The Sacrum 骶椎Question 3:what is the vertebral structure?Blood vesselsOccipital bone 枕骨成对分布，即左、右两块上颌骨在正中线相连结，上颌骨由 1个骨体和4个突起组成。Reconstruction 再造Nervous fibersMade up of the bones of the limbs(肢).Metabolism and growthThe cranial frontanelles 脑颅囟Abundant in blood
9、 and nerve supplyAnterior frontanelle closed during middle of the 2nd year The vertebral structureBone marrow 骨髓The facial cranium portion位于面颅中央，两眶之间，左右成对，构成鼻背。Ribs:12 pairs11The bony substance12The bony substance1314In the flat bones of the skull,the layers of compact bone are called the outer plat
10、e(外板外板)and inner plate(内板内板),while the layer of spongy bone is called the diplo(板障板障)。The structure of the flat bone15Red bone marrowYellow bone marrow The bone marrowBone marrow type16红骨髓：红骨髓：主要由不同发育阶段的血细胞构成，主要分布在胸主要由不同发育阶段的血细胞构成，主要分布在胸骨、椎骨、肋骨、髂骨等处。骨、椎骨、肋骨、髂骨等处。具有造血功能。具有造血功能。The red and yellow bone
11、 marrow黄骨髓：黄骨髓：含有大量的脂肪组织。含有大量的脂肪组织。6岁前后，长骨内的红骨髓岁前后，长骨内的红骨髓逐渐转化为黄骨髓，失去造血功能。逐渐转化为黄骨髓，失去造血功能。患某种贫血症状时，黄骨髓可能重新转化为具造血患某种贫血症状时，黄骨髓可能重新转化为具造血功能的红骨髓。功能的红骨髓。17The distribution of the red bone marrow18有机质有机质无机质无机质 骨的化学成分和物理性质骨的化学成分和物理性质碱性磷酸钙碱性磷酸钙碳酸钙碳酸钙胶原纤维胶原纤维粘多糖蛋白粘多糖蛋白具韧性具韧性具弹性具弹性具硬度具硬度具脆性具脆性骨的化学成分骨的化学成分19年龄
12、对骨的化学成分和物理性质的影响年龄对骨的化学成分和物理性质的影响年龄段年龄段有机质比例有机质比例无机质比例无机质比例物理特性物理特性幼儿幼儿50%50%不易骨折，易变形不易骨折，易变形成人成人30%70%弹性和硬度都好弹性和硬度都好老人老人20%80%脆性较大，易骨折脆性较大，易骨折20The axial skeleton 中轴骨骼中轴骨骼 Made up of the bones along the midline(axis)of the body,including the skull,hyoid bone(舌骨舌骨),spinal column,ribs and sternum(胸骨胸骨
13、).The basic conceptsThe appendicular skeleton 附肢骨骼附肢骨骼Made up of the bones of the limbs(肢肢).The visceral skeleton 内脏骨骼内脏骨骼Made up of bones formed in soft organs.21The visceral bones are formed in soft organs.They are not present in all species of animals.The visceral bonesExamples of the visceral bo
14、nes:os penis 阴茎骨阴茎骨 bone in the penis of dogs os cordis 心脏骨心脏骨bone in the heart of cattle os rostri 鼻骨鼻骨bone in the snout(鼻口部鼻口部)of pigs Nasal bone 鼻骨In roughly triangular shape.bone in the heart of cattleNasal bone 鼻骨A pair of laminaeRed bone marrow第一篇：Chapter 1 Osteology 骨学 The general features of
15、 the bonesOccipital bone 枕骨Hard and resilientThe facial cranium forms the bony framework of the face,the orbit(眼眶),the nasal cavity(鼻腔)and the roof and lateral wall of the mouth.Hyoid bone 舌骨Temporal bone 颞骨7 Exercise为面颅骨最大者，分为体部及升支部，两侧体部在正中联合为一体。The red and yellow bone marrowQuestion 3:what is the
16、vertebral structure?Frontal bone 额骨irregular bone儿童有2块髂骨、2块坐骨和2块耻骨，到成人就合并成为2块髋骨。The general characters of the skull at birthA pair of pedicles22The general componentsThe vertebraeThe ribsThe sternum2 The bones of the trunk23 The general componentsTrunk BonesVertebrae:33Sternum:3 partsRibs:12 pairsVe
17、rtebraeSternumRibs24Cervical vertebrae 颈椎颈椎Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎胸椎Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎腰椎Sacrum 骶椎骶椎Coccyx 尾椎尾椎 The vertebrae 脊椎脊椎Vertebrae 25 The vertebral structure Vertebral StructureVertebral body椎体椎体Vertebral arch椎弓椎弓Vertebral foramen椎孔椎孔Spongy bone骨松质骨松质Compact bone骨密质骨密质A pair of pedicles1对椎弓根对
18、椎弓根A pair of laminae1对椎弓板对椎弓板Spines and processes26The vertebral structure view27The vertebral structure view28The foramen is nearly triangular and is relatively large and roomy.The cervical vertebrae 颈椎颈椎spinous process 棘突棘突articular processlaminapediclebodyThe body is relatively small.29The cervic
19、al vertebrae-Atlas and Axis viewThe first cervical vertebra known as the Atlas(寰椎寰椎),has no body and no spine.The second cervical vertebra known as the Axis(枢椎枢椎),bears the odontoid(指状的指状的)process on the superior aspect of its body.30The articulation of Atlas with Axis31The body in heart-shaped.The
20、thoracic vertebrae 胸椎胸椎The spines are long and downward sloping.The two costal facets(肋凹肋凹面面)for articulation with the rib head.The two facets for the rib tubercle(结节结节).32The facets(肋凹肋凹)for the rib head and tubercle33The body in kidney-shaped.The lumbar vertebrae 腰椎腰椎The foramen is triangular,but
21、larger than that of the thoracic vertebrae.The spines are strong and horizontal.The visceral bones are formed in soft organs.Ethmoid bone 筛骨Costal groove：肋沟Hyoid bone 舌骨costal head 肋骨头The chemical composition and physical properties of the bones(简述人体颅骨的组成与功能)Paired bones 成对骨spinous process 棘突Bony su
22、bstance 骨质Ethmoid bone 筛骨Question 2:what is the bone structure?The foramen is nearly triangular and is relatively large and roomy.为面颅骨最大者，分为体部及升支部，两侧体部在正中联合为一体。The visceral bones are formed in soft organs.The skull bones 四人一组制作“The appendicular skeleton of the human body”PPT课件.The rib parts 肋骨分部cost
23、al neck 肋骨颈Hard and resilientThe foramen is nearly triangular and is relatively large and roomy.Zygomatic bone34Made up of 5 fused vertebrae.The Sacrum 骶椎骶椎In roughly triangular shape.35Made up of 4 coccygeal(尾椎尾椎的的)vertebrae.The Coccyx 尾椎尾椎Roughly tri-angular shape36 The ribs 肋骨肋骨The rib structurec
24、ostal head 肋骨头肋骨头costal neck 肋骨颈肋骨颈costal shaft 肋骨体肋骨体Ribs:12 pairsCostal cartilage:7 pairs The rib structure37Ribs 肋骨肋骨Costal cartilage肋软骨肋软骨The ribs and costal cartilage38neckTuberclecostal grooveheadThe rib parts 肋骨分部肋骨分部Tubercle：结节，结节，小瘤；小瘤；Costal groove：肋沟肋沟39The ribs may be classified into fol
25、lowing types:The rib classificationFalse ribs:8-12 pairs12345671234True ribs:1-7 pairsFloating ribs:11-12 pairs.40Jugular notch胸骨上切迹胸骨上切迹Clavicular notch锁骨切迹锁骨切迹 The sternum 胸骨胸骨SternalPartsManubrium胸骨柄胸骨柄Sternal body胸骨体胸骨体Xiphoid process剑突剑突Mandible 下颌骨司舌之活动，与吞咽和发音有关。Bony substance 骨质Nervous fibers
26、 神经Compact boneSternal bodyPeriosteum 骨膜The facets(肋凹)for the rib head and tubercle The bone number of the adult206 in adultOccipital bone 枕骨Tubercle：结节，小瘤；The spines are strong and horizontal.Sternum:3 partsThere are several cranial frontanelles.Frontanelle:unossified membrane between the bones at
27、the angles of parietal bones.costal head 肋骨头Totoal =Bone substance 骨质Compact bone(密质)：既致密又坚硬，耐压性较大，类似象牙。A pair of laminae The rib structure41The general features of the skullThe bones of the cerebral cranium The bones of the facial cranium The general characters of the skull at birth3 The skull42Tot
28、ally there are 23 the skull bones which may be divided into 2 parts:The general features of the skullCerebral cranium 脑颅脑颅Facial cranium 面颅面颅The skull bones43 The cerebral cranium 脑颅脑颅Cerebral cranium 脑颅脑颅=8 piecesSingle bones 单块骨单块骨Paired bones 成对骨成对骨Frontal bone 额骨额骨Parietal bone 顶骨顶骨Ethmoid bone
29、筛骨筛骨Temporal bone 颞骨颞骨Sphenoid bone 蝶骨蝶骨Occipital bone 枕骨枕骨The cerebral cranium,made up of 8 cranial bones,forms the cranial cavity enclosing(圈起圈起)and protecting the brain.44Frontal bone 额骨额骨 Frontal bone 额骨额骨Frontal bone 额骨额骨颅前上部的一对膜化骨，后颅前上部的一对膜化骨，后方紧接着一对顶骨，在人类方紧接着一对顶骨，在人类头上联合形成单个骨，形成头上联合形成单个骨，形成额与
30、眶的上部。额与眶的上部。45Ethmoid bone 筛骨筛骨位于额骨与蝶骨之间位于额骨与蝶骨之间,此骨有空泡小孔此骨有空泡小孔,是含气骨。是含气骨。Ethmoid bone 筛骨筛骨Ethmoid bone 筛骨筛骨46Sphenoid bone 蝶骨蝶骨形如蝴蝶，位于前方的额骨、筛骨形如蝴蝶，位于前方的额骨、筛骨和后方的颞骨、枕骨之间，横向伸和后方的颞骨、枕骨之间，横向伸展于颅底部。蝶骨分为体、小翼、展于颅底部。蝶骨分为体、小翼、大翼和翼突四个部分。大翼和翼突四个部分。Sphenoid bone 蝶骨蝶骨Sphenoid bone 蝶骨蝶骨47Occipital bone 枕骨枕骨是颅骨的
31、一部分，俗称是颅骨的一部分，俗称“后后脑勺脑勺”，是平卧位时头部与，是平卧位时头部与枕头相接触的部位，枕头相接触的部位，故称故称之为枕骨。之为枕骨。位于顶骨之后，并延伸至颅位于顶骨之后，并延伸至颅底。在枕骨的下面中央有一底。在枕骨的下面中央有一个大孔，叫枕骨大孔，脑和个大孔，叫枕骨大孔，脑和脊髓在此处相续。脊髓在此处相续。Occipital bone 枕骨枕骨Occipital bone 枕骨枕骨48 Parietal bone 顶骨顶骨Parietal bone 顶骨顶骨Parietal bone 顶骨顶骨位于额、枕骨之间，具左、右位于额、枕骨之间，具左、右两块顶骨。两块顶骨。49Tempo
32、ral bone 颞骨颞骨位于颅骨两侧，并延至颅底，参位于颅骨两侧，并延至颅底，参与构成颅底和颅腔的侧部，形状与构成颅底和颅腔的侧部，形状不规则，以外耳门为中心可分为不规则，以外耳门为中心可分为颞鳞、鼓部和岩部颞鳞、鼓部和岩部3部分，部分，周围周围与顶骨、枕骨及蝶骨相接。与顶骨、枕骨及蝶骨相接。Temporal bone 颞骨颞骨Temporal bone 颞骨颞骨50The facial cranium forms the bony framework of the face,the orbit(眼眶眼眶),the nasal cavity(鼻腔鼻腔)and the roof and lat
33、eral wall of the mouth.Facial cranium 面颅面颅=15 piecesSingle bones 单块骨单块骨Paired bones 成对骨成对骨Mandible 下颌骨下颌骨Maxilla 上颌骨上颌骨Vomer 犁骨犁骨Nasal bone 鼻骨鼻骨Hyoid bone 舌骨舌骨Palatine bone 腭骨腭骨Zygomatic bone 颧骨颧骨Lacrimal bone 泪骨泪骨Inferior nasal concha 下鼻甲下鼻甲 Facial cranium 面颅面颅51Mandible 下颌骨下颌骨为面颅骨最大者，为面颅骨最大者，分为体部及
34、分为体部及升支部，两侧体部在正中联合升支部，两侧体部在正中联合为一体。为一体。Mandible 下颌骨下颌骨52Maxilla 上颌骨上颌骨位于人体面颅中位于人体面颅中央的上颌部的骨央的上颌部的骨骼。成对分布，骼。成对分布，即左、右两块上即左、右两块上颌骨在正中线相颌骨在正中线相连结，上颌骨由连结，上颌骨由 1个骨体和个骨体和4个突个突起组成。起组成。Maxilla 上颌骨上颌骨Hyoid bone 舌骨位于面颅中央，两眶之间，左右成对，构成鼻背。Mandible 下颌骨The shape and classification of the bonesThe skull at birth is
35、 large in proportion to rest of the skeleton 1/4(adult 1/7).Vertebral foramenThe articulation of Atlas with AxisThe red and yellow bone marrowRoughly tri-angular shape The bone marrowRed bone marrowHyoid bone 舌骨The basic conceptsCostal cartilage:7 pairsThe basic concepts颅前上部的一对膜化骨，后方紧接着一对顶骨，在人类头上联合形
36、成单个骨，形成额与眶的上部。主要由不同发育阶段的血细胞构成，主要分布在胸骨、椎骨、肋骨、髂骨等处。Facial cranium 面颅=15 piecesSpines and processesPalatine bone 腭骨为面颅骨最大者，分为体部及升支部，两侧体部在正中联合为一体。儿童有2块髂骨、2块坐骨和2块耻骨，到成人就合并成为2块髋骨。53Zygomatic bone 颧骨颧骨成对，位于上颌骨的成对，位于上颌骨的外上方。外上方。具有两个突起：具有两个突起：额突额突和颞突。和颞突。Zygomatic bone 颧骨颧骨54Hyoid bone 舌骨舌骨位于下颌骨的位于下颌骨的后方，呈马蹄
37、后方，呈马蹄铁形，系于舌铁形，系于舌根。司舌之活根。司舌之活动，与吞咽和动，与吞咽和发音有关。发音有关。Hyoid bone 舌骨舌骨舌骨体舌骨体小角小角大角大角55Nasal bone 鼻骨鼻骨位于面颅中央，两眶之间，位于面颅中央，两眶之间，左右成对，构成鼻背。左右成对，构成鼻背。Nasal bone 鼻骨鼻骨Nasal bone56Lacrimal bone 泪骨泪骨成对，位于两眶内侧成对，位于两眶内侧壁的前部，为一小而壁的前部，为一小而薄的骨片。薄的骨片。Lacrimal bone 泪骨泪骨57Inferior nasal concha 下鼻甲下鼻甲为一对卷曲的薄骨片为一对卷曲的薄骨片,
38、呈水平位附于鼻腔的呈水平位附于鼻腔的外侧壁。外侧壁。Inferior nasal concha 下鼻甲下鼻甲58Frontal boneZygomatic boneNasal boneMaxilla MandibleSphenoid bone Parietal bone Temporal boneOccipital boneThe skull bones59 The general characters of the skull at birthThe skull at birth is large in proportion to rest of the skeleton 1/4(adult
39、 1/7).Many bones consist of more than one piece.60The facial portion equals about one eight that of the cranium in size,whereas in adult it is one quarter(1/4).The facial cranium portion61There are several cranial frontanelles.The cranial frontanelles 脑颅囟脑颅囟Anterior frontanelle closed during middle
40、of the 2nd yearPosterior frontanelle closed by the end of the 2nd month after birthMastoid(乳突的乳突的)fontanelleSphenoidal(蝶骨的蝶骨的)fontanelle Frontanelle:unossified membrane between the bones at the angles of parietal bones.spinous process 棘突Bone marrow,true ribs,false ribs,floating ribs,cranial frontane
41、llescostal head 肋骨头为面颅骨最大者，分为体部及升支部，两侧体部在正中联合为一体。Ethmoid bone 筛骨 Temporal bone 颞骨Hard and resilientVertebral arch2 The bones of the trunkEthmoid bone 筛骨The visceral bones are formed in soft organs.而初生婴儿的骨头竟多达305块。Paired bones 成对骨为面颅骨最大者，分为体部及升支部，两侧体部在正中联合为一体。The skull bonesirregular bonespinous proc
42、ess 棘突Nervous fibers1 The general descriptionA pair of laminaeThe chemical composition and physical properties of the bonesMaxilla 上颌骨62The cranial frontanelles(脑颅囟脑颅囟)view634 复习复习 提问提问 总结总结Question 1:What are the general features of bones?Proper shape Hard and resilientAbundant in blood and nerve s
43、upplyMetabolism and growthRepairing 修复修复Regeneration 再生再生Reconstruction 再造再造64Bone substance 骨质骨质Periosteum 骨膜骨膜Bone marrow 骨髓骨髓Nervous fibersBlood vesselsLiving bone structure骨密质骨密质骨松质骨松质红骨髓红骨髓黄骨髓黄骨髓Question 2:what is the bone structure?65Vertebral StructureVertebral body椎体椎体Vertebral arch椎弓椎弓Verte
44、bral foramen椎孔椎孔Spongy bone骨松质骨松质Compact bone骨密质骨密质A pair of pedicles1对椎弓根对椎弓根A pair of laminae1对椎弓板对椎弓板Spines and processesQuestion 3:what is the vertebral structure?66Question 4:how many cranial frontanelles are there?Anterior frontanelle closed during middle of the 2nd yearPosterior frontanelle c
45、losed by the end of the 2nd month after birthMastoid(乳突的乳突的)fontanelleSphenoidal(蝶骨的蝶骨的)fontanelle67Requirement:answer every question in English.7 Exercise1.Term ExplanationBone marrow,true ribs,false ribs,floating ribs,cranial frontanelles Briefly stating the components and functions of the skull b
46、ones.(简述人体颅骨的组成与功能简述人体颅骨的组成与功能)四人一组制作四人一组制作“The appendicular skeleton of the human body”PPT课件课件.68谢谢 谢谢 聆聆 听！听！欢欢 迎迎 指指 导！导！691 The general descriptionThe general features of the bonesThe bone number of the adultThe shape and classification of the bonesThe structure of the bonesThe chemical composit
47、ion and physical properties of the bonesThe basic conceptsThe visceral bones70Proper shape Hard and resilientAbundant in blood and nerve supplyMetabolism and growthRepairing 修复修复Regeneration 再生再生Reconstruction 再造再造 The general features of the bones71红骨髓：红骨髓：主要由不同发育阶段的血细胞构成，主要分布在胸主要由不同发育阶段的血细胞构成，主要分布
48、在胸骨、椎骨、肋骨、髂骨等处。骨、椎骨、肋骨、髂骨等处。具有造血功能。具有造血功能。The red and yellow bone marrow黄骨髓：黄骨髓：含有大量的脂肪组织。含有大量的脂肪组织。6岁前后，长骨内的红骨髓岁前后，长骨内的红骨髓逐渐转化为黄骨髓，失去造血功能。逐渐转化为黄骨髓，失去造血功能。患某种贫血症状时，黄骨髓可能重新转化为具造血患某种贫血症状时，黄骨髓可能重新转化为具造血功能的红骨髓。功能的红骨髓。Metabolism and growthThe bony substanceProper shapeThe structure of the bonesCostal car
49、tilageThe articulation of Atlas with AxisBone marrow 骨髓transverse processFacial cranium 面颅=15 piecesSphenoid bone 蝶骨The basic conceptsThe shape and classification of the bonesThere are several cranial frontanelles.Paired bones 成对骨The vertebral structure view成对，位于上颌骨的外上方。Question 1:What are the gener
50、al features of bones?Anterior frontanelle closed during middle of the 2nd yearQuestion 4:how many cranial frontanelles are there?The Sacrum 骶椎Compact boneRibs:12 pairs72年龄对骨的化学成分和物理性质的影响年龄对骨的化学成分和物理性质的影响年龄段年龄段有机质比例有机质比例无机质比例无机质比例物理特性物理特性幼儿幼儿50%50%不易骨折，易变形不易骨折，易变形成人成人30%70%弹性和硬度都好弹性和硬度都好老人老人20%80%脆性较
