1、a1Part 1 Special Terms for Pharmacology a2Pharmacology 药理学nPharmaco-药学,药物 Pharmaco-pathology pharmaco-genomics npharmacodynamics f:m,kudainmiks .PD 复 n.用作单药效学npharmacokinetics ,f:mku,kainetiks PK 药物(代谢)动力学 absorption distribution metabolism metblizm excretion ekskri:n a3transmembrane transport 跨膜转运
2、Cell membrane membrein 细胞膜cytomembrane cytolemma（cyto-=cecullar）Lj:Ion channels are pore-forming proteins found in the membranes of cells.离子通道是在细胞膜中发现的生孔蛋白。Active transportPassive transporta4toxicity tksisiti 毒性nTox toxin toxicnAcute toxicitynChronic toxicityn1.急性和迟发性毒性毒性作用仍然显著。nAcute and late toxic
3、ities remained significant.n2.毒性毒性试验已经证明了非常低的毒性毒性。nToxicity tests have demonstrated a very low toxicity.a5Adren(o)-肾上腺肾上腺 adrenaline drenlin .肾上腺素肾上腺素 adrenalin noradrenaline ,n:rdrenlin .n.药药去甲肾上腺素去甲肾上腺素 Adrenoceptor 肾上腺素能受体肾上腺素能受体 agonist antagonist ntgnist blockeradrenocortical ,dri:nuk:tikl 肾上腺皮
4、质的肾上腺皮质的 of or derived from the cortex of the adrenal glandsa catecholamine ,ktiklmi:n(儿茶酚胺)secreted by the adrenal medulla(肾上腺髓质)in response to stress(trade name Adrenalin)a catecholamine precursor of epinephrine ,epinefrin that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and also released at synapses(突触)a6
5、Adverse reaction(unwanted/undesired)nSide effectnAfter effectnAllergy ldi nToxicitynAddiction（morphine）nLj:An allergy is an adverse reaction of the body to certain substances.过敏是身体对某些物质的不良反应。过敏是身体对某些物质的不良反应。a7alkylating agent 烷化剂烷化剂 nchemotherapy ,kemuerpi 化学疗法化学疗法n1959 Cyclophosphamide,saiklufsfmai
6、d (环磷酰胺环磷酰胺),an alkylating agent designed to improve the selectiity of cancer drugs,approved by FDA.n1959年年,FDA批准烷化剂环磷酰胺为抗癌药批准烷化剂环磷酰胺为抗癌药,使使抗癌药物有了更多的选择抗癌药物有了更多的选择.a8aminoglycoside 氨基糖苷类氨基糖苷类namino minu a.氨基的氨基的 glycoside glaik,said glucoside glu:k,said 糖糖苷苷 【Precautions】The product has a synergistic
7、（sindistik 协同的）协同的）effect with aminoglycoside.Hypersensitivities such as diarrhea,skin rash will occasionally appear,however these signs will disappeared once the drug are stopped.n1、本品与氨基糖甙类药物协同；、本品与氨基糖甙类药物协同；2、有时可引起腹、有时可引起腹泻、皮疹等过敏症状，停药即消失。泻、皮疹等过敏症状，停药即消失。a9Analgesics 镇痛药镇痛药 止痛药止痛药nanalgesic ,nldi:
8、zik .a.止痛的止痛的n.镇痛剂镇痛剂 a medicine used to relieve pain 同义词同义词painkiller|pain pilln1.Ive taken a lot of analgesics.But they are not so effective.我吃了不少镇痛药。但是效果不怎么好。我吃了不少镇痛药。但是效果不怎么好。n2.Aspirin is a mild analgesic.阿司匹林是药性平和的止痛药阿司匹林是药性平和的止痛药.3.Actions&Uses Its an antipyretic&analgesic agent(解解热镇痛药热镇痛药).p
9、yretic pairetik a.热的热的,热病的热病的,快克胶囊为复方制剂。快克胶囊为复方制剂。a10Sex hormoneFemale:estrogen estrdn n.雌激素（雌激素（estr-雌）雌）progestogen 孕激素孕激素 Male:androgen 雄激素雄激素（andro-雄）雄）testosterone teststrun 睾酮睾酮 A hormone imbalance,especially too much of the male hormone androgen,can also result in thinning hair.激素分泌不平衡，尤其是雄性激
10、素分泌过多也会导致头发稀疏。激素分泌不平衡，尤其是雄性激素分泌过多也会导致头发稀疏。Physiological functions of testosterone,estrogen and progestogen.睾酮、雌激素及孕激素的生理作用。睾酮、雌激素及孕激素的生理作用。a11angiotensin 血管紧缩素、血管紧张素、血血管紧缩素、血管紧张素、血 管紧张肽、升压素管紧张肽、升压素nangio-.表表“脉管脉管”nangiotensinnangiotensinase 血管紧张肽酶血管紧张肽酶 nThe mechanism by which they block the rennin-
11、angiotensin system is different.n这种药物阻断肾素血管紧张素系统的机制不同于其这种药物阻断肾素血管紧张素系统的机制不同于其他药物。他药物。a12（AP）angina pectoris:心绞痛心绞痛 nStable angina/exertional angina/intrastable anginanAntianginal drug nConsequently,stand or fall of patient angina symptom.因而，病人心绞痛症状时好时坏。因而，病人心绞痛症状时好时坏。nAngina pectoris:It is acid that
12、 the banana has a kind of natural making to a healthy function of easing pain.心绞痛：香蕉对身体有一种天然的制酸性，有镇痛作用。a13Antiarrythmic drugnarrhythmia 心律不齐心律不齐arrhythmic 无节律的无节律的arrhythmicity 无节律性无节律性 nAmiodarone is a very potent anti-arrhythmic drug,which is successfully used in the treatment of atrial fibrillati
13、on and lifethreatening ventricular arrhythmias.ventricular ventrikjul a.室的室的,心室的心室的n胺碘酮是一种非常有效的抗心律失常药物，已经胺碘酮是一种非常有效的抗心律失常药物，已经成功用于房颤和致命性的室性心律失常的治疗。成功用于房颤和致命性的室性心律失常的治疗。a14Antiasthmatic drugnasthma sm .n.哮喘哮喘 asthmatic a.哮喘的哮喘的,患哮喘症患哮喘症nLj:Im having a heart/asthmatic/panic attack.我的心脏病我的心脏病/气喘气喘/恐慌症犯
14、了。恐慌症犯了。a15Antiatherosclerosic drug natherosclerosis rusklirusis AS.n.动脉硬化动脉硬化 形容词形容词atherosclerotic atheroma.n.动脉内壁的脂肪沉滞动脉内壁的脂肪沉滞 atherosis.动脉粥样化动脉粥样化 sclerosis sklirusis .n.硬化硬化(症症)nThis coronary shows severe atherosclerosis with extensive calcification.可见重度的动脉粥样硬化伴随大片的钙化。可见重度的动脉粥样硬化伴随大片的钙化。nThere
15、 is a lot of fat here,suggesting one risk factor for atherosclerosis.大量脂肪是动脉粥样硬化的危险因素。大量脂肪是动脉粥样硬化的危险因素。a16antibioticsnbiotic baitik .a.生命的生命的(生物的生物的)nHow do microbes beat antibiotics?微生物如何战胜抗生素？微生物如何战胜抗生素？nI am allergic to antibiotics.a17nOrganism Microorganism/microbe antibiotics bacterium antibact
16、erial drug virus antiviral drug fungus antifungal drug parasite antiparasit druga18Anticholinergic drug 抗胆碱能药抗胆碱能药ncholine kuli:n 胆碱胆碱ncholinergic ,kulin:dik .类胆碱类胆碱(功功)能的能的ncholinomimetic ,klinmimetik drug nesterase estreis n.生化生化酯酶酯酶ncholinesterase ,klinestreis .胆碱脂酶胆碱脂酶nAn enzyme found chiefly at
17、 nerve terminals that inactivates acetylcholine（,si:tlkulin 乙酰胆碱）乙酰胆碱）by hydrolyzing（水解（水解）it to form acetic acid and choline.一种由胆碱衍生而来的神经传递素，由位于体细胞和副交一种由胆碱衍生而来的神经传递素，由位于体细胞和副交感神经系统的神经纤维末端释放出来。感神经系统的神经纤维末端释放出来。a19Anticoagulant 抗凝剂抗凝剂 ncoagulant kgjlnt 促凝血剂促凝血剂 ncoagulase kgjleis n肝素肝素(Heparin sodium
18、)n血栓血栓 thrombosis rmbusis nanticoagulant therapy 抗凝剂疗法抗凝剂疗法.nAll alcohol is an anticoagulant and red wine also contains antioxidants,so drinking a small amount daily can be beneficial.酒精是一种抗凝剂，红葡萄酒还是种抗氧化剂，所有每天酒精是一种抗凝剂，红葡萄酒还是种抗氧化剂，所有每天饮入少量是有益健康的。饮入少量是有益健康的。a20Antidiarrheal nantidiabetic drug 抗糖尿病药抗糖尿
19、病药antidiarrheal 止泻药止泻药antidiarrheic 止泻药止泻药nA simple pair of mild diarrhea alone could eat Apple antidiarrheal.对单纯性的轻度腹泻，单吃苹果可止泻。对单纯性的轻度腹泻，单吃苹果可止泻。a21antiepileptic drug.nepileptic ,epileptik 癫痫的癫痫的,癫痫患者癫痫患者na drug used to treat or prevent convulsions(as in epilepsy)同义词：同义词：anticonvulsant|anticonvulsa
20、nt drug nLevetiracetam(Lev)is a novel orally active antiepileptic drug,structurally unrelated to other antiepileptics and with an entirely unique preclinical profile.n摘要左乙拉西坦是一种新型的口服抗癫痫药物，与其摘要左乙拉西坦是一种新型的口服抗癫痫药物，与其他抗癫痫药物的结构不同，具有全新的抗癫痫机制。他抗癫痫药物的结构不同，具有全新的抗癫痫机制。a22 antigout.抗痛风剂抗痛风剂nGout n.痛风痛风;urate j
21、reit .n.化化尿酸盐尿酸盐 a salt of uric acidnGout is a form of arthritis（:raitis 关节关节炎）炎）痛风是关节炎的一种。痛风是关节炎的一种。nThe old man is suffering from Gout.那位老人正受着痛风病的折磨那位老人正受着痛风病的折磨.a23antihistaminesnAnti-hist-(tissue)amine(胺类胺类)nA：Most antihistamines list drowsiness as a common side effect,though newer medicines hav
22、e been developed with non-drowsy formulas.Be sure to read the label instructions carefully.n大多数抗组织胺剂会把昏沉列入副作用，但有一些新大多数抗组织胺剂会把昏沉列入副作用，但有一些新药已经发展出不会昏沈的药方。一定要仔细读标签上药已经发展出不会昏沈的药方。一定要仔细读标签上的说明。的说明。a24Hyper-and hypo-nHyper-hyper-haip(r)表示表示“超级超级,超过超过,超越超越,在在.之上之上,高于高于,过度过度”之义之义nHypertension hyperlipemia ,
23、haip(:)lipi:mi n适用人群：高血糖伴高血脂、高血粘人群。适用人群：高血糖伴高血脂、高血粘人群。Applicable people:high blood glucose with high blood fattiness,high blood dope nhypo-haip .表示表示“在在.之下之下,亚亚,次次,次于次于,不不足足,从属于从属于”之义之义nhypothermia 体温过低体温过低 hypotension 低血压低血压a25Antiinflammatory agentninflammatory inflmtri a.炎性的炎性的,发炎发炎的的=to get infe
24、ctednThere is a minimal inflammatory reaction.此处炎症反应轻。此处炎症反应轻。SLE is a chronic,systemic inflammatory disease.SLE是一种慢性、全身性的发炎疾病。是一种慢性、全身性的发炎疾病。a26Blood ncomponents serum sirm plasma plzm red blood corpuscule k:pskju:l white blood corpuscule platelet pleitlit n.血小板a27Antilymphocyte globulinnlympho-lim
25、f (=lymph-)表示表示“淋巴的淋巴的,淋巴淋巴管的管的”之义之义n-cyte or cyt(o)-=celln globulin glbjulin.球蛋白球蛋白 albumin lbju:min 白蛋白白蛋白a28Antineoplastic agent(=anti-cancer drug=antitumorigenic agent)抗癌剂抗癌剂nneoplasm ni(:)uplzm .n.瘤瘤,赘生物赘生物 形形容词容词neoplastic =tumornThe most common neoplasm in bone is a metastasis.大多数骨肿瘤都是转移瘤。a29
26、Antitussive drugntussive tsiv a.咳嗽的ntussis咳嗽nNonproductive coughs need an antitussive to stop the coughing.无痰干咳需用镇咳药止咳，以避免并发症。a30Bacterio-表示表示“细菌细菌”nbacterin 疫苗 bacterination nbacteriocidal 杀菌的-cide-,-cid-,-cidal-,-cise-(杀；切)n bacteriostatic 抑菌的 static 静止的nBacteriostatic Used to describe a compound
27、that prevents reproduction of bacteria,but does not kill them.抑菌的：一种可以阻止细菌复制但又不会令细菌致死的化合物。a31Bio-表示表示生命、生物生命、生物”之义之义nBioavailabilitynBiochemical antagosimnBiogenic aminenbiotransformtiona32calciumncalc-klk .前缀前缀表示表示“钙钙”之义之义ncalcium klsim .n.钙钙 专有符号缩写专有符号缩写Ca nCalcium antagonistnCalcium channel block
28、ing agentnhypercalcemia ,haip,klsi:mi nhypocalcemia ,haipuklsi:mi a33cardiacncardiac k:dik .n.强心剂强心剂a.心脏心脏(病病)的的 Cardiac muscle cardiac arrest Cardiac glycoside glaik,said Cardiac insufficiency(disfunction)Cardiac output cardiac asthmancardio-k:di .表示表示“心脏心脏”之义之义a34catecholncatechin ktitin,-kin 儿茶酚儿
29、茶酚,儿茶酸儿茶酸,儿茶素儿茶素ncatechol ktitul 儿茶酚儿茶酚,苯磷二酚苯磷二酚ncatecholamine ,ktiklmi:n .n.儿茶酚胺儿茶酚胺n Anxiety,depression,and tried will influence your bodys stress hormones(e.g.catecholamine and glucocorticoids)and suppress your immune status.n焦虑、紧张都会影响身体的压力荷尔蒙（例如，儿焦虑、紧张都会影响身体的压力荷尔蒙（例如，儿茶酚安和糖皮质激素）从而压抑身体免疫功能。茶酚安和糖皮
30、质激素）从而压抑身体免疫功能。a35cephalosporinsncephalosporin ,seflusp:rin n.药药头孢菌素头孢菌素none of several broad spectrum antibiotic substances obtained from fungi and related to penicillin(trade names Mefoxin)n同义词：同义词：mefoxin mefksin nMost of the strain were resistant to penicilin and ampicillin while was sensitive t
31、o cephalosporin antibiotic.n多数菌株对青霉素及氨苄青霉素耐药，而头孢菌多数菌株对青霉素及氨苄青霉素耐药，而头孢菌素对各种细菌的敏感性较好。素对各种细菌的敏感性较好。a36Chronopharmacologynchrono-krn,krn 前缀前缀(=chron-),表表示示“时间时间”之义之义nChronotoxicitynChronopathology a37Congestive heart failure(CHF)充血性心力衰竭充血性心力衰竭ncongestive kndestiv a.充血的nThe myocarditis may be severe enou
32、gh to cause congestive heart failure.(myo-mai 表示“肌肉”之义;Card-心;-itis 炎，发炎)n严重的心肌炎可能导致充血性心力衰竭。ncongestive cardiomyopathy ,k:dimaipi a38contraceptive ,kntrseptiv .a.避孕的避孕的n.避孕药避孕药,避孕用具避孕用具nThis problem of moving leads from the lab to human studies affects all types of contraceptive research.从实验室到人类研究的跨
33、越是影响所有避孕药研究的一大难题。nThe first known contraceptive was crocodile dung,used by Egyptians in 2000 B.C.n最早的避孕药是鳄鱼的粪便，公元前2000年埃及人使用过。a39Coronary vasodilatorncoronary krnri .a.冠状的冠状的nCoronary arterynvaso-vs,vz .表示表示“血管血管,输精管输精管”之义之义 异体字异体字vas-ndilator daileit .扩张器扩张器nvasodilator ,vsudaileit,veiz-nWe try to
34、give vasodilator first，at the beginning，such as nitroprusside(,naitrprusaid 硝普盐硝普盐)or calcium channel blockers like verapamil.我们首先给予血管扩张药物，例如硝普钠或钙离子我们首先给予血管扩张药物，例如硝普钠或钙离子拮抗剂如维拉帕米拮抗剂如维拉帕米a40Cortic(o)-n k:tik .前缀 表示“皮”之义ncortical k:tikl a.皮层的,皮质的ncortex 皮层 ncorticotrophin ,k:tikutrufin .促肾上腺皮质激素ncorti
35、costeroid ,ktikustirid n.&adj皮质甾类(的),皮质类固醇(的)na(steroid stirid 类固醇/甾体类)hormone produced by the adrenal cortex or synthesizeda41cyclophosphamide ,saiklufsfmaid nn.药药环磷酰胺环磷酰胺,癌得星癌得星nCyclo-环、圆环、圆nphosph-fsf .(=phospho-)表示表示“磷的磷的,含磷的含磷的”之义之义namide maid n.酰胺酰胺a42Cyclosporine AnSpore 孢子ncyclosporine ,saik
36、lusp:ri:n 环孢霉素nOrgan transplants did not become routine until the 1980s with the approval of a new drug,cyclosporine,which prevented rejection without destroying the bodys resistance to infection.n器官移植直到二十世纪八十年代随着一种新药环胞霉素的发明才普遍使用，这种药物不会破坏身体的免疫系统又能防止排异。a43cytochromenchrom-krm 表示“颜色,有色的”之义noxidase ksi
37、deis n.生化氧化酶nCytochrome P450 oxidasencytokina44nDi-de-分离 剥夺 uro-尿 nurinate jurineit .v.小便ndiuretic ,daijuretik .n.&a.利尿剂ndiuretin 利尿素 nCaffeine has a mild diuretic effect,increasing your urine production.n它有轻微的利尿作用，会增加你的尿液分秘。nIts a diuretic,so it makes you pee more often and become dehydrated more e
38、asily.n咖啡因还是一种利尿剂，让你排尿更频繁，更容易脱水。a45nafferent frnt .a.输入的输入的nefferent efrnt .a.传出的传出的nA(e)fferent nerve(neuron)systema46Electrocardiogram(ECG)nelectro-前缀表示“电,电子的,用电”之义nCardio-nGramnFor healthy patients over age 40,I like to get a electrocardiogram(ECG)every 2-5 years,and more often if they are older
39、or have existing or new risk factors for coronary artery disease.n对于超过四十岁的健康者，我建议他们每二到五年做一次心电图检查，到年龄更大，或罹患冠状动脉疾病，或出现危险因素时增大检查频率a47enzymenenzyme enzaim n.酶酶nEnzyme induction(inhibition)n-ase酶酶 nCytochrome P450 enzyme system shown to actiate many carcinogens.n(carcinoma ,k:sinum n.癌癌)n细胞色素细胞色素P450酶系统可
40、以激活多种癌基因酶系统可以激活多种癌基因.a48nfibr-faibr 表示表示“纤维纤维”之义之义nfibrin faibrin n.纤维素纤维素nfibrin(o)-.纤维蛋白纤维蛋白n-lysin 溶素（酶）（俗名词尾）溶素（酶）（俗名词尾）fibrinolysinn-gen 产生，原产生，原=to produce fibrinogen faibrindn n.纤维蛋白原纤维蛋白原nfibrinokinase ,faibrinkaineis a49nganglionic gglinik a.解神经节的nganglionic blocking drug.神经节阻断药 a50Glucocor
41、ticoidnGluc(o)-.glyco-(葡葡)糖糖nglucose glu:kus n.葡萄糖葡萄糖nglucoprotein glu:kupruti:nn.生化生化醣蛋白醣蛋白ncorticoid k:tikid n.(=corticosteroid)皮质类皮质类脂醇脂醇nGlucocorticoidnhypoglycemia ,haipuglaisi:mi -emia 血（症）血（症）a51Hepa-/hepat-/hepato-肝肝nhepatic hiptik a.肝的肝的n.保肝药保肝药nhepat-hept(=hepato-)表示表示“肝肝”之义之义nHeparin hepa
42、tocytenHepatic microsomal enzyme.nintestine intestin .肠肠nenteral.1.肠的，肠内的肠的，肠内的 entero-肠肠.nHepatoenteral circulationa52idiosyncrasynidio-idi 表示“独特的,个人的”之义nidiosyncrasy ,idisikrsi .n.特质a53anesthesiananesthesia ,nisi:zi .n.麻醉麻醉nloss of bodily sensation with or without loss of consciousnessnLocal or ge
43、neral anesthesianWhat type of anesthesia will be used?Induction,inhalant or infiltration?a54Extra-(外外)and intra-（内）（内）nextracellular and intracellularnIntra-arterial :tiril nintraperitoneal ,intr,peritni:l i.p.nintravenous ,intrvi:ns .i.v.nIntravenous anestheticsa55 nLipid/aqueous eikwis partition c
44、oefficientnThey identified the lipid/water partition coefficient as a suitable measure of the CMC.n他们将脂水分配系数作为测定他们将脂水分配系数作为测定CMC的一个标的一个标准。准。a56micro-(微微)and macro-mkru 大大 nMacrophagenphage feid n.噬菌体nphago-.食，吞噬 nmacrophagocytea57Ren-/nephr(o)-肾肾nrenal ri:nl .a.肾脏的nrenal cell carcinoma nrenal tubule
45、.nrenal cortex nrenal insufficiency nnephrosis nefrusis .nnephrology nefrldi nnephrotoxicity a58Prostaglandin PGnPro-在之前nprostaglandin ,prstglndin n.前列腺素nProstaglandin is the dilation of blood vessels and inhibit platelet function.n前列腺素具有扩张血管和抑制血小板作用。a59Treatment nTherapy/remedynetiological treatmen
46、t 病因疗法nsymptomatic ,simptmtik treatmentnsymptomatic psychosis 症状性精神病a60排名排名公司名称公司名称中文名称中文名称总部总部77Pfizer辉瑞辉瑞美国美国92Johnson&Johnson强生强生美国美国114Glaxo SmithKline 葛兰素史克葛兰素史克 英国英国193Novartis诺华诺华瑞士瑞士205Roche Group 罗氏罗氏瑞士瑞士222Merck默克默克美国美国239Bristol-Myers Squibb 百时美施贵宝百时美施贵宝 美国美国248Aventis 安万特安万特 法国法国254Abbot
47、t Laboratories雅培雅培美国美国269AstraZeneca阿斯利康阿斯利康英国英国330Wyeth 惠氏惠氏 美国美国433Eli Lilly 礼来大药厂礼来大药厂美国美国a61Alcohol Retrosynthetic AnalysisOHPhPhOEtO+MgBrOEtOOEtO+a62COOEtO+PhMgBrCOOEtOHPhPhPhOOHCO2EtOPhMgBr+a63PhMgBrCO2EtO+OHOHCO2EtOOCOOOHPhPhH3OPhPhOOHa64OOH+OHMgBra65OOHOHOO+HOHOHHHCHO+a66OHHHCHO+baseHOH2CCH2
48、OHH2Pd-C-BaSO4HOHOHOOa67CHO+Ph3PCHO+CHOABr2FeBr3BrMgEt2OMgBrO(1)(2)H2OPBr3(1)PPh3(2)n-BuLiBBOHBrPPh3a68n实例分析实例分析1313：羧酸的逆合成分析羧酸的逆合成分析逆合成分析逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）D-AD-A反应是形成六元环反应是形成六元环的重要方法的重要方法+COOEtCOOEt(1)LiAlH4(2)PBr3BrCH2(COOEt)2EtO-,EtOHCOOEtCOOEt(1)OH-(2)H3O+TM13TM13COOHBr+-CH2COOHCH2(C
49、OOEt)2FGIOHFGICOOEta69n实例分析实例分析1414：羧酸衍生物的逆合成分析羧酸衍生物的逆合成分析逆合成分析逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）TM14CH2(COOEt)2NONH+OHOBrMg+CO2HOFGIHO+MgBr+BrC2H5andBrCH2CH2CH3a70n实例分析实例分析1515：烷烃的拟合成分析烷烃的拟合成分析逆合成分析逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）对于烷烃的合成，尝试增加双键是个不错的选择，对于烷烃的合成，尝试增加双键是个不错的选择，需要把握分支点需要把握分支点PhTM15FGAPha71n实例
50、分析：实例分析：11，3-3-位氧化了的碳架位氧化了的碳架nb b-羟基羰基化合物羟基羰基化合物na a，b b-不饱和羰基化合物不饱和羰基化合物nb b-二羰基化合物二羰基化合物逆合成分析逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）OPhPhOHOCHOOHOHCHOTM16TM17TM18PhCOOHOTM19a72n实例分析实例分析1818：11，3-3-位氧化了的碳架位氧化了的碳架nb b-羟基羰基化合物羟基羰基化合物逆合成分析逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）1 1，2-2-氧化了的碳架切断得到不合逻辑的片段氧化了的碳架切断得到不合逻辑的片段
