1、强化练6阅读理解题(说明文类)一、科普知识类AEverypersonyawns.Sodomanyothervertebrate(有脊椎的) animals,includingsnakes,dogs,cats,sharks,andchimpanzees.Whileyawningiscontagious(会传染的),noteveryonecatchesayawn.Around60%70%ofpeopleyawniftheyseeanotherpersonyawninreallifeorinaphotoorevenreadaboutyawning.Contagiousyawningalsooccur
2、sinanimals,butitdoesntnecessarilyworkthesamewayasinpeople.Scientistshaveproposedmanytheoriesforwhywecatchyawns.Probablythemostpopulartheoryisthatyawningservesasaformofnonverbalcommunication.Catchingayawnshowsyoureaccustomedtoapersonsemotions.Scientificevidencecomesfroma2010studyattheUniversityofConn
3、ecticut,whichconcludedyawningdoesnotbecomecontagiousuntilachildisaboutfouryearsoldwhenempathy(共情) skillsdevelop.Inthestudy,childrenwithautism,whomayhaveimpairedempathydevelopment,caughtyawnslessoftenthantheirpeers.Studyingcontagiousyawninginotheranimalsmayprovidecluestohowpeoplecatchyawns.Contagious
4、yawninginanimalsmayserveasameansofcommunication.Siamesefightingfishyawnwhentheyseetheirmirrorimageoranotherfightingfish,generallyjustpriortoanattack.Contagiousyawningislinkedtotemperature,inbothanimalsandpeople.Mostscientistsspeculateitisathermoregulatorybehavior,whilesomeresearchersbelieveitisusedt
5、ocommunicateapotentialthreatorstressfulsituation.A2010studyofbudgerigars(虎皮鹦鹉) foundthatyawningincreasedastemperaturewasraisednearbodytemperature.Peoplecommonlyyawnwhentiredorbored.Similarbehaviorisseeninanimals.Onestudyfoundthebraintemperatureinsleepdeprivedratswashigherthantheircoretemperature.Yaw
6、ningreducedbraintemperature,possiblyimprovingbrainfunction.Researcherswilldofurtherstudyonthis.1Whatcanwelearnaboutyawningfromparagraph1?AAllanimalsyawn.BReadingaboutyawningmaymakeapersonyawn.COnlyvertebrateanimalsyawn.DYawningworksthesameforhumanandanimals.2Whydoestheauthormentionchildrenwithautism
7、inparagraph2?AToproveatheory.BTodefineaconcept.CTodevelopthetheme.DToprovidethebackground.3Siamesefightingfishyawnto.AshowkindnessBfindapartnerCgiveathreatDescapefromdanger4Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?AMoreresearchonyawningwillbecarriedoutinthefuture.BTemperatureisnotafactorconcerningyawning.CTh
8、esecrettoyawninghasbeenworkedout.DYawningcanimprovebrainfunctiongreatly.B(2022广东茂名二模)Usingthepowerofartificialintelligence(AI),scientistshaverevealednewinsightsintothecreationanddestructionofmassextinction.Contrarytoconventionalknowledge,theirstudysuggeststhatlargerextinctionsarenotalwaysaformof“cre
9、ativedestruction”thatallowsneworganisms(生物体) toradiateandevolve.Instead,itsuggeststhatmassextinctionisrarelyassociatedwithnewspeciesofradiation.Dr.HoyalCuthill,theleadstudyauthorfromtheUniversityofEssexintheUKandtheTokyoInstituteofTechnology,saidinastatement,“Someofthemostchallengingthingstoundersta
10、ndthehistoryoflifearethevasttimelinesinvolvedandthenumberofspecies.Newmachinelearningapplicationscanhelpusunderstandthisinformationinhuman-readableform.Thismeansthatwecan,sotospeak,holdtheevolutionofhalfabillionyearsinthepalmofourhandandgainnewinsightsfromwhatwesee.”Theyconcludedthatmassextinctionan
11、dlaterradiationwerenotconnectedaspreviouslythought.Within5percentofthemostsignificantperiodsofdisruption(中断),AIdetected“bigfive”massextinctions,sevenmoremassextinctions,twomassextinction-radiationevents,and15massradiations.Mostimportantly,itdiscoversthatmassiveradiationandextinctionrarelyoccurredwit
12、heachother,changingtheviewthatgreaterextinctionleadstoakindofdeepcycle-likespeciesradiationofnature.Itappearsthatlargerextinctionsarecertainlynottheengineofevolutionaryradiation.TaketheCambrianeruptionforexampleanditwasabout41millionyearsagowhenalargegroupofanimalsfirstappearedontherecordofthefirstf
13、ossilrecordandthedawnofahighmobileanimalequippedwithmodernphysicalfeatures.Thisnewstudyfoundthatahandfulofothernotableexplosionsofbiodiversity,includingtheCambrianeruption,usuallyoccurredatatimewhentheywerelargelyisolated(隔离) fromextinction.Dr.NicholasGuttenberg,astudyco-authorfromtheTokyoInstituteo
14、fTechnologyexplained,“Ecosystemsaredynamicandyoudontneedanythingtoexisttoallowsomethingnewtoappear.”5Whatdoesthefirstparagraphserveas?AAnexplanationofartificialintelligence.BAbackgroundofresearchersstudy.CThereasonsforcreativedestruction.DTheresultofresearchersnewstudy.6WhatcanweinferfromDr.HoyalCut
15、hillswords?AAIcontributesalottothestudyofevolution.BUnderstandingthehistoryoflifeisverydifficult.CNewAImachineslearnapplicationsbetter.DBiologicalevolutioncanbecontrolledeasily.7Whatistheresearchersdiscovery?AMassextinctionisunlikelytocauseevolutionaryradiation.BThefirstanimalwithmodernfeaturesoccur
16、redduringeruption.CThevolcaniceruptionledtoamassextinctionandradiation.DTheideaofdeepcycle-likespeciesradiationhasturnedouttrue.8Whatisthetextmainlyabout?ANewprocessesofbiologicalevolution.BNewviewofradiationfromnaturalspecies.CNewunderstandingofmassextinction.DNewoutbreaksofbiologicalpopulations.C(
17、2022湖北十一校联考)MidwaythroughTheMatrix,Cypherfeastsonanenormoussteak,wellawarethathisrealityisnotreal,partofadigitalprogramtellinghisbrainthatthesteakisaconstructionandthatitis“juicyanddelicious”Twodecadesafterthemoviemadeitsfirstappearance,somethingunexpectedarises:Thefutureofrealitywillnotonlybevirtua
18、lbutalsosynthetic(合成的)Cyphersfuturemealwillbeaphysicalone,synthesizedfromanimalcells.Andthesynthesisgoesbeyonddinner.Startingwithcomponentsfromthenaturalworld,scientistsarelearningtoengineermicroorganismsandbuildbiocomputingsystems.However,biologyhasatendencytoevolveinunexpectedways.Synthesizedmeati
19、sonecaseinpoint.Thedrivingforcesbehindthemeatmovementarepractical.Ithasbeenestimatedthatcultured(培育的) meatwouldrequire7to45percentlessenergyandproduce78to96percentlessgreenhousegasthanconventionalanimalsfarmedforconsumption.Butoncewereabletosynthesizemeat,theoretically,wellhavethecapabilitytoculture
20、meatfromanyanimal,eventhosewedneverconsidereatingtoday,likedolphinsorchimpanzees,whichwillposeanewregulatorychallengeforus.Usingsyntheticbiology,wecaneveneditandrewritelife,thetechnologyofwhichisalreadyinuse.In2021,scientistsinsomecountriesannouncedtheyhadgrownmonkeyembryosinjectedwithhumanstemcells
21、.Herecomesthesituationworthconsidering:suchamonkey-humanhybridwilldemonstratequalitiesthataresomewherebetweenhumans,onwhichexperimentationisntallowed,andanimals,whichareoftenraisedspecificallyforresearch.Howwillwedecidewhenananimalbecomestoohuman?Dependingonwhereyoustand,thesyntheticrealitieslandsom
22、ewherebetween“reallyexciting”and“criticallyconcerning”Asindividuals,weundertakeasharedresponsibilitytomakegoodchoicesaboutthiscomingsynthetictechnology.9WhatdoweknowaboutCypherssteakinthemovie?AItisanythingbutappetizing.BItisenjoyedinavirtualworld.CItissynthesizedfromanimalcell.DItisaconstructionmad
23、ebyhimself.10Whatstheadvantageofsynthesizedmeat?AItismorenutritious.BItismoreenergy-consuming.CItismoreenvironment-friendly.DItismorecontrollableinregulation.11Whatistheauthorsattitudetotheexperimentinparagraph4?ACautious.BFavorable.CPessimistic.DIndifferent.12Whatisthepurposeofthetext?ATopopularize
24、synthetictechnology.BToindicatechallengesofsynthetictechnology.CTostresstheimportanceofsynthetictechnology.DTointroducethedevelopmentofsynthetictechnology.二、生态环保类A(2022河北石家庄二中质检)Whenitcomestobecomingeco-conscious,manypeoplechoosetostartwithsomethingsimple:recycling.Butitsnotassimpleaseveryoneseemsto
25、believe.Indeed,thedesireforsomepeopletorecyclecanleadtoill-informeddecisionsaboutwhatcanandcannotberecycled,andnon-recyclableobjectsareaccidentallyputintotherecyclingbin.Thepracticeiswhatisknownaswishcycling.Wishcyclingboilsdowntotheideathatjustaboutanythingcanberecycled,andthatifyouputitintoarecycl
26、ingbin,thosewhoareresponsibleforitwillfindawaytorecycleit.Thisisobviouslynottrue,because,despiteeverythingthatyouvebeentoldbythemedia,noteverythingisrecyclable.Smallnon-recyclableobjectsthatareattachedtorecyclablesaregenerallyacceptable.Forexample,glueandtapeattachedtopaperwillberemovedintherecyclin
27、gprocesswithoutanytrouble.Butimproperlyrecyclingbrokeneyeglasses,plasticshoppingbags,foodwasteandgreasy(油渍) pizzaboxescouldcauseproblemstotherecyclingprocess.Theobjectsintherecyclingbinaretypicallysortedbymachinesatrecyclingcenters,notpeople.Thesecomplexmachinesaredesignedtoseparateplastics,paper,an
28、dotherrecyclables.Ifsomethingisthrownintothebinthatshouldntbethere,itcouldendupdamagingthemachine,whichmeanstherecyclingcentercouldlosetimeandmoneyeverytimepeopledecidetowishcycle.Sometimes,anon-recyclableobjectisabletosneak(溜)pastthesesortingmachines.Ifthishappens,thenon-recyclableobjectendsupinalo
29、adofrecyclablesthatwillbesoldfortherecyclingcentertomakeaprofit.However,havingjustonenon-recyclablethingmixedincanpollutetheentireloadofrecyclables,whichhastobethrownaway.Sowhatyouasaconsumerneedtodoismakeyourownrecyclingpracticemostfunctional.Thebestwayistoeducateyourself.Therearecertaingeneralrule
30、swhenitcomestorecyclingthateveryoneshouldknow.1Whatdoweknowaboutwishcycling?AItismisledbythemedia.BItleadstoabetterecology.CItisrelatedtoillintentions.DItcomesfrompeopleshope.2Whichofthefollowingcanbeputintotherecyclingbinaccordingtothepassage?APaperwithglueonit.BOilypizzaboxes.CPlasticshoppingbags.
31、DLeft-overfood.3Whatisparagraph5about?ATheproblemsfromwishcycling.BTheneedtoupdatethemachines.CThereasonsformakinglessprofit.DTheobjectsunsuitableforrecycling.4Whatmightbetalkedaboutintheparagraphthatfollows?AReducingwaste.BMakingrules.CRecyclingproperly.DConsumingwisely.B(2022山东潍坊二模)Itsasimpleyetef
32、fectivemessagethatappeals,andleadstoasatisfyingwayofmotivatingustopromoteenvironmentalisminourownway.BorninNairobi,LeseinMutunkeiisinhislateteens,andhisTrees4Goalsisthemeanswithwhichheintendstomaketheworldgreener.Itunitestwoofhisself-declaredpassionsinlife:loveoftheoutdoors,withhisloveoffootball.Les
33、einenjoyedwalkingintheforest,butrecognisedhiscountrywasexperiencingaseriouslossoftreecover.Between2001and2020,Kenyalostanestimated11%oftrees,releasingasmanyas176milliontonsofCO2.InablogpostforWWFKenya,Leseinrevealedthat,oncehestartedtheTrees4Goalsinitiative,heoriginallyplannedtoplantonetreepergoal.B
34、y2020,hewantedtotakehiseffortsevenfurther.Whatstartedasonetreeplantedpergoalmushroomedinto11treesplantedpergoal.Explainingthereasoningbehindexpandingthetree-planting,hesaid,“Itrepresentsteameffortinfootballandthecontributionbymyteam.Ihavemanagedtohitthe1,000thtreemilestoneinthelasttwoyears.”Whileits
35、somethingofanown_goaltodestroytheforestsandjunglesprovidingenormousbiodiversity,innovativeinitiativeslikeTrees4Goalsareanassuredwaytoscoreanenvironmentalisthat-trick.Footballispopular.Itcutsthroughculturalbarriersirrespectiveofthecountryitisplayedin.Byincreasingthetreesplantedpergoal,withmoresuchini
36、tiativesspringingup,evenmorewillbegrown.Likeaseed,bestideasstartsmallandchangeintosomethingthatcanbecomefarlargerthananticipated.WhileLeseincontinuesplanting11treespergoal,Kenyangovernmentisaimingtoensuretheplantingof1.8billiontreestoreach10%forestcoverage.Thesciencebehindisclear:if900millionhectare
37、saredevotedtohalfatrilliontrees,theworldcanoffset(抵消) halfofallcarbonreleasedsince1960.5WhatgaveLeseintheideaoflaunchingtheproject?AReleaseoftoomuchCO2.BDreamofmotivatingothers.CPassionforsportsandnature.DHabitofexercisinginthewoods.6WhatdidLeseindoin2020?AHecreatedablogforWWF.BHemultipliedhiscommit
38、ment.CHeplantedonetreeforeachgoal.DHeextendedhisworktootherteams.7Whatdotheunderlinedwords“owngoal”inparagraph4referto?AAimthatisintendedtoachieve.BActionthatharmsonesowninterests.CPursuittowardwhicheffortisdirected.DGoalthatisscoredfortheopposingteam.8WhatcanwelearnfromLeseinsstory?AUnited,wewin.BN
39、opains,nogains.CLoveme,lovemydog.DSmalldeeds,bigdifference.CIn2007,theAfricanUnionannouncedanambitiousprojecttoplanttheGreatGreenWall(GGW),abandoftreesthatwouldstretchthelengthoftheSahel.TheGGWisanecologicalrestorationprojectdesignedbyAfricanpeopleforAfricanpeople.Heavyrains,droughts,wildfiresandlan
40、dslideshaveallbecomecommonthroughouttheworld.ButnowhereisquiteliketheSahel.InthishugeAfricanregion,climatechangehasmaterializedinadramaticmanner.Insomecases,thesevereconditionshaveleftpeoplewithnooptionotherthantomigrateelsewheretosurvive.Itwaswithallofthisinmindthattheextraordinary,butheavilydebate
41、dprojectwasfirstputforward.Fourteenyearshavepassedsincetheinitiativeformallykickedoff.Thestatedgoalwastocreatea15-kilometre-wide,8,000-kilometre-longgreenbeltoftreesandotherplantsthat,by2030,wouldspan(跨越) theentirewidthoftheSahel,fromSenegaltoDjibouti.Overall,100millionhectares(公顷)oflandwouldberesto
42、redby2030.Oncecompleted,itwasannounced,thewallcouldendupcapturing(俘获) 250milliontonnesofcarbondioxide,whileitscreationandupkeepcouldcreatetenmillionjobsinruralareas.Lookingattheprojectasawhole,theresstillalongwaytogo.AccordingtoastatusreportbytheUNConventiontoCombatDesertification,aboutfourmillionhe
43、ctaresofdegradedlandhavebeenrestored.Thismeansthatprogresstowardsthe100millionhectarestargetstandsatjustfourpercent.“Whenwestartedrestoringthesoil,werealizedtheareaatriskwasmuchwiderthanweinitiallythought,”explainsElvisPaulTangem,theAfricanUnionsGGWcoordinator.“Wehadfewfundstopushtheinitiativeasmuch
44、aswewantedto.Therewasskepticismamonginvestors,whodidntunderstandtheproject,butalsoamongtheAfricanstatesthemselves,whichneededtimetofigureoutiftheGGWwasapriority.”9WhatisthepurposeoftheGGWproject?AToimprovelocalecology.BTodevelopruraleconomy.CTopredictclimatepatterns.DTostrengthenregionalties.10Whatd
45、othestatisticsinparagraph3showoftheinitiative?ATheserviceperiod.BThetotalbudget.CThetargetedgroups.DTheexpectedbenefits.11HowdoesElvisPaulTangemfeelabouttheproject?ASkeptical.BWorried.CConfident.DSatisfied.12Whatmessagedoestheauthorintendtoconveyinthetext?AAfricancountriesshouldstandtogether.BTheprogressoftheGGWprojectisslow.CFightingclimatechangeisourtoppriority.DNaturaldisastersareworsethanwethought.9