1、初高中知识链接初高中知识链接初高中知识链接初高中知识链接Part 语音第一讲 国际音标一、语音知识1英语共有_个音素，分为_音和_音两大类。元音有20个，分为_元音和_元音。辅音有_个，按声带振动情况分为_辅音和_辅音。英语音素中半元音音素是_和_，鼻音是_。2英语中元音字母有_个，它们分别是_，一个半元音字母是_。元音字母在重读开音节中发_，在重读闭音节中发_。48元辅单双28浊清/w/j/m/、/n/、/?/5aeI ouy字母的名称音短音初高中知识链接初高中知识链接二、国际音标初高中知识链接初高中知识链接三、读音方法在学习字母在单词中的读音时有三种方法，第一种是去尾法，有九个，b、d、c
2、、p、t、v、z、j、k。比如：能根据读音把b分成两个音标/b/i /，去尾顾名思义，就是把最后一个音去掉，第一个音，就是在单词中的发音；第二种是掐头法，有六个，f、l、m、n、s、x。比如f能根据读音把f分成两个音标/e/、/f/，把第一个音去掉就是在单词中发音；第三种就是对比法，就是把字母在单词中的发音和在汉语拼音中的发音对比，有五个：g、h、y、w、r。我们可以发现，这五个音和拼音中的音很相似，所以可以这样记。初高中知识链接第二讲 拼读规则一、音节及音节的划分1音节的定义：音节由音素组合而成。一个元音加上一个或几个辅音即可构成一个音节，一个元音也能构成一个音节。某些辅音也能与其他辅音构成
3、音节。2音节构成A：一个元音和一个或多个辅音可以构成一个音节，如：be/bi /；big/bI/B：一个元音可以构成音节，如about/?ba?t/，I/aI/C：成音节即由辅音和成节音/l/，/m/，/n/，/?/构成的音节，如：button/b?tn/初高中知识链接3音节的分类A：开音节：指以发音的元音字母结尾的音节或元辅e 结构如：go/g?/；photo/f?t?/；cake/keIk/；like/laIk/B：闭音节：以辅音字母结尾(r，w，y除外)，同时只有一个元音音素的音节，如：bag/b?/；stop/st?p/C：r音节：即ar/；er/?/；ir/?/；or/?/；ur/?
4、/在非重读音节中一般发短音/?/初高中知识链接4音节的划分口诀：一在后，二分手一在后：如果两个元音中有一个辅音，则把这个辅音的发音划到后面。二分手：如果两个元音中有两个辅音，则平分这两个辅音的发音，前后各一个。一般来说，一个单词的发音元音的总数决定了这个单词所包含的音节数目，也就是说有几个元音音素就有几个音节，如一个音节：I；a；six；girl；one；how两个音节：fa/ther；re/move；peo/ple；ri/ver；rea/dy 三个音节：cen/tu/ry；vi/ta/min；cer/tain/ly初高中知识链接5不同音节中元音字母的发音(1)在闭音节中的元音字母一般发短元音
5、，如：a/?/cat；e/e/bed;i/I/big；o/?/d og；u/?/b us(2)在开音节中的元音字母一般发字母的名称音绝对开音节：以发音的元音字母结尾。如：she/?i /；hi/haI/相对开音节：元辅e结构。如：lake/leIk/；like/laIk/；coke/k?k/初高中知识链接初高中知识链接二、不完全爆破音与浊化二、不完全爆破音与浊化1不完全爆破音(incomplete plosion)带有不完全爆破音的词或句子，听起来好像有些音被吞掉，但实际上并未完全被吞掉。当两个辅音相邻时前面的辅音由于受后面辅音的影响，在发音时只需要作出这个音的口形，但不需要把音发出来。这种要
6、发而又不发出来的音就是我们所说的不完全爆破音，这种发音现象叫做失去爆破。爆破音/p/b/t/d/k/初高中知识链接(1)两个或两个以上的爆破音相连，只爆破最后一个爆破音，其他爆破音只需要作出口形即可。如act；two(2)爆破音后跟破擦音时，爆破音失去爆破。如pi(c)ture；tha(t)judge(3)爆破音后跟摩擦音时只需做出口形，不爆破。如：brea(k)fast(4)爆破音后跟鼻音时，爆破音亦不爆破。如：goo(d)morning初高中知识链接2.浊化(soft)浊化就是把清辅音发成与其相应的浊辅音。一般情况下，在音节开头如果有两个在一起的清辅音，那么第二个清辅音就要浊化，即发成浊辅
7、音。常见的有：/sp/sb/如：sport；/st/sd/如：stair；/sk/s/如：sky；scarf；school3连读(liaison)在英语的实际运用中，人们常将属于同一意群的词连在一起，一口气说出来。意群中词与词之间不留空隙，这种读法叫连读。如：初高中知识链接三、重音、语调与节奏1重音(stress)(1)单词重音英语的每个词，至少有一个音节读得特别重而清楚，而其他的音节则轻而含糊。读得重而清楚的音节，叫做单词重音，又叫重读音节。读得轻而含糊的音节，叫做非重读音节或轻读音节。如：interesting；dictionary；relay；forget；enough；dislike初
8、高中知识链接(2)句子重音实词如名词、实意动词、形容词、副词等，一般需重读，但在倒装句中实意动词要轻读。如：She always made her class interesting.Under the tree stood an old man.代词以及虚词如冠词、连词、介词等往往不重读，但作表语的介词短语中的介词需重读。如：The ball is under the chair.Which grade are you in?2语调(intonation)英语语调，即说话的腔调，就是一句话里声调(pitch)高低抑扬轻重的配制和变化。初高中知识链接(1)降调：主要用于陈述句、祈使句、特殊疑问
9、句、感叹句句末，表示肯定、明确或意思表达完整。如：Please open the door.What a fine day！(2)升调：主要用于疑问句或表示请求的句子末尾，表示不太肯定、亲切和意思未完。如：Would you like a cup of tea？Do you often go to school by bike？(3)降升调先升后降：常用于选择疑问句中或列举时。如：Is your friend a boy or a girl？Which do you prefer，tea or coffee？初高中知识链接There are eggplants，cucumbers，tomato
10、es and potatoes 00 in the market.先降后升：常用于补充说明或反意疑问句中。如：We have to hurry up，Im afraid.He hasnt booked the room，has he？3节奏(the rhythm)读长句时，需要注意在意群之间换气，稍作停顿，而一个意群内部不可停顿，以便意思保持完整。如：Our English teacher/told us/an interesting story.He and his brother/have already finished/doing their homework.初高中知识链接初高中知识
11、链接巩固练习初高中知识链接初高中知识链接Part 词 法第一讲 词类划分英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。1名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy，morning，bag，ball，class，orange。2代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词。如：who，she，you，it。3形容词(adj.)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good，right，white，orange。初高中知识链接4数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one，two，three，first，second，third，fourth。5动词(v
12、.):表示动作或状态。如：am，is，are，have，see。6副词(ad v.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now，very，here，often，quietly，slowly。7冠词(art.)：用在名词前，帮助说明名词。如：a，an，the。8介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in，on，from，above，behind。初高中知识链接9连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如and，but，before。10感叹词(interj.)：表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh，well，hi，hello。初高中知识链接初高
13、中知识链接第二讲构词法英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。1合成法：如：spaceship，headache，basketball，playground等。2派生法：(1)派生名词：动词er/or 动词ing 动词(t)ion 形容词ness 其他，如：inventor，learner，swimming，congratulation，kindness，wisdom，knowledge(2)派生形容词：名词y 名词ful/ous 动词ing/ed 名词ly Chinese，English，French，German初高中知识链接国名(i)an，如：snowy，hopeful，dangero
14、us，interesting，daily(每日的)，Canadian，等。(3)派生副词：形容词ly 其它，如：slowly，angrily，well，possibly等。3转换法：(1)形容词动词，如：dry(干燥的)dry(弄干)，clean(干净的)clean(打扫，弄干净)等。(2)动词名词，如：look，walk，rest，work，study，swim，go，talk等等。(3)名词动词，如：water(水)(浇水)；face(脸)(面对)；seat(座位)(就坐)；colour(颜色)(上色)等。初高中知识链接(4)形容词副词，如：earlyearly，fastfast，hard
15、hard等。(5)副词连词，如：when(什么时候)(当时候)等。(6)介词副词，如：in(到里)(在里面；在家)，on(在上)(进行，继续)等。初高中知识链接初高中知识链接巩固练习.根据句意，用括号内所给词的适当形式填空。1Li Na is an outstanding tennis _(play)答案：player2Anna had a fever yesterday，so she was _(able)to go to school.答案：unable3The movie was interesting，but Grace was not_(interest)in it.答案：inter
16、ested初高中知识链接初高中知识链接4Thanks to your _(suggest)，I got to complete the job in time.答案：suggestion5It is always _(sun)here in winter.答案：sunny6Emily used to be short，but now she is much _(tall)答案：taller7I was so hungry that I had a _(three)bowl of rice.答案：third初高中知识链接初高中知识链接8We cant go out to have a picni
17、c because it is raining _(heavy)outside.答案：heavily9Justin Biebers first single，OneTime，is about one of his favorite_(topic)，puppy love.答案：topics10Niushou Hill is an area of natural _(beautiful)It attracts lots of tourists every spring.答案：beauty初高中知识链接初高中知识链接.根据句意，用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。1Peter turned off th
18、e computer after he finished_(write)an email.答案：writing2Mr.Liu isnt here now.He_(go)to Beijing.答案：has gone3The children will go to the zoo if it _(not rain)this Saturday.答案：doesnt rain4Mr.Green_(watch)TV at this time last night.答案：was watching初高中知识链接初高中知识链接5Youd better _(eat)less food before you go
19、to bed.答案：eat6My teacher told me that light _(travel)much faster than sound.答案：travels7Look!There are many old people _(do)morning exercise at the square.答案：doing8Im sorry that I didnt answer your phone.I _(listen)to music and didnt hear the ring.答案：was listening初高中知识链接9The old computer_(break)down
20、easily，so I had to restart it again and again.答案：broke10Did the old soldiers from Taiwan enjoy the welcome party last Friday?Yes.They were so excited to see their friends again.Most of them _(not see)each other since 1949.答案：hadnt seen初高中知识链接Part 句法第一讲句子成分句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。1主语是
21、句子所要说的人或事物，回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：_m Miss Green.(_是格林小姐。)2谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态，回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack _the room every day.(杰克每天_房间。)I我cleans打扫初高中知识链接3表语在系动词之后，说明主语的身份或特征，回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is _.(我的名字叫_。)4宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果，回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell _.(他能拼_。)有些及物动词带有两个宾语，一个指
22、物，一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语，指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote _.(他给_写了一封信。)Pingping萍萍theword这个词mealetter我初高中知识链接初高中知识链接有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语，放在直接宾语后面，来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote _to _.(他给我写了_。)5定语修饰名词或代词，通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：Shanghai is a_ city.(上海是个_城市。)6状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词，通常由副词担任。如：He works_.(他工作_。)7宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么，通
23、常由形容词或动词充当。aletterme一封信big大hard努力初高中知识链接如：They usually keep their classroom_.(他们通常让教室保持_。)He often helps me_.(他常常帮我_。)The teacher wanted me _.(老师要我_。)同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面，进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is_？(_在哪里？)clean清洁domylessons做功课tolearnFrenchallbymyself自学法语yourclassmate Tom你的同学汤姆初高中知识链接巩固练习指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分。1His
24、 father is out._2I enjoy watching football games._3We will make them happy._4The man over thereis my old friend._5He studies hard to learn English well._6Doing morning exercisesis good to your health._7We all think it a pitythat she didnt come here._表语宾语宾语补足语定语目的状语主语宾语补足语初高中知识链接8She was found singin
25、g in the next room._9He goes to school by bike._10The idea soundsgood._主语补足语方式状语谓语初高中知识链接初高中知识链接第二讲 简单的五种基本句型1主语 系动词 表语(S V P)(1)系动词有：be动词：am，is，are；例I am happy today.感官系动词：look，sound，feel，taste，smell等；例This song sounds beautiful.状态系动词：become，get，grow，come，turn，fall，appear，seem等；例The leaves turn yel
26、low.He becomes a soldier.延续系动词：remain，keep，stay等；例Everyone keeps quiet.初高中知识链接终止系动词：prove，turn out等；例The news turns out to be true.(2)系动词后通常接形容词作表语；另外，系动词不可用于进行时态，也无被动式。2主语 谓语(S V)其中谓语是不及物动词，后面不能接宾语。例She smiles.3主语 谓语 宾语(S V O)其中谓语是及物动词，后面要接宾语。例I like English.初高中知识链接4主语 谓语 双宾语(间接宾语 直接宾语)(S V Oi Od)例
27、He gave me a pen.(He gave a pen to me.)My father bought me a new bike.(My father bought a new bike for me.)5主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语(S V O Oc)(1)名词(或代词)名词 例I found him a good pupil.(2)名词(或代词)形容词 例I found the door open.(3)名词(或代词)副词或介词短语例She found herself in hospital.初高中知识链接(4)名词(或代词)分词或分词短语例I saw Tom playing b
28、asketball on the playground.(5)名词(或代词)不定式例His father dont allow him to watch TV at night.I noticed the woman steal at the store.(6)主语 谓语 it 宾补 真正宾语例I feel it important to do so.初高中知识链接初高中知识链接巩固练习S V P S V S V O S V Oi Od S V O Oc.判断下列句子属于哪种基本句型。1I watched TV last night._2We live happily together._3H
29、e lent me his car._4The food went bad._5We watched them play football yesterday._初高中知识链接.按要求转换基本句型，并保持句子意思基本不变。1Mr.Liu is our English teacher.(用句型)_2His eyes are blue.(用句型)_3She is good at dancing.(用句型)_4I like apple best of all the fruit.(用句型)_5We think he is a good man.(用句型)_Mr.Liu teaches us Engl
30、ish.He has blue eyes.She dances well.Apple is my favourite fruit.We think him a good man.初高中知识链接第三讲 句子的种类一、按语气可分为：陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句。1陈述句叙述或否定一个事实或看法。可分为肯定句和否定句两种。肯定句：We love our motherland.我们热爱祖国。否定句：They dont go to work on Sundays.他们星期日不上班。初高中知识链接2疑问句一般疑问句：以一个助动词、情态动词或动词be开始的问句。回答要用yes或no。Havent you
31、seen the film?No，I havent.你没看过这部电影吗？没看过。特殊疑问句：以一个疑问代词或疑问副词开头的句子一般要用倒装语序。When do you watch TV?你什么时间看电视？初高中知识链接What are they doing now?他们现在正在干什么？选择疑问句：提出两个或两个以上的情况，选择一个作为答案。Does he learn Japanese or French?He learns French.他学日语还是学法语？他学法语。反意疑问句：提出情况或看法问对方是否同意。在陈述句后附加一个简短的疑问句，即前面句子肯定，后为否定；前面句子否定，后为肯定。初高
32、中知识链接They are going to the airport，arent they?他们要去机场，是吗？You havent finished your homework，have you?你没做完作业，是吗？3感叹句表示说话时惊异、喜悦、气忿等情绪。what修饰名词，how修饰形容词、副词或句子。What great changes we have had these years!这几年我们有了多么大的变化啊！How hard they are working!他们工作多努力呀！初高中知识链接How nice a boy(he is)！What a nice boy he is!多么
33、好的孩子啊！4祈使句表示命令、请求、叮嘱、号召等，谓语动词用原形。Be sure to get there at eight.八点钟一定要到那儿。Dont worry.Ill help you out.别担心，我会帮助你的。初高中知识链接二、按结构可分为：简单句、并列句和复合句。1简单句只包含一个主谓结构并且各个结构都是由单词或短语组成，不包含任何从句。有五种基本句型。The girl plays the piano every day.那女孩每天弹钢琴。The new term begins.新学期开始了。I told my friend the good news.我把好消息告诉了我的朋友
34、。初高中知识链接2并列句并列句是由两个或多个简单句连接而成的。其中的各个简单句并列平行、同等重要；相互之间没有从属关系，能够独立成句。它们之间要用连词连接。Susan not only runs fast，but also jumps high.苏姗不但跑得快，而且跳得高。It was late at night，but he went on doing his homework.夜已深了，但是他还在继续做作业。She was busy cooking while they were watching TV.她忙着做饭，而他们却在看电视。初高中知识链接3复合句包含一个主句、一个或一个以上的从句
35、的句子叫复合句。从句从属于主句并充当主句的某一成分，如主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。I went to bed after the TV play was over.电视剧完了以后我上床睡觉。As my mother is away at this moment，I have to look after my younger sister.由于我的妈妈现在不在，我不得不照顾我的妹妹。I shant go unless he asks me.除非他请我，否则我是不去的。初高中知识链接巩固练习.句型转换按每小题后的要求转换下面的句子；每空一词。1The nurse does all the ho
36、usework in my home every day.(改为一般疑问句)_the nurse _all the housework in your home every day?答案：Does；do2Bruce has art lessonstwice a week.(对画线部分提问)_ _ does Bruce have art lessons?答案：How often初高中知识链接3The teacher has told us how we should improve our speaking skills.(改为简单句)The teacher has told us how _
37、_ our speaking skills.答案：to improve4Was the machine invented by David？She wasnt sure.(合并成一句话)She wasnt sure _ the machine was invented by David.答案：if/whether初高中知识链接5The children have never done that before.(改为反意疑问句)The children have never done that before，_ _？答案：have they6You shouldnt arrive late fo
38、r class.(改为祈使句)_ _ late for class.答案：Dont arrive7We are going to study in the new school in two months.(对画线部分提问)_ _ are you going to study in the new school?答案：How soon初高中知识链接8English is very useful.(改成感叹句)_ _ useful subject English is!答案：What a9The knife in the box is Toneys.(改为复数形式)The _ in the bo
39、xes _ Toneys.答案：knives；are10Kevin will take a holiday to France the week after next.(用two weeks ago改写句子)Kevin _ a holiday to France two weeks ago.答案：took初高中知识链接.同义句转换改写句子，在改写后的句子中填入适当的词，使其与原句意相符，每空一词。1What do you think of the movie Avatar(阿凡达)?_ do you _the movie Avatar?答案：How；like2He doesnt like mu
40、tton，and she doesnt，either._he _ she likes mutton.答案：Neither；nor初高中知识链接3This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.I have _read _ an interesting book before.答案：never；such4The film began ten minutes ago.The film _ _ _ _ ten minutes.答案：has been on for5Dont open the door，will you?Will you
41、please _ the door_？答案：keep；closed初高中知识链接6There are more people in Jinan than in Yantai.The _ of Jinan is _than that of Yantai.答案：population；larger7It took Mary an hour to do her homework last night.Mary _an hour _her homework last night.答案：spent；on/doing8It was so interesting a film that all of us s
42、aw it twice.It was _ _ interesting _that all of us saw it twice.答案：such an；film初高中知识链接9If you work hard，you will pass the exam._ _ and you will pass the exam.答案：Work hard10He is so young that he cant join the army.He is _ young _ _ the army.He is _ _ _ to join the army.答案：too；to join；not old enough初高中知识链接初高中知识链接本部分内容讲解结束按ESC键退出全屏播放
