1、How to grasp the main idea of a passage阅读理解解题技巧阅读理解解题技巧有关阅读理解题目主要有以下几种有关阅读理解题目主要有以下几种:命命 题题 类类主旨大意主旨大意事实细节事实细节 词词 义义 猜猜 测测 推推 理理 判判 断断 主旨大意型主旨大意型 考纲解读：考纲解读：考查学生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理考查学生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意解程度及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题主题,标题或目的设题。标题或目的设题。常见设题方式常见设题方式1)主
2、题型主题型主旨大意题的题干表现形式主旨大意题的题干表现形式The main idea of the passage is The passage is mainly about What is the passage mainly about?2)标题类标题类主旨大意题主旨大意题What is the best title for the text?The best title for the passage might be 3)目的类目的类主旨大意题主旨大意题The passage is meant to The purpose of this article is to The auth
3、or intends to.课堂探究课堂探究1：A JINTAN,JIANGSU:The20students18boysand2girlshadathousandreasonstobeproudofthemselves.Theyhadjustclimbedtheirwaytothetoprunoutof4millionstudentstakingpartintheFifthNationalHuaLuogengGoldCupMathematicsContestonTuesdayevening.The20goldmedalwinnersareallprimaryandmiddleschoolstu
4、dentsundertheageof14.Manyoftheproblemsareofcollegelevelandthesepupilscanfigurethemout.Itisjustunbelievable!saidateacherfromGuangdongprovince.NamedafterChinasmostfamousmathematician,HuaLuogeng,theconteststartedin1986,oneyearafterhisdeath.Inlessthan10years,ithasbeenrecognizedbytheStateEducationCommiss
5、ion(国家教委)asthecountrysbiggestandbestcontestofitskind.This news story is mainly about _A.whentheconteststartedB.howthecontestgotitsnameC.the20pupilswhohavewongoldmedalsinthecontestD.the5thNationalHuaLuogengGoldCupMathematicsContestBSmokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesm
6、okingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease(illness),cancer,cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smokerscough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller,cancer,smokingisharmful.Is
7、itworthit?What is the main idea of the text?A.CigarettesmokingcancausecancerB.Smokingcancausethemostseriousandterribledisease(illness)C.SmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblemsD.Smokingisharmful.主题句通常在主题句通常在段首段首新闻报道、说明文、议论文等主题句通常在开头新闻报道、说明文、议论文等主题句通常在开头 主主题句出现在段落或文章的开头部分题句出现在段落或文章的开头部分,起着开宗明义起着开宗明义 点明
8、主题的作用点明主题的作用,它可以使读者一开始就明白文章所它可以使读者一开始就明白文章所讲的内容主旨讲的内容主旨 而支撑句则使用一些具体的人、物而支撑句则使用一些具体的人、物、数字或具体的步骤来阐述或论证主题，常伴有数字或具体的步骤来阐述或论证主题，常伴有 for example that is first second finally once another time for one thing 等词。等词。课堂探究课堂探究2 AFatonhumanbeingsisdistributedindifferentways.Somefatpeoplehavealargestomachandnowa
9、istlinewhichmakesthemlookround,ratherlikeapples.Othersarefatterbelowthewaist,whichmakesthemappearpear-shaped.Therearetwotypesoffat:externalfat(fatundertheskin)andinternalfat(fatinsidethebodywall).Doctors,whohavebeenexaminingtherelationshipbetweenhealthandfatness,havefoundthatthepearshavelessinternal
10、fat,buttheappleshavemoreinternalfatthanexternalfat.Thisseemstobewhatcausesthehealthproblems.Thebesttreatmentforfatnessistoreducetheinternalfat.Butunfortunatelyitseemsthatdieting(节食)simplymakesanapple-shapedpersonintoasmallerappleandapear-shapedpersonintoasmallerpear.Atthemomentthereisnoknownwayofred
11、ucingtheinternalratherthanexternalfat.The text is mainly about _.A.fatnessandhealthB.waystoloseweighC.peoplesfiguresD.distributionoffat BForgetTwitterandFacebook,GoogleandtheKindle.Televisionisstillthemostinfluentialmediumaround.Indeed,formanyofthepoorestregions(地区)oftheworld,itremainsthenextbigthin
12、gfinallybecomesgloballyavailable.Andthatisagoodthing,becausetheTVrevolutionischanginglivesforthebetterToomuchTVhasbeenassociatedwithviolence,overweightandloneliness.However,TVishavingapositiveinfluenceonthelivesofbillionsworldwideThe author intends to .A.stresstheadvantagesofTVtopeopleslivesB.persua
13、dewomentobecomemoreindependentC.encouragepeopletoimprovetheirreadingskillsD.introducethereaderssomewebsitessuchasGoogle1)关注一些表转折关系的连词关注一些表转折关系的连词“but,yet,however,in fact,indeed,”等，这些词后面连接的通常都是一段话等，这些词后面连接的通常都是一段话的主题句。的主题句。2)关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词：关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词：“in brief/short,above/in/after/all in all,co
14、nclusion,in a word”等，这些词后面连接的通常也都是一段话的主等，这些词后面连接的通常也都是一段话的主题句。题句。3)如果主题句含有如果主题句含有find,show,indicate和和suggest等词，等词，重点看其后的宾语从句。重点看其后的宾语从句。主题句有时在主题句有时在段中或段末段中或段末课堂探究课堂探究3Aneweight-kilometerroadisunderconstructionthatlinkstheportareawithmotorwaysystem.Itisexpectedtocarry20,000trucksandcarsaday,whichgrea
15、tlyreducestheovercrowdedtrafficinthecenterofthecity.Aspartoftheproject,twofour-kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthecity,onefortraffictothenorthandtheotherforthetraffictothesouth.Thetwotunnelsareabout20metersbelowthesurfaceandare12meterswide,providingfortwolanesoftrafficineachdir
16、ection.Intheupperpartofthetunneltwoair-conditioningpipesremovethewastegasoftrucksandcarsandkeepthequalityofairinsidethetunnel.Thelightingisatthetopofthetunnel,practicallyatitshighestpoint.Therewillalsobeelectricsignsatfrequentintervals.Theyshowtrafficconditionsaheadandcanbeseenclearlybydrivers.Thewa
17、llismadeupoffourmainelements,whichincludeawaterproofingcoveringand,ontheinsideofthetunnel,aconcretelining.Eachtunnelisroughlyroundandthelowerpartofthetunnelissomewhatflat.Thesurfaceoftheroadliesonthebase,whichismadeofconcreteandsteel.Thedrainagesystem,justbelowtheroadsurfaceononeside,removesanyextra
18、liquid,particularlywater.Intheeventoffire,thefiremain,whichismadeofsteel,pipeswatertomanyfirehydrantstationsatregularintervalsalongthelengthofthetunnel.Thefiremainisatthesideofthetunnelandattheleveloftheroadsurface.Othersystemsinthetunnelwillincludeemergencyphones.The passage is mainly about _.A.the
19、constructionofaroadB.thedesignofaroadC.theconstructionoftwotunnelsD.thedesignoftwotunnels BExcusedfromrecyclingbecauseyouliveinahighrisewitharubbishchute(垃圾道)?Youwontbeforlong.MiamisMarkShantzishasmadeitsimpleforthoselivingintallbuildingstousethechuteandcycle,too.InShantzisHi-RiseRecyclingsystem,ach
20、uteleadstoapip-shapedcontainerwithsixboxesthatcanturnaroundwhenoperated.Thesystem,whichfitsinthesamespaceasthechuteandcontainernowinuse,enables,glass,plastics,paper,metal,andotherrubbishtogointoseparateboxes.Thesystemiscontrolledfromaboardfoxednexttothechutedoor.Theboardhasabuttonforeachclassofrecyc
21、lingmaterials.Atthepressofabutton,amicrocomputerlocksallotherfloorschutedoorsandsetstherecyclingcontainerturninguntiltherightboxcomesunderthechute.Thecomputeralsocountstheloadsandgivesasignalbyphonewhentheboxisfull.Andaparticularpieceofequipmentbreaksupthenonrecyclables.The purpose in writing this t
22、ext is _.A.toencouragepeopletorecycletheirrubbish.B.tointroducearecyclingsystemforhighrisesC.todescribetheuseofcomputertechnologyinrecyclingD.toexplaintheneedforrubbishcollectioninhighrise从段落中从段落中寻找寻找高频率词高频率词 任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，当文章中没有明确的主题句时，就会发现一个反当文章中没有明确的主题句时，就会发现一个反复出现的中心词
23、，即高频词，也叫做主题词复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词主旨大意题技巧小结主旨大意题技巧小结1)主旨大意题属于归纳概括题。如有主旨大意题属于归纳概括题。如有标题标题，标题标题中蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。中蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。2)找准文章的主题句是关键找准文章的主题句是关键。“主题句定位法主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的方法。是一种行之有效的方法。读首段读首段/句句抓大意抓大意 读尾段读尾段/句句抓大意抓大意3.)无明显主题句时寻找无明显主题句时寻找高频词高频词 任一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有任一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个的文章中
24、最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的反复出现的中心词，即高频词中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词也叫做主题词。抓住了它，。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。便容易抓住文章的中心。以偏概全以偏概全。干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，也就是文章的局部信息。断章取义断章取义。干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。主题扩大主题扩大。干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容。无中生有或似是而非无中生有或似是而非。有的干扰项中的关键词语好像在文章中谈到了，但认真分析之后你会发现这类干扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。主旨大意题干扰项特点主旨大
25、意题干扰项特点遵循遵循 四字原则四字原则:用精炼的语言概括出文章的中心思想用精炼的语言概括出文章的中心思想要注意文章的内涵和外延要注意文章的内涵和外延,把作者的观点准确地把作者的观点准确地表达出来表达出来.要排除掉那些片面的选项要排除掉那些片面的选项,选取包含文章的主要选取包含文章的主要内容及作者观点的选项内容及作者观点的选项,范围不宜过大或过小范围不宜过大或过小.所选择的标题要新颖所选择的标题要新颖,对读者有吸引力对读者有吸引力,能激发读能激发读者的阅读兴趣者的阅读兴趣.课堂探究课堂探究1：A JINTAN,JIANGSU:The20students18boysand2girlshadath
26、ousandreasonsto be proud of themselves.Theyhadjust climbed their way tothetoprunoutof4millionstudentstakingpartintheFifthNationalHuaLuogengGoldCupMathematics ContestonTuesdayevening.The20goldmedalwinnersareallprimaryandmiddleschoolstudentsundertheageof14.Manyoftheproblemsareofcollegelevelandthesepup
27、ilscanfigure them out.Itisjustunbelievable!saidateacherfromGuangdongprovince.Named afterChinasmostfamousmathematician,HuaLuogeng,theconteststartedin1986,oneyearafterhisdeath.Inlessthan10years,ithasbeen recognizedbytheStateEducationCommission(国家教委)asthecountrysbiggestandbestcontestofitskind.BSmokingc
28、igarettesis harmful to yourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancause cancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease(illness),cancer,cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smokerscough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whethery
29、ougetanunimportantcoldor terrible killer,cancer,smokingisharmful.Is it worth it?课堂探究课堂探究2 AFatonhumanbeingsisdistributedindifferentways.Somefatpeoplehavealargestomachandnowaistlinewhichmakesthemlookround,ratherlikeapples.Othersarefatterbelowthewaist,whichmakesthemappearpear-shaped.Therearetwotypesof
30、fat:externalfat(fatundertheskin)andinternalfat(fatinsidethebodywall).Doctors,whohavebeenexaminingtherelationshipbetweenhealthandfatness,havefoundthatthepearshavelessinternalfat,buttheappleshavemoreinternalfatthanexternalfat.Thisseemstobewhatcausesthehealthproblems.Thebesttreatmentforfatnessistoreduc
31、etheinternalfat.Butunfortunatelyitseemsthatdieting(节食)simplymakesanapple-shapedpersonintoasmallerappleandapear-shapedpersonintoasmallerpear.Atthemomentthereisnoknownwayofreducingtheinternalrather than externalfat.BForgetTwitterandFacebook,GoogleandtheKindle.Televisionisstillthemost influential mediu
32、m around.Indeed,formanyofthepoorestregions(地区)oftheworld,itremainsthenextbigthingfinallybecomesgloballyavailable.Andthatisagoodthing,becausetheTVrevolutionischanginglivesforthebetterToomuchTVhasbeenassociated with violence,overweightandloneliness.However,TVishaving a positive influence on thelivesof
33、billionsworldwide.课堂探究课堂探究3Aneweight-kilometerroadisunder construction thatlinkstheportareawithmotorwaysystem.Itisexpectedtocarry20,000trucksandcarsaday,whichgreatlyreducestheovercrowded traffic inthecenterofthecity.Aspartoftheproject,twofour-kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthe
34、city,onefortraffictothenorthandtheotherforthetraffictothesouth.Thetwotunnelsareabout20metersbelow the surface andare12meterswide,providingfortwolanesoftrafficin each direction.Inthe upper partofthetunneltwoair-conditioningpipes remove thewastegasoftrucksandcarsandkeepthequalityofairinsidethetunnel.T
35、helightingisatthetopofthetunnel,practicallyatitshighestpoint.Therewillalsobeelectric signs atfrequentintervals.Theyshowtrafficconditionsaheadandcanbeseenclearlybydrivers.Thewallismade up of fourmainelements,whichincludeawaterproofingcoveringand,ontheinsideofthetunnel,aconcretelining.BExcusedfromrecy
36、clingbecauseyouliveinahighrisewitharubbishchute(垃圾道)?Youwontbeforlong.MiamisMarkShantzishasmadeitsimpleforthoselivingintallbuildingstousethechuteandcycle,too.InShantzisHi-RiseRecyclingsystem,achuteleadstoapip-shapedcontainerwithsixboxesthatcanturn around whenoperated.Thesystem,whichfitsinthesamespac
37、easthechuteandcontainernowinuse,enables,glass,plastics,paper,metal,andotherrubbishtogointoseparateboxes.Thesystemiscontrolledfromaboardfoxednexttothechutedoor.Theboardhasabuttonforeachclassofrecyclingmaterials.Atthepressofabutton,amicrocomputerlocksallotherfloorschutedoorsandsetstherecyclingcontainerturninguntiltherightboxcomesunderthechute.Thecomputeralsocountstheloadsandgivesasignalbyphonewhentheboxisfull.Andaparticularpieceofequipmentbreaksupthenonrecyclables.
