1、名词(一)专题一 教学目标1.掌握名词的单复数变化规则2.掌握常见的不可数名词 名词名词名词的种类普通名词 专有名词 集体名词个体名词抽象名词物质名词名词名词名词的数可数名词复数形式的规则变化可数名词复数形式的不规则变化不可数名词量的表达不可数名词可数名词常用的不可数名词列举一、名词的种类名词表示人、事物或者抽象概念的名称。一般来说,名词根据其意义,可以分为普通名词和专有名词。1.普通名词普通名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词。其中,可数名词又分为个体名词和集体名词,不可数名词又分为物质名词和抽象名词。类类 别别含含 义义例例 词词个体名词 表示某类人或东西中的个体。cap帽子 book 书集体名
2、词 表示由若干个个体组成的集合体team 队,组 people人们物质名词 表示无法分为个体的物质或材料air空气 water水抽象名词 表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象名词象概念。success成功 beauty美丽2 专有名词 专有名词通常包括人名、地名、称呼、节假日、季节、月份、组织机构名称等几类。the Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会Professor Smith史密斯教授the Great Wall长城Easter Day复活节THE UNITED NATIONS联合国注意:人名前若有尊称或头衔,如总裁、博士等时,表示总裁、博士等的名词president、doctor 的
3、首字母需大写。President Li Wei 李伟总裁Doctor Lin 林博士 要点提升专有名词的特殊用法(1)由普通名词构成的专有名词前一般要加the,如the Chang jiang River(长江);the National Peoples Congress(全国人民代表大会)。(2)专有名词的首字母都要大写,但虚词一般不大写,如 the Great Wall(长城)。也可将所有字母都大写,如FATHERS DAY(父亲节)。(3)China这个词第一个字母大写时意为中国,小写时意为瓷器。二、名词的数 1)直接在单词后面+s book-books;dog-dogs 2)辅音字母+
4、y,变y为i+es candy-candies;story-stories family-families;party-parties 1.规则复数变化形式3)以s/x/sh/ch结尾,在单词后面+es bus-buses;fox-foxes;dish-dishes;watch-watches 4)以字母o结尾的名词有生命的后面+es,没有生命的名词后面+s photo-photos;piano-pianos;potato-potatoes;tomato-tomatoes5)以f或fe结尾的名词,先将f或fe改为v,再加-es。knifeknives(小刀),leafleaves(树叶)顺口溜
5、:小偷(thief)的妻子(wife),为了自己(self)保命(life),站到架子上(shelf),用树叶(leaf)做的小刀(knife),将狼(wolf)劈成了两半(half)2.不规则复数变化形式变a为e:manmen,womanwomen,a Frenchman Frenchmen,an Englishman Englishmen变oo为ee:foot feet,toothteeth在词尾加-(r)en:childchildren,oxoxen(公牛)其他特殊变化:mousemice有些名词的单数和复数相同:sheep,deer,fish,Chinese,Japanese“某国人”
6、的复数形式:中日不变,英法变,其他国家人加s中日不变:Chinese,Japanese英法变:a Frenchman Frenchmen,an Englishman Englishmen其他国家人:American-Americans,German-Germans 重点提醒 对于Chinese,Japanese这类词,既可以说Im Chinese Japanese.,也可以说Im a Chinese/Japanese.,因为Chinese/Japanese 既是形容词中国的/日本的,也是名词中国人/日本人。但是对于English,French这类词,可以说Im English/French.或
7、者Im an Englishman/a Frenchman.,但不可以说Im an English/a French.。注意:通常情况下,当一个名词作定语修饰另一个名词注意:通常情况下,当一个名词作定语修饰另一个名词 时,其复数形式只须将其主体词变为复数形式。时,其复数形式只须将其主体词变为复数形式。但但man或或woman修饰另一个名词,变复数时要将修饰另一个名词,变复数时要将 名词及名词及man或或woman都变成复数。都变成复数。a girl student girl students女学生女学生a woman teacher women teachers女教师女教师a man driv
8、er men drivers男司机男司机3.特殊的复数变化形式(1)有些集体名词以单数形式出现,但表示复数意义,其前不能加不定冠词;作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。eg There were a lot of people at the party.有许多人参加聚会。eg:Hundreds of police were trying to control the violence.数以百计的警察在奋力控制暴力行为。(2)有些由两个或多个部分组成一个整体的名词一般总是以复数形式出现。这类名词不能被具体的数字修饰,其前也不能用不定冠词,但可以用a pair of,two pairs of等修饰。tr
9、ousers裤子a pair of trousers 一条裤子glasses眼镜two pairs of glasses两副眼镜shoes鞋a pair of shoes 一双鞋shorts短裤a pair of shorts一条短裤(3)有些名词形式上为复数形式,实为单数。politics 政治physics 物理mathematics数学news新闻(4)有些集体名词指代一个单位、机构或视为一个整体时,表示单数意义,作主语时谓语动词用单数形式;若强调该集体中的各个成员时,表示复数意义,作主语时谓语动词用复数形式。常见的有class 班级team 组enemy敌人 group组governm
10、ent政府 public公众family家庭couple夫妇eg:Kevins family lives in an apartment building near the river.凯文的家在河畔的公寓大楼。e:Kevins family are all kind and patient.凯文的家人都是亲切又有耐心的。eg:There are about fifty families in the building.大约有50个家庭住在这栋大楼里。(5)意义不同,复数形式不同的名词。fish表示鱼的条数时,单复数同形;表示鱼的种类时,复数形式为fishes;表示鱼肉时,为不可数名词,无复数
11、形式。eg:Peter usually orders a fish,a vegetable soup and a cup of coffee for lunch.一条鱼,可数名词彼得经常点一条鱼、一份蔬菜汤和一杯咖啡当午餐。eg:There are a variety of fishes and sea animals at the aquarium.鱼的种类,可数名词水族馆有各种鱼类和海洋动物。eg:Fish is my favourite food,but my brother refuses fish all the time.鱼肉,不可数名词鱼肉是我最喜爱的食物,可是我弟弟绝不吃鱼肉。
12、people意为人,人们时,本身为复数;people还可意为民族,其复数形式为 peoples.eg:At least ten people were killed in the traffic accident.people意为人们,表示复数意义 至少有10人在这次交通事故中丧生。eg:There are 56 peoples in China.peoples表示多个民族 中国有五十六个民族。penny有两种复数形式。指硬币的个数时,复数形式为pennies;指钱的面值时,复数形式为pence。eg:I have only a few pennies in my pocket.硬币的个数 我
13、口袋里只有几枚一便士的硬币。eg The pencil cost 75 pence.钱的面值 这支铅笔卖75便士。work表示工作时,为不可数名词 表示著作,作品时,单数形式为work,复数形式为works;works意为工厂时,单复数同形。eg:You can find two works by Lu Xun in that bookstore.表示作品,用复数形式在那家书店你能找到两部鲁迅的作品。eg:There is a chemical works near the village.表示工厂,此处是单数形式那个村庄附近有一家化工厂。三、不可数名词的数(1)(2)(3)定义:是指不能计数
14、的名词。不可数名词前不可以用a,an限定。不可数名词没有复数形式。常用的不可数名词常用的不可数名词food,meat,fish,chicken,pork,beef,mutton,orange,milk,tea,water,rice,bread,homework,news,paper,ice,rain,snow,wind,cloud,air,weather,maths,Chinese,English,music,information.fun,work 等。金gold木wood水water火fire土soil,米rice面flour肉meat钱money布cloth,还有情感与抽象,统统都是不可
15、数。不可数名词量的表达a/an+计量单位名词+of+不可数名词一张纸a piece of paper一杯水a glass of watera bar of chocolate 一块巧克力一块肥皂 a cake of soap基数词+计量单位名词+of+不可数名词两包大米two bags of rice 三瓶橙汁八杯咖啡eight cups of coffee three bottles of orange Summary1.名词的单复数变化规则2.常见的不可数名词1.下列名词的复数,如果是正确的请在后面打个1.feet2.buses 3.Chinese4.German5.watchs6.lea
16、ves7.storys8.knifesLets try!变复数1.Japanese_ 2.Frenchman_3.American_4.Egyptian _5.German_6.Australian_7.potato_8.tomato_9.photo_10.piano_11.woman driver_ 12.apple tree_Japanese Frenchmen AmericansEgyptiansGermans Australians potatoes tomatoesphotospianos women driversapple trees 3).填入所给名词的正确形式 1.I hav
17、e two_(knife)2.There are many _ here.(box)3.There are many _ on the road.(bus)4.Some _ are drawing on the wall.(boy)5.The _ are playing football now.(child)knivesboxesbusesboyschildren5.Please take two _ for me.(photo)6.I like the red _.(tomato)7.Would you please clean your _ now?(tooth)8.Do you wan
18、t some _?(milk)9.There are ten _in the park.(woman)photostomatoesteethmilkwomen1.There are four _ and two_ in the group.A Japanese,Germen B Japanese,GermansC Japanese,Germens D Japanese,German B2.They come from different _ A.country B countriesC.a country D countrys B4.What would you like to drink,T
19、om and Jack?_,please?A.Two cup of coffee B.Two cups of coffee C.Two cups of coffees D.Two cup of coffees DB3.There _ some _ in the river.A.is,fish B.are,fishs C.is,fishs D are,fish.单项选择5.The boys have got _ A.two bread B.two breads C.two pieces of bread D two piece of bread6.We should clean _ twice
20、a day.A our tooth B our tooths C teeth D our teeth7.In that picture there are many _ and two _.A sheep,foxes B sheeps,fox C sheeps,foxes D sheep,foxs8.He bought _.A two pairs of shoes B two pair of shoes C two pairs of shoe D two pair of shoeCDAA9.Would you like something to drink,Tara?Yes,Id like s
21、ome_.A.sandwiches B.hot dogs C.waterD.bread10.Can I help you?Id like_ for my twin daughters.A.two glass of milkB.two glasses of milkC.two glass of milksD.two glasses of milks11.Several_ are talking under the tree,and their_ are swimming in the river.A.woman;childrenB.woman;childC.women;childrenD.women;childCBC12._bread would you like?Three pieces of_.A.How many;breadsB.How many;breadC.How much;breadsD.How much;bread13._dressed now!We have to go in ten minutes.OK,Mom.A.GettingB.GetC.To get D.GetsDB