1、School of Athens refers to a famous fresco painted by Raphael in the Apostolic Palace in Vatican City.The fresco was painted between 1510 and 1511 and is one of four frescoes painted by Raphael in the rooms now known as the Stanze di Raffaello.Showing a gathering of Greek philosophers engaged in var
2、ious activities,the fresco is considered a prime example of High Renaissance art and considered Raphael”s masterpiece.6数学家毕达哥拉斯7希腊马其顿王12哲人苏格拉底14哲人柏拉图（以达芬奇为原型）15哲人亚里士多德（以米开朗基罗为原型）18阿基米德20天文学家托勒密R拉斐尔本人13赫拉克利特（以米开朗基罗的脸绘制）16儒学派第欧根尼上层台阶的人物排成一列，中心是两位伟大的学者-柏拉图与亚里士多德(柏拉图的原型是达芬奇，亚里士多德的原型是米开朗基罗)，他们似乎边进行着激烈的争论
3、，边向观众方向走来。亚里士多德伸出右手，手掌向下，好像在说明:实体才是真正的实在;柏拉图则右手手指向上，表示一切均源于本质的理念/共相。这两个对立的手势，表达了他们思想上的原则分歧。其余的人，众星托月，有的在注视，有的正在谛听这两位老人的谈话，自然地形成几个小组。上层台阶上的人物:左上方柏拉图的一侧，一个大胡子老人沉浸在思考中，苏格拉底刚转身向旁人阐述伦理学上的论据，自左向右第五人是个青年军人，名叫阿尔西比亚底斯，他的背后有一个人正在招呼走来的两个青年。右上方亚里士多德的一侧，两个倚在壁龛墙基前的青年，一个在写着，一个在思考，另一个黑袍人物却孤独地站着，这3个人与左面的一组，在动势上是相反的。
4、台阶下面的左侧，以坐在地上专注地书写着的数学家毕达哥拉斯为中心，一少年在旁给他扶着木牌，牌上写的是和谐的数目比例图。在他背后一个老人正在记录毕达哥拉斯的论据数，后面那个伸着脖子、头缠白巾的学者，即是回教学者阿维洛依。背后稍远，还有一个头戴桂冠，胸靠柱基站立的人，他是语法大师伊壁鸠鲁。在毕达哥拉斯前面站立的那个用手指着书中句子的学者，是修辞家圣诺克利特斯，两人中间 还有一位身穿白色斗篷的金发青年，他面目英俊，表情冷峻，在向观众凝视着，被认为是弗朗西斯柯德拉罗斐尔，他是乌尔宾诺未来的大公。台阶下右侧一组，中心人物是躬着身子、手执圆规在一块黑板上给学生演算的几何学家欧几里德(一说是阿基米德)，周围是
5、他的四个学生。这四个人似乎对老师的讲解领悟得不一样。旁边那个身穿古代黄袍、头戴荣誉冠冕、手持天文仪的，是埃及天文学家尔托勒密。在尔托勒密的对面，即是画家拉斐尔的同乡、建筑家布拉曼特(蓄须的老人)，而最边上那个头戴白帽的人，正是画家索多玛，上面露出半个脑袋、头戴深色圆形软帽的青年，就是画家拉斐本人。把自己画进历史题材内，是当时画家们喜用的表现方式，只是拉斐尔留给自己的位置太少了点。画中央的台阶上，躺着一个孤寂的犬儒学派哲学家第欧根尼。这位学者主张除了自然需要之外，其他任何东西，包括社会生活和文化生活都是无足轻重的，所以他平时只穿一身破烂衣服，住在一只木箱里。这个人物在构图上起了填补空白的作用，他
6、 与右侧正往台阶上走去的两个人物相联系，同时又与左下角那个倚靠在石桌前沉思的学者赫拉克里特彼此呼应。赫拉克里特形象孤单，被认为是拉斐尔虽然与米开朗基罗性格不合，但崇尚他的作品才以其为范本创作的。而柏拉图的头像是画家以达芬奇的头像为范本的。这幅画的色彩处理也很协调，建筑背景全是乳黄色的大理石结构，人物的衣饰有 红、白、黄、紫、赭等色相交错。透视法的水平是很高的，它不仅增强了画面的空间深远感，连地面的图案，拱顶的几何装饰结构，都精确到可以用数学来计算。局部细节展示 Love of beauty is taste.The creation of beauty is art.-Ralph Waldo
7、Emerson 对美的喜爱是品味。对美的创造是艺术。-美国思想家 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生(论美）美是人类灵魂的一种需求。人人都有爱美之心，而艺术家不满足于对美的仰慕之情。对美的追求和热爱，激励着艺术家不断创造作品，以新的形式去表现美。这种美的创造就是“艺术”dancemusic1.What do you think is art?2.Can you list some art forms?sculpturearchitecturepaper cuttingpaintingcalligraphy photographyChinese-style PaintingsWestern-style Pa
8、intingsPart 1(Para.1)AThe RenaissancePart 2(Para.2)BThe Middle AgesPart 3(Paras.35)CIntroductionPart 4(Paras.67)DModern ArtPart 5(Para.8)EImpressionism The text mainly tells us _ major styles of _,showing the _ of it.Western paintingsfour development/historyWhat functions do the subtitles serve?To c
9、learly show the structure of the text(1)What is western art?(2)What is the best way to understand it?Introduction Its hard to give a precise definition.The best way to understand western art is to look at the development of it over the centuries.accurateThere are many different styles of western art
10、.(1)the purpose of the western art:(2)the features of the paintings:(3)famous artist(s):The Middle Ages To teach people about Christianityprimitive and two-dimensionalMain characters were made much larger than everyone else.In the 13th century,paintings showed real people in a real environment with
11、realistic human faces and deep emotional impactGiotto di Bondone(乔托迪邦多纳)Which one is more realistic?The Mourning of Christ(哀悼基督)Works of Giotto di Bondone The Massacre of the Innocents无辜者的大屠杀Kiss of Judas 犹大之吻(2)What are the features of paintings?subject:shifted from _ to _ adopt _ accurate pictures
12、 of peoples portraits and important _ eventsTwo breakthroughs:_Para3-5 The Renaissance(1)Why didnt painters focus more on religion at this period?Because new ideas and values gradually replaced the old ones from the middle ages.religious themesa more humanistic attitude to lifeperspectiveoil paints(
13、3)famous artist(s):Masaccio，Leonardo da Vinci，Michelangelo，Raphael，Rembrandtpeople and the world around ushistoricalPerspective（透视法）NoImageIt is the art of creating an effect of depth and distance in a picture by presenting people and things as being smaller than those are nearer the front.School of
14、 Athens by RaphaelMadonna And Child圣母子Works of MasaccioThe Tribute Money纳税银Works of Leonardo da VinciWorks of MichelangeloSistine Madonna西斯廷圣母Works of RaphaelMadonna of the Meadow草地上的圣母Works of RembrandtThe Anatomy Lessonof Dr.Tulp杜普教授的解剖学课 The Night Watch夜巡 如果画面上的人全都帅哥美女，还都很健美，而且还人靠着人的话，那就是米开朗基罗。如果
15、背景像指环王里一样壮阔，却笼罩着乖乖的蓝色迷雾；圣母玛利亚总有着同样的卷发与贵族式的鼻子，那是达芬奇。如果把什么人都画得像只有一盏小蜡烛下的流浪汉的话，那就是伦勃朗没错了。(1)Why did painters find a new way of looking at their art?(2)What were the subjects of the paintings?(3)What are the features of the paintings during this period：(4)famous artist(s):Para 6-7 Impressionism Because
16、of the invention of photography.Scenes of nature or daily life;People To convey the light and movement in the scene;To show their inner warmth and humanityClaude Monet，RenoirWorks of Claude MonetImpression,Sunrise印象，日出Arrival of the Normandy Train圣拉扎尔火车站 看上去永远像是眼睛起了一层雾,什么都看不清,那就是莫奈了。Works of RenoirD
17、ance at Le Moulin de la Galette红磨坊街的露天舞会The Loge 包厢(1)What were the styles and features during this period?(2)famous artist(s):Modern Art Cubism:analyze the shapes in a new way give paintings a realistic but dream-like qualityAbstract art:no longer to show realityPicassoWorks of PicassoGuernica格尔尼卡D
18、ream 梦Guernica格尔尼卡Dream 梦 如果画里的人都有那么些残疾部位，那就是毕加索。如果画的东西，像是出现幻觉后看到的东西，那是达利。如果碰到充满填充色块的Excel表格，那就是蒙德里安。1.Draw a mind-map of the short history of the western paintings,add the features of each time period.5th 15th 17th 14th The Middle AgesModern ArtThe Renaissance20th 19th religious themes primitive an
19、d 2D Main characters were larger than everyone else change in the13th century humanistic accurate portraits perspective oil paints subjective impressions of the scene inner warmth and humanityrealistic,dream-like quality,abstractImpressionism 1.In which period was each painting created?ImpressionismModern ArtModern ArtThe RenaissanceA Girl with a Watering Can(1876)by RenoirGirl Before a Mirror(1932)by PicassoExotic Birds(1915)by Wassily KandinskyThe Woman with the Veil by Raphael2.Which period of Western art do you like most?Why are you fond of it?3.Based on the text,what do you think is art?
