1、：第二节第二节 英、汉语言的差异：英、汉语言的差异：见翻译新概念见翻译新概念p123.1.英、汉语言的差异主要表现在：英、汉语言的差异主要表现在：英语讲究英语讲究“结构美结构美”（强调句（强调句法的完整性和合理性）法的完整性和合理性）2.汉语讲究汉语讲究“意境美意境美”（可以用（可以用任何语言单位表达思想、无拘任何语言单位表达思想、无拘无束，挥洒自如，语法不完整、无束，挥洒自如，语法不完整、不合理也无关紧要）不合理也无关紧要）主要问题主要问题英汉差异英汉差异翻译对策翻译对策翻译练习翻译练习翻译对策：加上表时态或状态的副词来体现英语的关系 根据语言差异采取的翻译对策：根据语言差异采取的翻译对策：
2、1.词汇的形态变化差异：词汇的形态变化差异：（见翻译新概念（见翻译新概念p123互译对策）互译对策）His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.【例例3】p124.（见翻译新概念）见翻译新概念）主人对他的冷落使他更加不舒服。被动语态用中文的主动语态来表示 added to“增加”用“更加”来翻译，体现了英语中的程度的加深；同时考虑汉语中翻译为“增加不舒服”不符合中国人说话习惯。I could have laughed to hear him talk like this.【例例4】p124.（见翻译新概念）见翻译新概念）听到他
3、这样说话，我差点笑出来。could have done 表示过去有可能发生的动作没有发生，用“差点”正好符合英文要表达的意思翻译对策：把英语的静态语势译为汉语的动态语势-转译(2语势差异：（见翻译新概念语势差异：（见翻译新概念p125互译对策）互译对策）名词 介词 形容词 副词 Carelessness caused his failure in this years college entrance examination.由于粗心，他今年高考落榜（1）【例例4】p126.（见翻译新概念）见翻译新概念）（2）【例例5】p126.（见翻译新概念）见翻译新概念）（3）【例例8】p127.（见翻译
4、新概念）见翻译新概念）Water works for weight loss.喝水有利于减肥。I saw a woman with a baby in her arms just now.刚才我看见一位抱小孩的妇女。They walked with umbrellas up a winding mountain path.他们撑着伞，沿着蜿蜒的山间小道向上攀。He is a green hand.他初出茅庐，没什么经验。他初出茅庐，没什么经验。【例例14】p128.（见翻译新概念）见翻译新概念）She is an ardent(强烈的热爱）强烈的热爱）lover of classic musi
5、c.她酷爱古典音乐。她酷爱古典音乐。翻译对策：汉语句子中可以连续重复 3.用词的复指差异用词的复指差异（见翻译新概念互译对策（见翻译新概念互译对策p128.）（1）【例例1】p129.（见翻译新概念）见翻译新概念）（2）【例例3】p129.（见翻译新概念）见翻译新概念）I managed to make a cake,but little Peter threw it to the ground.小彼特把我辛辛苦苦准备的蛋糕扔在了地上。Translation from Chinese into English is not so easy as that from English into C
6、hinese.汉译英不如英译汉容易。4.词语音律差异（见翻译新概念互译对策词语音律差异（见翻译新概念互译对策p134.）（1）.【例例1】p134.（见翻译新概念）见翻译新概念）（2）.【例例3】p134.（见翻译新概念）见翻译新概念）5.修辞差异（见翻译新概念互译对策修辞差异（见翻译新概念互译对策p135.）（1）.【例例1】p135.（见翻译新概念）见翻译新概念）（2）.【例例7】p134.（见翻译新概念）见翻译新概念）6.句子主语的差异（见翻译新概念互译对策句子主语的差异（见翻译新概念互译对策p138.）（1）.【例例1】p139.（见翻译新概念）见翻译新概念）（2）.【例例3】p139
7、.（见翻译新概念）见翻译新概念）7.句子谓语的差异（见翻译新概念互译对策句子谓语的差异（见翻译新概念互译对策p138.）（1）.【例例2】p141.（见翻译新概念）见翻译新概念）（2）.【例例3】p141.（见翻译新概念）见翻译新概念）翻译对策：连词大多数情况下省略；介词短语、定语从句和独立主格在多数情况下译为短语或分句8.句法逻辑差异（见翻译新概念互译对策句法逻辑差异（见翻译新概念互译对策p143.）Come and see me tomorrow.明天来看我。（省略连词）He came in with a book in hand.他拿着本书，走了进来。（with a book in ha
8、nd 翻译为一个分句。）As the weather is fine,we decide to climb the mountain.天好了，我们去爬山。（省略连词）翻译对策：许多被动句子要译为主动式9.语态差异（见翻译新概念互译对策语态差异（见翻译新概念互译对策p146.）They want to be listened to.他们希望有人听听他们的意见。The vase is broken.花瓶碎了。举例：举例：（1）.【例例4】p147.（见翻译新概念）见翻译新概念）（2）.【例例5】p147.（见翻译新概念）见翻译新概念）10.叙述顺序的差异（叙述顺序的差异（见翻译新概念见翻译新概念p
9、148）11.句式的信息主、次差异（句式的信息主、次差异（见翻译新概念见翻译新概念p152）12.段落编排的差异（段落编排的差异（见翻译新概念见翻译新概念p155）13.文化和表达思维的差异（文化和表达思维的差异（见翻译新概念见翻译新概念p158）Practice Its more a poem than a picture.与其说那是一幅画，不如说那是一首诗。He drank himself out of the best lines.他借酒写得好诗句。He pretends to be as modest as anything.他装得极为谦虚。Fire goes wherever it
10、can,but it prefers to follow a draft.火是无孔不入的，可是它更爱窜入通风的地方。The room was easily traced by the noise that was coming from it.循声而去，便轻而易举地找到了那间屋子。Taking care to pitch my voice to politeness,I asked about the next bus to Beijing.我陪着小心，用温和的口吻询问开往北京下一班车的情况。If you feel depressed at a social gathering,keep it
11、 a secret.在社交场合，你就是感到情绪压抑，也不要表露出来。He wants a lawyer who understands his case,who sympathizes with him and who has been there himself.他要找一位了解他的案情，同情他的处境，并有过亲身经历的人当他的律师。World-famous for his works he was never personally well known,for throughout his life he avoided publicity.他的著作举世闻名，而他个人却一直默默无闻，因为他一生
12、始终避免抛头露面。A book may be compared to your neighbor:if it is bad,it can not last too long;if good you can not get rid of it too early.书可以比作邻居：如果是好的，相处愈久愈好；如果是坏的，分手愈早愈好。During the last six years,44 of 60 scholarship winners have been the children of foreigners.The talent search,certainly in this decade,
13、is a tribute(礼物）as much to immigration as to education.过去六年里，每60名奖学金获得者中就有44名是外来移民的子女。人才奖的评选，当然是指这十年，不仅为美国教育，也为美国移民增添了光彩。第三节第三节 英、汉互译的常用技巧英、汉互译的常用技巧 一、适当选词一、适当选词 二、适度增减二、适度增减 三、转换词性三、转换词性 四、挖掘引申四、挖掘引申 五：变换语法角色五：变换语法角色 六：先释后译六：先释后译 七：整合重组七：整合重组 八：逆向翻译八：逆向翻译 Diction in translation遣词用字遣词用字Definition of
14、 dictionBy“diction”we mean the proper choice of words and phrases in the target language on the basis of accurate comprehension of the source language text.Correspondence between English and Chinese Full correspondence No equivalents One word with multiple equivalents Of the same meaningOf different
15、 meaningsFull correspondence minibus=微型汽车（面包车）微型汽车（面包车）the United Nations=联合国联合国 the Pacific Ocean=太平洋太平洋 helicopter=直升飞机直升飞机No equivalents New sci-tech wordsplumber 特工特工mascon 物质聚积物质聚积chain-smoker 烟鬼烟鬼hit 引起轰动的事物引起轰动的事物One word with multiple equivalents of the same meaning爱人爱人老婆老婆夫人夫人老伴老伴媳妇媳妇堂客堂客内人
16、、贱内、拙荆内人、贱内、拙荆One word with multiple equivalents of different meanings Marry Sister Man I am a man now.Any man can do it.The rights of man should be respected.You can stay in the same room if you are man and wife.How to judge the meaning from the part of speech from the collocation from the context
17、from the syntaxPart of speech He saw a man sawing trees with a saw他看见一个人正用锯子锯树。他看见一个人正用锯子锯树。Needing some light to see by,the burglar crossed the room with a light step to light the light with the light green shade.那个贼轻手轻脚的穿过房间，点亮了那盏有那个贼轻手轻脚的穿过房间，点亮了那盏有浅绿色灯罩的灯，以便照亮。浅绿色灯罩的灯，以便照亮。Eat what you can and c
18、an what you cannot能吃的吃掉，吃不掉的就做成罐头。能吃的吃掉，吃不掉的就做成罐头。I dont like it when she tells me how to do things.From what you say,she sounds like the right person for the job.Running,swimming and like sports are all her hobbies.Do you make bread like you make cakes?Will we ever see the like of Mozart again?(诸如此
19、类）诸如此类）Like knows like.英雄识英雄Collocation a fast car the fast growth fast music a fast journey fast color a fast film a fast oven fast asleep break ones fast stick fast in the mud 速度很快的车速度很快的车 迅速发展迅速发展 节奏快的音乐节奏快的音乐 行程紧凑的一次旅行行程紧凑的一次旅行 不易褪掉的颜色不易褪掉的颜色 快速感光胶卷快速感光胶卷 烤箱烤箱 熟睡的熟睡的 开斋开斋 牢牢地陷在泥巴里牢牢地陷在泥巴里 delica
20、te skin delicate porcelain delicate upbringing delicate health delicate stomach delicate diplomatic question delicate difference delicate surgical operation delicate ear for music delicate touch delicate food Context 英语中同一个词，同一词类，在不同场合往往也有不同的含义，必须根据上下文的联系以及词的搭配关系或句型来判断和确定某个词在特定场合下所应具有的词义。“Each word
21、when used in a new context is a new word.”J.R.FirthContextThis war is becoming the most important story of his generation.这场战争将成为这一代人的最重大的这场战争将成为这一代人的最重大的事件事件。It is quite another story now.现在的现在的情况情况完全不同了。完全不同了。Some reporters who were not included in the sessions broke the story.有些没有参加那次会议的记者把有些没有参加
22、那次会议的记者把内情内情捅出去了捅出去了.The Marry story is one of the saddest.玛丽的玛丽的遭遇遭遇算最惨的了。算最惨的了。A young man came to the police station with a story.一个年轻人来到警察局一个年轻人来到警察局报案报案.Last December,the Post first reported that probes were being made in each of those cities,but officials refused to confirm the story.去年去年12月，月
23、，邮报邮报首先报道侦察工作已在那些首先报道侦察工作已在那些城市里进行，但官员们拒绝证实这条城市里进行，但官员们拒绝证实这条消息消息。He is the last man to come.He is the last man to do it.他绝对不会干那件事。He is the last person for such a job.他最不配干这个工作。He should be the last to blame.This is the last place where I expected to see you.我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。Syntax agreement an agr
24、eement people a people hostility hostilities use uses 同意同意 协定协定 人民人民 民族民族 敌意敌意 战争战争 使用使用 用途用途 Syntax He served me with a kind of coffee.He served me with coffee of a kind.Give me a glass for wine.Give me a glass of wine.Syntax He is not a fool.He is no fool.I ask you nothing.I ask you for nothing.Sy
25、ntax I know him.I know of him.(听说过）听说过）He simply spoke.（只不过）（只不过）He spoke simply.May we meet again!We may meet again.She showered us with letters.她的信件纷至沓来。她的信件纷至沓来。The government left its policy open to various interpretations.政府听任人们对其政策作各种诠释。政府听任人们对其政策作各种诠释。To see his likeness perpetuated in marble
26、 is to me today a sad but pleasing sensation.今天，看到他的大理石今天，看到他的大理石雕像雕像树立起来了，我悲喜树立起来了，我悲喜交集。交集。perpetuate 保存保存Practice Her irritation could not withstand the silent beauty of the night.Withstand 顶住，耐得起顶住，耐得起 更深夜静，美景宜人，她的烦恼更深夜静，美景宜人，她的烦恼 不禁烟消云散。不禁烟消云散。I love my love with an E,because shes enticing;I ha
27、te her with an E,because shes engaged;I took her to the sign of the exquisite,and treated her with an elopement;her names Emily,and she lives in the east.(Dickens,David Copperfield)译文1：我爱我的爱人为了一个E，因为她是Enticing(迷人的)；我恨我的爱人为了一个E,因为她是Engaged(订了婚的)。我用我的爱人象征Exquisite(美妙)，我劝我的爱人从事Elopement(私奔)，她的名字是Emily(
28、爱弥丽)，她的住处在East(东方)。（董秋斯）I love my love with an E,because shes enticing;I hate her with an E,because shes engaged;I took her to the sign of the exquisite,and treated her with an elopement;her names Emily,and she lives in the east.(Dickens,David Copperfield)译文2：我爱我的爱人，因为她很迷人；我恨我的爱人，因已许配他人；他在我心中是美人，我带她
29、私奔，以避开外人；她名叫虞美人，是东方丽人。（姜秋霞、张柏然）I love my love with an E,because shes enticing;I hate her with an E,because shes engaged;I took her to the sign of the exquisite,and treated her with an elopement;her names Emily,and she lives in the east.(Dickens,David Copperfield)译文3：我爱我的那个“丽”，可爱迷人有魅力；我恨我的那个“丽”，要和他人结
30、伉俪；她文雅大方又美丽，和我出逃去游历；她芳名就叫爱米丽，家住东方人俏丽。（马红军）练习：见翻译新概念练习：见翻译新概念P1681.【例例7】2.【例例8】3.【例例9】4.【例例10】5.【例例11】You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself.You will win one battle and lose one battle if you know yourself but leave yourself in the dark about the enem
31、y.You will lose every battle if you leave both the enemy and yourself in the dark.。练习：见翻译新概念练习：见翻译新概念P1691.【例例2】P1722.【例例3】3.【例例3】He looked at me,and then at the others,and said nothing.We must adhere to the socialist road,the peoples democratic dictatorship,the Communist Partys leadership and Marxi
32、sm-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought.练习：见翻译新概念练习：见翻译新概念P178（2）1.【例例1】2.【例例2】3.【例例4】P179（4）【例例1】P179（5）【例例2】(4)此路此路不通不通 No thoroughfare!(5)不准不准入内入内！No entry!(6)绝对不许绝对不许违反违反这个原则。这个原则。No violation of this principle can be tolerated.巴黎圣母院 Cathedral of Notre Dame,Paris (1)非公莫非公莫入入！No admittance except on b
33、usiness!(2)不准不准拍照拍照！No camera!(3)照常照常营业营业。Business as usual.9)10)。.三、转换词性三、转换词性练习：见翻译新概念练习：见翻译新概念P1801.【例例1】.【例例5】P1812.【例例8】3.【例例12】4.【例例14】。Full correspondence minibus=微型汽车（面包车）微型汽车（面包车）the United Nations=联合国联合国 the Pacific Ocean=太平洋太平洋 helicopter=直升飞机直升飞机Context 英语中同一个词，同一词类，在不同场合往往也有不同的含义，必须根据上下
34、文的联系以及词的搭配关系或句型来判断和确定某个词在特定场合下所应具有的词义。“Each word when used in a new context is a new word.”J.R.FirthSyntax He is not a fool.He is no fool.I ask you nothing.I ask you for nothing.练习：见翻译新概念练习：见翻译新概念P178（2）1.【例例1】2.【例例2】3.【例例4】P179（4）【例例1】P179（5）【例例2】(4)此路此路不通不通 No thoroughfare!(5)不准不准入内入内！No entry!(6)绝对不许绝对不许违反违反这个原则。这个原则。No violation of this principle can be tolerated.巴黎圣母院 Cathedral of Notre Dame,Paris (1)非公莫非公莫入入！No admittance except on business!(2)不准不准拍照拍照！No camera!(3)照常照常营业营业。Business as usual.
