1、-1比喻：葡萄和竹竿l有些语言学家形象地将英语句子称为“葡萄型”结构，葡萄主干很短，其上附结着丰硕的果实。而汉语句子则较短，一个短句接着一个短句地往下叙述，逐步展开，内容象竹竿一样一节一节展开，而常被称为“竹竿型”结构。-2lThis is the cat.l这就是那只猫。lThis is the cat that killed the rat.l这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫lThis is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake.l 这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了蛋糕的老鼠的猫。lThis is the cat that killed the rat
2、that ate the cake that lay in the house.l这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在屋里的蛋糕的老鼠的猫。lThis is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that lay in the house that Jack built.l这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在杰克盖的屋子里的蛋糕的老鼠的猫。-3l英语中的定语从句有两种：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。l限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；例如lThis is the house which we bought last month
3、.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）l非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如lThe house,which we bought last month,is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）-4定语从句的译法限定性定语从句-5前置法l把英语限定性定语从句译成带“的”的定语词组，放在被修饰词之前，从而将复合句译成汉语单句。-6lThe people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him.l在他手下工作的人对他怕得要死。lJuly and Augu
4、st are the months when the weather is hot.l七八月份是天气很热的月份。-7后置法l前置法大都是用于限定性定语从句，但一般用于翻译比较简单的英语定语从句，如果从句结构复杂，翻译成汉语前置定语显得太长而不符合汉语的表达习惯时，往往可以译成后置的并列分句。-8译成并列分句，重复英语先行词。lThey are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which,in the past,many Chinese have laid down their
5、 lives.l他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每一个中国人所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。-9译成并列分句，省略英语先行词。lHe managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each.l他种出了200个大得惊人的西红柿，每个重达两磅。lA fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat.l燃料是一种物质，在适当温度下能够燃烧并释放出热
6、量。-10溶合法l溶合法是指把原句中的主语和定语从句溶合在一起译成一个独立的句子的一种翻译方法。由于限定性定语从句与主语关系紧密，所以溶合法比较适合翻译限定性定语从句。-11lThere were men in that crowd who had stood there every day for a month.l在那群人里，有些人每天站在那里，站了一个月。lThere are many people who want to see the film.l许多人要看这部电影。-12 有些带定语从句的复合句，译成汉语时可将英语主句压缩成汉语词组作主语，而把定语从句译成谓语，溶合成一个句子。l“
7、We are a nation that must beg to stay alive,”said a foreign economist.l一位外国经济学家说道，“我们这个国家不讨饭就活不下去。”-13非限制性定语从句的翻译-14 英语非限制定语从句对先行词不起限制作用，只对它加以描写、叙述或解释。翻译这类从句时可以运用：一、前置法 一些较短而具有描写性的英语非限制性定语从句，也可以译成带“的”的前置定语，放在被修饰词前面；但这种处理方法不如用在英语限制性定语从句那样普遍。-15 lThe sun,which had hidden all day,now came out in all it
8、s splendor.l那个整天躲在云层里的太阳，现在又光芒四射的露面了。lHe likes his sister,who was warm and pleasant,but he did not like his brother,who was aloof and arrogant.l他喜欢热情愉快的妹妹，而不喜欢冷漠高傲的哥哥。-16 二、后置法 译成并列分句 1）在译文中把原文从句后置，重复英语关系从句所代表的含义.I told the story to John,who told it to his brother.他把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。-17 Air is a
9、mixture of gas，of which oxygen forms 2l by volume.空气是一种混合气体，其中氧气按体积占21。Solid carbon dioxide has a low temperature，which makes it suitable for refrigeration 固体二氧化碳的温度很低，这使得它很适用于冷冻。-18（2）在译文中从句后置，省略英语关系从句所代表的含义.He saw in front that haggard white-haired old man,whose eyes flashed red with fury.他看见前面那个憔
10、悴的白发老人，眼睛里愤怒的闪着红光。Dry air is a mixture of gases，most of which is nitrogen by volume.干燥空气是多种气体的混合，按体积计，大部分是氮气。-19（3）在译文中从句前置，重复英语关系从句所代表的含义。It was an old woman,tall and shapely still,though withered by time,on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned.他站住，转过身来，定眼一看，是个年迈的妇女，她身材很高，仍然一副好模样，虽然受了时间的折磨
11、而有点憔悴。-202.译成独立句 He had talked to vice-president Nixon,who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.他和副总统尼克松谈过话。副总统向他担保，凡是能够做到的都会竭尽全力去做。-21-221、译作汉语原因状语从句1、A solid fuel,like coal or wood,can only burn at the surface,where it comes into contact with the air.固体燃料，如煤和木材，只能在表面燃烧，因为表面
12、接触空气。2、We know that a cat,whose eyes can take in many more rays than our eyes,can see clearly in the night.我们知道，由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线，所以猫在黑夜也能看得清楚。-232、译作汉语结果状语从句1、There was something original,independent,and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.这个方案富于创造性，独具一格，很有魅力，因此他们都很喜欢。2、Late last cen
13、tury all the universities in the united states adopted the credit system which benefited student a great deal.上个世纪末，美国所有的大学已实行了学分制，学生们从中受益匪浅。-243、译作汉语让步状语从句1、He insisted on building another house,which he had no use for.他坚持要再造一幢房子，尽管他并无此需要2、The scientist,who was dog-tired,went on with the experiment
14、.那位科学家虽已筋疲力尽，但还是继续进行实验。-254、译作汉语条件状语从句1、Men become desperate for work,any work,which will help them to keep alive their families.人们及其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它能维持一家人的生活。2、Anyone who thinks that rational knowledge need not be derived from perceptual knowledge is an idealist.谁如果认为理性知识不是来源于感性知识，那么他就是个唯心论者。-265
15、、译作汉语目的状语从句1、They have built up a new college here,where students will be trained to be engineers and scientists.他们在那里建了一所学院，以培养科技人才。2、Private schools in the United States have a wide range of programs that are offered to meet the needs of certain students.美国私立学校设课繁多，以满足某些学生的不同要求。-27练习1、He persisted
16、 in having a bicycle which he had no use for.他坚持要一辆自行车，尽管他用不上。（让步）2、But he did not talk at length about the matter,which was not considered by the White House to be a particularly important question.但他没有详细地谈这件事，因为白宫没有把这件事看做是特别重要的问题。（原因）3、Nobody knows what he thinks.So he has decided to give a speech that will show his attitude towards the coming election.没有人知道他的想法，所以他决定举行一次演讲，以申明他对于即将到来的选举的态度。（目的）
