1、初中词法复习初中词法复习冠词冠词 形容词形容词 副词副词 介词介词仁和高中仁和高中 宣丹宣丹Article 冠词Preposition 介词Adjective 形容词Adverbial 副词冠词不定冠词定冠词零冠词aanthe不使用冠词泛指特指 1.a用在以辅音音素开头的单词前 an用在以元音音素开头的单词前e.g._book _ egg _ useful book _ underground room2.表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。如：A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大大象比人强壮多了。象比人强壮多了。)(不能译为：一头大象比一个人强壮
2、。不能译为：一头大象比一个人强壮。)A monkey can climb trees.不定冠词3.用于固定词组many a time许多次许多次4.特殊用法：当表达“又一，再一”时，序数词前不用 the，但可加不定冠词。Please give me a second chance.请再给我一次机会。The poor woman had a third baby.那个可怜的妇女又生了一个宝宝。1.用在姓氏的复数名词前，表示“一家人”定冠词2.用在宇宙间独一无二的天体名词之前e.g.the sun the sky the moon the earth3.在一些形容词前，表示一类人 4.5.用在某些
3、由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体 阶级等专有名词前。零冠词4.在有些词组中,有冠词和无冠词意思不同：形容词定语表语宾语补足语 形容词是用来描写或修饰名词（或代词）1.用作定语，修饰名词或代词。（1）形容词修饰名词时，一般置于它所修饰的名词之前；排列顺序：描绘形容词特征形容词-（包括大小、长短、形状、新旧、年龄等）-颜色形容词。She has beautiful long curly blond hair.她长着漂亮的金黄色长卷发。Mary gave me a useful big brown wooden box.玛丽给我一个实用的大的褐色木盒子。常见的只作定语的形容词有：digital,w
4、oolen,indoor,outdoor;方位词east,eastern,north,northern,south,southern,west,western等。有些形容词和定冠词the连用：（1）泛指一类人，表示复数概念，作主语时要求谓语动词用复数形式。rich/poor;young/old;healthy/ill;living/dead;black/white(表示人种)等。（2）指抽象事物，作主语时要求谓语动词用单数 形式。The beautiful never dies.美是不朽的。2.用作表语，位于系动词之后。be,become,get,look,feel,smell,taste,s
5、ound,turn,seem,keep,grow 例：The park is very beautiful.这座公园很美。The soup smells delicious.汤闻上去真鲜美。That sounds good.那听上去不错。3.用作宾语补足语，紧跟在宾语后面。例如：Keep the classroom clean and tidy,please.请保持教室干净整洁。Kate found her work very boring.凯特发现她的工作很枯燥。We should try our best to make our environment more beautiful.我们应
6、该尽力使我们的环境更美。注意：常见的只作表语的形容词有：well,ill,sorry,gald,ready;以及以a-起首的：afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake等。副词时间副词时间副词地点副词地点副词方式副词方式副词频率副词频率副词句子副词句子副词程度副词程度副词焦点副词焦点副词关系副词关系副词疑问副词疑问副词连接副词连接副词副词副词(1)时间副词：now,then,soon,ago,recently,lately,later,before,early,today,tomorrow,yesterday,tonight,suddenly,immediate
7、ly,still,already,just.An idea suddenly struck me.我心中忽然产生一个念头。(2)地点副词：here,there,up,down,away,nearby,home,ahead,abroad,indoors,overseas,upstairs,downstairs等。I am considering going abroad.我正在考虑出国。(3)方式副词：表示行为方式的副词大多以-ly结尾，常见的有quietly,heavily,warmly,carefully,happily,politely,angrily等。如：Look at the pic
8、ture carefully.仔细看这幅画(4)频度副词：always,usually,often,frequently,constantly,occasionally,sometimes,seldom,hardly,rarely,never等。Sometimes he gets up early.他有时起得早。(5)程度副词：fairly,pretty,rather,quite,very,much,too,greatly,almost,nearly,half,highly,deeply,partly,perfectly,really等。如：The film was quite good.这个
9、电影不错。(6)焦点副词：就是通过强调使之成为人们注意的焦点的副词，常见的有：only,alone,also,even,just,merely,simply,mainly,especially,exactly,too,as well等。如Only Tom knows the answer.只有汤姆知道答案(7)连接副词：这类副词有相当于并列连词的therefore,besides,otherwise,however,moreover,furthermore,still,thus,meanwhile等，也有引导名词性从句或不定式的when,why,where,how等。如：I dont want
10、 to go out now,and besides,I must work.我现在不想出去，而且我还得工作。(8)关系副词：就是引导定语从句的when,where,why等。如：This is the factory where his father works.这就是他父亲工作的那家工厂。(9)疑问副词：就是用于引出特殊疑问句的when,where,why,how等。如：When will he be back?他什么时候回来？(10)句子副词：就是修饰整个句子，表达说话人的观点态度的副词，常见的有frankly,honestly,clearly,obviously,evidently,g
11、enerally,briefly,fortunately,luckily,unexpectedly,naturally,hopefully等。如：Frankly,I am not satisfied with your work.说实在的，我对你的工作不满意。形容词、副词比较等级的不规则变化：原级 比较级 最高级good/well better best bad/badly/ill worse worst little less least many/much more most far farther/further farthest/furthest old older/elder old
12、est/eldest 2.形容词、副词比较等级的用法。（1）原级 “as+原级+as”=“和一样”。Jenny is nearly as tall as her mother.詹尼差不多和她妈妈一样高了。（2）比较级 “比较级+than”表示“两者比较，一方超过另一方 Tom is younger than me.汤姆比我年轻。注意：1.在含有连词than的比较级中，前后的比较对象必须是同一范畴，即同类事物之间相比较。It is better to give than to receive.给予要比索取好。2.要避免将主语含在比较对象中。Shanghai is larger than any
13、other city in China.上海比中国其它城市都大。(2).按词义分类 1.表地点（包括动向）About,above,across,after,along,among,around,at,before,behind,below,beneath,beside,between,beyond,by,down,from,in,into,near,off,on,over,through,throught,to,towards,under,up,unpon,with,within,without.2.表时间的介词 About,after,around,as,at,before,behind,b
14、etween,by,during,for,from,in,into,of,on,over,past,since,through,throughout,till(until),to,towards,within.3.表除去的介词 beside,but,except.3.要注意冠词的使用。形容词后有名词时，前面才有可能有冠词。Which is the larger country,Canada or China?哪一个国家是更大的，加拿大还是中国？4.最高级 “the+最高级+比较范畴”表示“三者或三者以上（人或事物）比较，其中一方程度最高”。比较范畴“in/of+名词的复数形式或代词的宾格”主语
15、同用of；不同范畴用in。This picture is the best in the hall.这幅画是大厅里最好的。Jim is the most outgoing of us all.吉姆是我们大家中最外向的。介词 可分为简单介词、复合介词和短语介词 .简单介词是指单一介词。at,in,of,by,about,for,from,except,since,near,with.复合介词是指由两个简单介词组成的介词。Inside,outside,onto,into,throughout,without,as to as for,unpon,except for.短语介词是指由短语构成的介词。
16、In front of,by means o f,on behalf of,in spite of,by way of,in favor of,in regard to.4.表比较的介词。As,like,above,over 5.表反对的介词。againt,with 6.表原因、目的的介词。for,with,from 7.表结果的介词。to,with,without 8.表手段、方式的介词。by,in,with 9.表所属的介词。of,with 10.表条件的介词。on,without,considering 11.表让步的介词。despite,in spite notwithstanding 12.表关于的介词。About,concerning,regarding,with regard to,as for,as to 13.表对于的介词。to,for over,at,with 14.表根据的介词。on,according to 15.表其他的介词。for(赞成)，without（没有）Thanks
