1、初二语法专题知识梳理代词主要分为八大类 1.人称代词 2.物主代词 3.反身代词 4.指示代词 5.疑问代词 6.关系代词 7.不定代词 8.相互代词知识梳理1.人称代词就是表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我们”、“你们”、“她们”、“他们”、“它们”的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化。详见下表 第一人称第一人称第二人称第二人称第三人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数复数主格I 我 we 我们 you 你you 你们he 他/she 她/it 它 they 他们宾格me 我 us 我们you 你you 你们him他/her她/it它them 他们知识梳理2.注意事项 单数你他我,复数
2、一二三 You,she and I play together.We,you and they play together.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not 后多用宾格。知识梳理 人称代词it的特殊用法(1)指上文已提到或下文将要提到的事或物。例如:Look at the cat!Isnt it lovely(2)指自然现象、时间、距离、温度等。例如:Its cloudy today.(3)指代无生命的东西。例如:Its a desk.知识梳理(4)作形式主语,代替由不定式或从句等所表示的真正主语。常用于下列句型中 Its+adj.+(for sb.)+to do sth.做某事对某
3、人是怎么样的 Its time to do/for/that.到做某事的时间了 It seems that.似乎 Its ones turn to do sth.轮到某人做某事了 Its+adj.+that从句是怎么样的 It takes sb.some time to do sth.做某事花了某人多长时间知识梳理(6)作形式宾语,代替由不定式或从句等所表示的真正宾语,常用在动词find,think,make 等后。例如 I found it important to learn English well.我发现学好英语很重要。知识梳理1.概念及形式 物主代词表示人和物之间的所有关系的代词。物
4、主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。人称人称形容词物主代词形容词物主代词名词性物主代词名词性物主代词单数复数单数复数第一人称myourmineours第二人称youryouryoursyours第三人称his/her/itstheirhis/hers/itstheirs知识梳理2.用法区别 形容词性物主代词 作定语 This is her computer.这是她的电脑。名词性物主代词 作主语 This isnt your pen.Yours is on the table.这不是你的钢笔。你的在桌子上。作宾语 I cant find my pen.Can I use yours?我找不
5、到我的钢笔了。我能用你的吗 作表语 This computer is hers.这台电脑是她的。知识梳理(1)形容词性物主代词具有形容词的特性,在句中作定语,后面必须接名词。如 They are doing their homework.(2)名词性物主代词具有名词的特性,后面不能再跟名词。它相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”,在句中可作主语、宾语、或表语。如 -Whose book is this?-Its mine.(mine=my book)知识梳理(3)“of+名词性物主代词”可以作名词的后置定语。如 The girl is a friend of his.(4)在句中,形容词性物主代词
6、和名词之间可以加形容词,但不能接this,that,these,those,some 等代词和冠词a/an,the。如 My old friend Mike is from the United States.(5)形容词性物主代词+own表示强调,意为“完全属于自己的”。如 XiaoHua saw Jackie Chan with his own eyes.知识梳理1.反身代词的定义和分类 表示反射或强调的代词叫做反身代词。反身代词是由第一人称、第二人称形容词性物主代词和第三人称人称代词宾格形式,词尾加self或selves组成。反身代词可译为“本人”、“本身”,为加强语气,也常译为“亲自”
7、、“自己”。其人称及数的变化见下表第一人称第一人称第二人称第二人称第三人称第三人称单数myself yourselfhimself,herself,itself复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves 知识梳理2.拓展:常用反身代词作宾语的动词或介词搭配有 for oneself 亲自 buy oneself sth.给自己买 leave by oneself 把自己单独留下 by oneself 独自 teach oneself sth.自学.help oneself to.随意吃些.look after oneself 照顾自己 enjoy oneself 玩得开心
8、learn sth.by oneself 自学.make oneself at home 别拘束 hurt oneself 伤着自己 say to oneself自言自语知识梳理表示“这个”、“这些”、“那个”、“那些”等指示概念的代词叫作指示代词。常用的指示代词有this,that,these,those。1.this,these指代距说话人相对较近的人或物;指代距离相对较远的则用that,those。如 This is a desk.Thats a chair.These are English books.Those are Chinese books.知识梳理2.在疑问句中,如果句子主
9、语是this,that,these或those,回答时常用it代替this或that,用they代替these或those。如 A:Is this/that your car?B:Yes,it is.A:What are these/those?B:These/Those/They are apples.知识梳理3.在电话用语中,that指你,用于询问对方的身份;this指我,常用于自我介绍。如 A:Is that Mr.Black speaking?B:Yes.Whos that?A:This is Mike.4.that/those常用于比较结构中,代替前面提到的名词,以避免重复。如 Th
10、e weather in Beijing is as good as that in Xian today.5.that和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和these不能;同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人。He admired that which looked beautiful.他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。He admired those who looked beautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。知识梳理初中阶段常接触到的疑问代词包括who,whom,whose,what,which。1、who,whom,whose的用法(1)who常作句子的主语、表语或宾语。如 Wh
11、o will give us a talk tomorrow?A:Who are those girls?B:Theyre Toms sisters.Who are you waiting for?知识梳理(2)whom是who的宾格形式,作动词或介词的宾语,在口语中可用who代替,紧跟介词时只能用whom。如 Who(m)did you meet on the street?(作动词meet的宾语)To whom did you speak just now?(在介词后,用whom而不用who)(3)whose常用在名词前作定语。如:A:Whose bike is this?B:Its hi
12、s.知识梳理2、what的用法 what可用于询问姓名、职业、日期、星期、价格、时间、数量、运算结果等。如 Whats your job What time is it now?Whats the price of this computer?What day is it today?Whats ten and two?知识梳理3、which的用法 which引导特殊疑问句时,位于句首,可以单独使用,也可以放在名词前使用。如 Which do you like better,this one or that one?Which colour do you like best,yellow,re
13、d or green?知识梳理易错点提醒 which对已确定范围内的“哪一个”进行提问,what 对不确定范围内的“哪一个”进行提问。如:Which is the biggest,the sun、the earth or the moon?What class are you in?知识梳理 关系代词用来引导定语从句,代替先行词,并在从句中充当一定成分(作主语、宾语或表语等),常用的关系代词有who,whom,that,which和whose。who指人(宾格whom),which指物,that既可指人也可指物,whose表示所属关系。如关系代词前有介词,则只能用which或whom。作宾语的
14、关系代词可以省略。例如 This is the book(that/which)I lent you.Is that the house in which you once lived?Thats the woman whose house is very beautiful.知识梳理不定代词 不指明代替任何特定名词的代词,兼有名词和形容词的功用,在句子中主要用作主语、宾语、表语或定语。(一)普通不定代词1.初中阶段常见的普通不定代词 some,anyfew,littleother,another many,mucheither,neither none,no one each,everybo
15、th,all知识梳理2.普通不定代词的用法(1)some与 any相同点相同点均可修饰可数名词和不可数名词,表示均可修饰可数名词和不可数名词,表示“一些一些”,即不确定的数量、数目,即不确定的数量、数目不同点some 一般用于肯定句中,也可用于建议或请求的疑问句中,表示说话人希望得到肯定的回答any多用于疑问句、否定句或条件句中,用于肯定句时表示“任何(一个/一些)如:I asked her for some money,but she didnt have any.If you have any question to ask,please come to my office.Will yo
16、u have some tea?知识梳理(2)both,either 与 neither 相同点相同点均用于两个人或物均用于两个人或物不同点both指”两个都“。作主语时,谓语动词用复数,其反义词为neithereither指两者中的任意一个。作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数neither指”两者中没有一个”(全否定)。作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数知识梳理(3)all,any和none 相同点相同点均用于两个人或物均用于两个人或物不同点all指“三个或三个以上的人或物都”,作主语时,谓语动词用复数,其反义词为none any指“三个或三个以上的人或物中的任意一个”,只能作定语none指“三个或三个
17、以上的人或物中没有一个”(全否定),相当于not any知识梳理(4)much,many,little,few,a little与a few含义含义用法用法很多,许多很多,许多一些;少数几个(肯定)一些;少数几个(肯定)很少;几乎没有(否定)很少;几乎没有(否定)修饰可数名词manya fewfew修饰不可数名词 mucha littlelittle知识梳理(5)the other,the others,another,others与other the other(特指)(特指)I.指两者中的另一个,常与one连用。These are two kinds music in the worldo
18、ne is written down and the other is not.There are two flowers.One flower is red,the other is white.II.指“除去前者后,剩余的全部”,后可加复数名词。e.g.John did better than all the other players in the sport.知识梳理the others(特指)(特指)一定范围内的其余的全部人或事物。e.g.I have three pencils.One is long,and the others are short.Twenty of our c
19、lassmates are boys,the others are girls.知识梳理another(泛指)(泛指)表示“别的,另一”;也表示“再,又一个”(1)adj.表泛指,后可加单数名词或加数词+复数名词 e.g.another car 另一辆车 I need another two weeks to finish the work.(2)pron.泛指单数可数名词 e.g.I dont like this pen.Please show me another.知识梳理others(泛指)(泛指)指不确定的其他的事或人(复数)e.g.We must think of others.注意
20、:others和 some 对比使用时,是“有些”的意思,而不做“其他”讲。e.g.Some cleaned the windows,others swept the floor.有的擦窗户,有的擦地板。知识梳理other(泛指)(泛指)表示“别的”,“另外的”只能与复数名词连用,是没有明确范围的另外的人或事物。e.g.This is a secret.Please dont tell other people.其他习惯用法:其他习惯用法:one another 互相彼此 the other day 前几天 every other day/week/year 每隔一天/周/年知识梳理(5)ea
21、ch 和 everyeachevery用作形容词、代词,可单独使用仅作定语,不可单独使用表示着重同类东西的个别性(强调个体)表示“每个,各自”着重同类东西的共性(强调整体)表示(整体中的)“每个”指两个或两个以上的人或事物中的“每个”指三个或三个以上的人或事物中的“每个”后可加 of 短语后不可加 of 短语【知识拓展】every day 意为“每天”,副词。everyday是形容词,意为每天的;日常的,只能作定语。知识梳理例如:There are trees on each side of the street.在河流的两旁都有树。Every student passed the exam.
22、所有的学生都通过了考试。Each of us wears a red coat.我们每人都穿着红外套。知识梳理(7)one one 用来代替前面出现的可数名词单数,以避免重复,可以指人,也可以指物;其复数形式为ones。例如:I have two brothers,and he has one.one和ones前有the,this,that,these或those等限定词时,表示特指某(些)人或物。例如:This one is better than the other one.泛指“人们”(包括“你”和“我”)时,所有格是ones,反身代词oneself。知识梳理it,one和that做代词
23、时的区别:代词代词用法用法例句例句it特指上下文提到的对象是同一事物The book is mine.Its very interesting.one泛指上下文提及的同类事物中的一个,同类而不同一A:Who has a pen?B:I have one.that常用于比较结构中,代替前面提到的名词,以避免重复The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Shenzhen.知识梳理(二)复合不定代词 初中阶段常见的复合不定代词somebody(某人)(某人)anybody(任何人)(任何人)nobody(没有人)(没有人)everybody(每人)(
24、每人)someone(某人)anyone(任何人)no one(没有人)everyone(每人)something(某事)anything(任何事)nothing(没有东西)everything(每一件事)知识梳理2.复合不定代词的用法 由some构成的复合不定代词一般用于肯定句中,也可用于建议或请求的疑问句中,表示说话人希望得到对方肯定的回答。由any构成的复合不定代词通常用于否定句和疑问句中。复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语和表语,不能作定语。作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数。当形容词或else(另外的)修饰复合不定代词时,形容词或else必须放在复合不定代词的后面。知识梳理1)nobody/no
25、one-人 nothing-事 none-人&事2)None可与of表示范围,nobody/nothing不可。3)None用来回答How much/How many 的疑问句,nobody/no one和nothing分别回答who和what的疑问句。(none强调数量)-Who is in the room?-Nobody./No one.-Whats in the box?-Nothing.知识梳理4)none可用来回答含“any+名词”的一般疑问句,nobody/nothing用来回答含anybody anything的一般疑问句5)none的谓语可复数可单数,nobody/no on
26、e/nothing的谓语只有单数 everyone/everybody后不可跟of短语,every one后可跟of短语 Everyone/everybody in our village is curious about Miss Havisham.Every one of us is curious about Miss Havisham.知识梳理1.相互代词表示相互关系,它所指的名词或代词必须是复数形式或两者以上。形式如下:e.g.Mr and Mrs.Smith bought expensive presents for each other.注意:在传统语法中,eachother指两
27、者,oneanother指三者或三者以上,但是在当代英语中,两个短语在用法上已无区别。宾格宾格属格属格each othereach othersone anotherone anothers知识梳理2.相互代词与反身代词相似,都与主语形成互指关系,但意义存在重大差别。e.g.Bill and Helen blamed themselves.比尔和海伦责怪他们自己。Bill and Helen blamed each other.比尔和海伦彼此责怪对方。3.相互代词的属格用作定语。e.g.Last week,we visited each others hometown.上星期我们互访了对方的家
28、乡。典型例题1.My brother will come to see me tomorrow.Ill meet _ at the airport.A.her B.you C.him D.them 2.Miss Smith is very kind.We all like _.A.it B.her C.him D.them3.I cant find my pen.Could you help _ find it?A.me B.her C.him D.them典型例题1.D 考点:人称代词。由动词meet可知,动词后面的人称代词应为宾格形式,第一句my brother提示,人称为单数男性。故排除
29、A选项her 她,D选项them他们(复数)。B选项you指你,不是第三人称也不能选。故选D.分析句意:我的哥哥明天会来看我,我将在机场见他。2.B 考点:人称代词。由动词like可知,动词后面的人称代词应为宾格形式,第一句Miss Smith为单数女性。故排除A选项it它。C选项为男性him他也不能选。D选项them他们(复数)。故选B3.A 考点:人称代词。选项都是人称代词的宾格形式,在句子中用作动词或者介词宾语me我;her她,him他;them他们.句意:我不能找到我的钢笔了,你能帮助我找到它吗?结合语境可知此处人称代词指代的是前文的主语I,故选A。典型例题4.I have a big
30、 brother._ name is Paul.A.His B.Her C.He D.Your5.-David,is that _ English dictionary?-Yes,it is_.It is new.A.yours;my B.your;my C.your;mine6.She is my friend._ name is Betty.A.Its B.His C.Her D.My典型例题4.A。考点:考查代词辨析。His形容词性和名词性物主代词,他的;her形容词性物主代词,她的。人称代词宾格,她;its 形容词性和名词性物主代词它的;your形容词性物主代词,你的,你们的。联系前文
31、,我有一个哥哥。可知后半句指的是我的哥哥的名字。故选A。5.C。考点:物主代词句意分析:-戴维,那是你的英语字典吗?-是的,是我的,它是新的。根据语境English dictionary,其前只能用形容词性物主代词修饰故可排除答案A,又it指代English dictionary,故第二空应填名词性物主代词mine=my English dictionary,故选C。6.C。考点:物主代词句意分析:-她是我的朋友她叫贝蒂。根据语境,she(她)和Betty(贝蒂)女名,又本空后name是名词,故可知本空应填she对应的形容词性物主代词her来修饰name,故选C。典型例题7.-Do youkn
32、ow who taught _ French?-Nobody.He learned it by_.A.his;himself B.him;him C.him;himself D.his;him8.-Liu Mei can speak Japaneseso well!Who taugh ther?-Nobody.She taught_.A.her B.hers C.herself 9.-Who taught _ skating?-Nobody.I learnt it by _.A.your;myself B.you;me C.you;myself典型例题7.C.考点:人称代词;反身代词题意分析:
33、你知道是谁教他法语吗?没人,他是自学的根据语境who taught_French可知,空缺处位于动词taught后在句中做宾语,故应用宾格him;根据语境nobody可知,他应是自学的,by oneself,主语为he,故第二空为himsef(他自己),所以答案为C。8.C.考点:反身代词.题意分析:刘梅说日语说的如此好!谁教她的?没有人她自学的本题主要考查代词的用法,teach oneself自学,由句意知答案选C。9.C.考点:人称代词,反身代词题意分析:-谁教你滑冰?-没有人,我是自学的问句中,设空处单词放在动词taught后面作宾语,所以用宾格代词you,答语中,根据句意没有人,我是自
34、学的”可以知道设空处缺少反身代词,构成短语teach oneself自学,再根据主语主语是第一人称I,判断用反身代词myself,故选C。典型例题10.-_ did-you work out the problem in such a short time?-With Mr.Lis help.A.When B.Where C.How D.Which11.-_ is your father?Does he still work as an engineer?-Yes,he has been an engineer for thirty years.A.Who B.How C.What D.Whi
35、ch 典型例题10.C 考点:疑问代词。句意分析:一你是如何在如此短的时间内解答出这道难题的?一在李老师的帮助下解答出的。考查特殊疑问词。when什么时候;where在哪里;how怎样;which哪一个。根据答句可知选C。11.C 考点:疑问代词。句意分析:-你的父亲是做什么的?他还是工程师吗?-是的,(你父亲是什么职业?他做工程师有三十年了。what is sb?用来询问职业,故选C。课堂练习一.根据提示和语境填入适当的物主代词和人称代词。1._(他的)coat is black,but _(她的)is red.2.Whose wallet is this?Its _(我的).Its _(我
36、的)wallet.3.Im a new student._(她的)name is Helen.4.-Are these _(你们的)skateboards?-Yes,theyre _(我们的).5.Nancy is my cousin._(她的)eyes are big.课堂练习6.Look,there is his new book._(我的)is as new as his.7.Can _ show _ _ book?(你能把你的书借给我看一下吗?8.This is not _(I)shirt.Its _(he).9._ are listening to the radio.Dont ta
37、lk to _.(他们)10._(我们)will buy a pair of shoes for _(他).课堂练习二.单项选择。1._ the twins enjoyed _ at the party yesterday.A.Both;them B.Both;themselves C.Neither;them D.All;themselves 2.-Which do you prefer,a bottle of orange or a cup of tea?-_,thanks.Id like just a cup of water.A.Either B.Neither C.Both D.No
38、ne 3.-Would you like _ milk in your tea?-Yes,just _ A.any;little B.some;a little C.much;a few D.a little;some课堂练习4.There is _ to do this evening.A much nothing B.many nothing C.nothing much D.nothing many 5.The two friends were so pleased to see each other that they forget _.A.anything else B.someth
39、ing else C.nothing else D.everything else6.-Is this your shoe?-Yes,it is.But where is _.A.the other B.another C.other one D.the other one 课堂练习7.What I want to say is _ English is a very useful language.A.it B.this C.that D.those 8.They have an English lesson _ day,Monday,Wednesday and Friday.A.each
40、other B.every other C.some others D.another more 9.We found _ very important to learn a foreign language well.A.this B.that C.it D.its 课堂练习【参考答案】一、1.His;hers 2.mine;my 3.Her 4.your;ours 5.Her 6.Mine 7.you;me;your 8.my;his 9.They;them 10.We;him二、15 BBBCA 69 DCBC课后检测1.-Would you like milk or orange?-_
41、.I prefer water.A.Each B.Neither C.Either D.Both2.-Oh,there is someone in the room._ must be my mother.A.There B.She C.This D.It3.Betty and John have come back,but _ students in the class arent here yet.A.the other B.others C.another D.the others 课后检测4._ of us has read the story.A.Some B.Both C.All
42、D.None5.-Which of her parents is a doctor?-_ are.A.Any B.Either C.Both D.Neither6.I have bought a new watch because my old _ doesnt work.A.it B.one C.that D.this课后检测7.-Is this _ or _ dictionary?-Its mine.A.your;hers B.your;her C.yours;he D.yours;hers 8.There is _ water in my glass.Will you please gi
43、ve me _?A.little;some B.few;any C.few;some D.little;any 9.-_ pencil-box is this,Patrick?-Its _.A.Whose;mine B.Whos;mine C.Whose;my D.Whos;my课后检测10.The pen is _.She wrote _ name with it _.A.hers;her;herself B.her;hers;her C.her;hers;herself D.her;herself;hers11.Last Sunday everybody went to the cinem
44、a except _.A.I and Tom B.Tom and me C.Tom and I D.me and Tom12.Grandpa Li has three sons.One is in Shanghai._ is in Guangzhou and _ is in Beijing.A.Another;another B.The other;the other C.Another;the other D.The other;another课后检测13.Its unusual for him to be so active because he is often a boy of _ w
45、ords.A.few B.little C.many D.much14.Theyve bought a car of _ own so that it will be more convenient to travel around.A.they B.them C.their D.theirs15.After you get off the bus,you can take _ of the two Metro Lines to Zhongshan Park.A.neither B.both C.either D.any课后检测Keys:15 BDADC 610 BDAAA 1115 BCACC谢谢观看