2023届高三英语二轮复习强化练6:说明类阅读理解题.docx

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1、强化练6阅读理解题(说明文类)一、科普知识类AEverypersonyawns.Sodomanyothervertebrate(有脊椎的) animals,includingsnakes,dogs,cats,sharks,andchimpanzees.Whileyawningiscontagious(会传染的),noteveryonecatchesayawn.Around60%70%ofpeopleyawniftheyseeanotherpersonyawninreallifeorinaphotoorevenreadaboutyawning.Contagiousyawningalsooccur

2、sinanimals,butitdoesntnecessarilyworkthesamewayasinpeople.Scientistshaveproposedmanytheoriesforwhywecatchyawns.Probablythemostpopulartheoryisthatyawningservesasaformofnonverbalcommunication.Catchingayawnshowsyoureaccustomedtoapersonsemotions.Scientificevidencecomesfroma2010studyattheUniversityofConn

3、ecticut,whichconcludedyawningdoesnotbecomecontagiousuntilachildisaboutfouryearsoldwhenempathy(共情) skillsdevelop.Inthestudy,childrenwithautism,whomayhaveimpairedempathydevelopment,caughtyawnslessoftenthantheirpeers.Studyingcontagiousyawninginotheranimalsmayprovidecluestohowpeoplecatchyawns.Contagious

4、yawninginanimalsmayserveasameansofcommunication.Siamesefightingfishyawnwhentheyseetheirmirrorimageoranotherfightingfish,generallyjustpriortoanattack.Contagiousyawningislinkedtotemperature,inbothanimalsandpeople.Mostscientistsspeculateitisathermoregulatorybehavior,whilesomeresearchersbelieveitisusedt

5、ocommunicateapotentialthreatorstressfulsituation.A2010studyofbudgerigars(虎皮鹦鹉) foundthatyawningincreasedastemperaturewasraisednearbodytemperature.Peoplecommonlyyawnwhentiredorbored.Similarbehaviorisseeninanimals.Onestudyfoundthebraintemperatureinsleepdeprivedratswashigherthantheircoretemperature.Yaw

6、ningreducedbraintemperature,possiblyimprovingbrainfunction.Researcherswilldofurtherstudyonthis.1Whatcanwelearnaboutyawningfromparagraph1?AAllanimalsyawn.BReadingaboutyawningmaymakeapersonyawn.COnlyvertebrateanimalsyawn.DYawningworksthesameforhumanandanimals.2Whydoestheauthormentionchildrenwithautism

7、inparagraph2?AToproveatheory.BTodefineaconcept.CTodevelopthetheme.DToprovidethebackground.3Siamesefightingfishyawnto.AshowkindnessBfindapartnerCgiveathreatDescapefromdanger4Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?AMoreresearchonyawningwillbecarriedoutinthefuture.BTemperatureisnotafactorconcerningyawning.CTh

8、esecrettoyawninghasbeenworkedout.DYawningcanimprovebrainfunctiongreatly.B(2022广东茂名二模)Usingthepowerofartificialintelligence(AI),scientistshaverevealednewinsightsintothecreationanddestructionofmassextinction.Contrarytoconventionalknowledge,theirstudysuggeststhatlargerextinctionsarenotalwaysaformof“cre

9、ativedestruction”thatallowsneworganisms(生物体) toradiateandevolve.Instead,itsuggeststhatmassextinctionisrarelyassociatedwithnewspeciesofradiation.Dr.HoyalCuthill,theleadstudyauthorfromtheUniversityofEssexintheUKandtheTokyoInstituteofTechnology,saidinastatement,“Someofthemostchallengingthingstoundersta

10、ndthehistoryoflifearethevasttimelinesinvolvedandthenumberofspecies.Newmachinelearningapplicationscanhelpusunderstandthisinformationinhuman-readableform.Thismeansthatwecan,sotospeak,holdtheevolutionofhalfabillionyearsinthepalmofourhandandgainnewinsightsfromwhatwesee.”Theyconcludedthatmassextinctionan

11、dlaterradiationwerenotconnectedaspreviouslythought.Within5percentofthemostsignificantperiodsofdisruption(中断),AIdetected“bigfive”massextinctions,sevenmoremassextinctions,twomassextinction-radiationevents,and15massradiations.Mostimportantly,itdiscoversthatmassiveradiationandextinctionrarelyoccurredwit

12、heachother,changingtheviewthatgreaterextinctionleadstoakindofdeepcycle-likespeciesradiationofnature.Itappearsthatlargerextinctionsarecertainlynottheengineofevolutionaryradiation.TaketheCambrianeruptionforexampleanditwasabout41millionyearsagowhenalargegroupofanimalsfirstappearedontherecordofthefirstf

13、ossilrecordandthedawnofahighmobileanimalequippedwithmodernphysicalfeatures.Thisnewstudyfoundthatahandfulofothernotableexplosionsofbiodiversity,includingtheCambrianeruption,usuallyoccurredatatimewhentheywerelargelyisolated(隔离) fromextinction.Dr.NicholasGuttenberg,astudyco-authorfromtheTokyoInstituteo

14、fTechnologyexplained,“Ecosystemsaredynamicandyoudontneedanythingtoexisttoallowsomethingnewtoappear.”5Whatdoesthefirstparagraphserveas?AAnexplanationofartificialintelligence.BAbackgroundofresearchersstudy.CThereasonsforcreativedestruction.DTheresultofresearchersnewstudy.6WhatcanweinferfromDr.HoyalCut

15、hillswords?AAIcontributesalottothestudyofevolution.BUnderstandingthehistoryoflifeisverydifficult.CNewAImachineslearnapplicationsbetter.DBiologicalevolutioncanbecontrolledeasily.7Whatistheresearchersdiscovery?AMassextinctionisunlikelytocauseevolutionaryradiation.BThefirstanimalwithmodernfeaturesoccur

16、redduringeruption.CThevolcaniceruptionledtoamassextinctionandradiation.DTheideaofdeepcycle-likespeciesradiationhasturnedouttrue.8Whatisthetextmainlyabout?ANewprocessesofbiologicalevolution.BNewviewofradiationfromnaturalspecies.CNewunderstandingofmassextinction.DNewoutbreaksofbiologicalpopulations.C(

17、2022湖北十一校联考)MidwaythroughTheMatrix,Cypherfeastsonanenormoussteak,wellawarethathisrealityisnotreal,partofadigitalprogramtellinghisbrainthatthesteakisaconstructionandthatitis“juicyanddelicious”Twodecadesafterthemoviemadeitsfirstappearance,somethingunexpectedarises:Thefutureofrealitywillnotonlybevirtua

18、lbutalsosynthetic(合成的)Cyphersfuturemealwillbeaphysicalone,synthesizedfromanimalcells.Andthesynthesisgoesbeyonddinner.Startingwithcomponentsfromthenaturalworld,scientistsarelearningtoengineermicroorganismsandbuildbiocomputingsystems.However,biologyhasatendencytoevolveinunexpectedways.Synthesizedmeati

19、sonecaseinpoint.Thedrivingforcesbehindthemeatmovementarepractical.Ithasbeenestimatedthatcultured(培育的) meatwouldrequire7to45percentlessenergyandproduce78to96percentlessgreenhousegasthanconventionalanimalsfarmedforconsumption.Butoncewereabletosynthesizemeat,theoretically,wellhavethecapabilitytoculture

20、meatfromanyanimal,eventhosewedneverconsidereatingtoday,likedolphinsorchimpanzees,whichwillposeanewregulatorychallengeforus.Usingsyntheticbiology,wecaneveneditandrewritelife,thetechnologyofwhichisalreadyinuse.In2021,scientistsinsomecountriesannouncedtheyhadgrownmonkeyembryosinjectedwithhumanstemcells

21、.Herecomesthesituationworthconsidering:suchamonkey-humanhybridwilldemonstratequalitiesthataresomewherebetweenhumans,onwhichexperimentationisntallowed,andanimals,whichareoftenraisedspecificallyforresearch.Howwillwedecidewhenananimalbecomestoohuman?Dependingonwhereyoustand,thesyntheticrealitieslandsom

22、ewherebetween“reallyexciting”and“criticallyconcerning”Asindividuals,weundertakeasharedresponsibilitytomakegoodchoicesaboutthiscomingsynthetictechnology.9WhatdoweknowaboutCypherssteakinthemovie?AItisanythingbutappetizing.BItisenjoyedinavirtualworld.CItissynthesizedfromanimalcell.DItisaconstructionmad

23、ebyhimself.10Whatstheadvantageofsynthesizedmeat?AItismorenutritious.BItismoreenergy-consuming.CItismoreenvironment-friendly.DItismorecontrollableinregulation.11Whatistheauthorsattitudetotheexperimentinparagraph4?ACautious.BFavorable.CPessimistic.DIndifferent.12Whatisthepurposeofthetext?ATopopularize

24、synthetictechnology.BToindicatechallengesofsynthetictechnology.CTostresstheimportanceofsynthetictechnology.DTointroducethedevelopmentofsynthetictechnology.二、生态环保类A(2022河北石家庄二中质检)Whenitcomestobecomingeco-conscious,manypeoplechoosetostartwithsomethingsimple:recycling.Butitsnotassimpleaseveryoneseemsto

25、believe.Indeed,thedesireforsomepeopletorecyclecanleadtoill-informeddecisionsaboutwhatcanandcannotberecycled,andnon-recyclableobjectsareaccidentallyputintotherecyclingbin.Thepracticeiswhatisknownaswishcycling.Wishcyclingboilsdowntotheideathatjustaboutanythingcanberecycled,andthatifyouputitintoarecycl

26、ingbin,thosewhoareresponsibleforitwillfindawaytorecycleit.Thisisobviouslynottrue,because,despiteeverythingthatyouvebeentoldbythemedia,noteverythingisrecyclable.Smallnon-recyclableobjectsthatareattachedtorecyclablesaregenerallyacceptable.Forexample,glueandtapeattachedtopaperwillberemovedintherecyclin

27、gprocesswithoutanytrouble.Butimproperlyrecyclingbrokeneyeglasses,plasticshoppingbags,foodwasteandgreasy(油渍) pizzaboxescouldcauseproblemstotherecyclingprocess.Theobjectsintherecyclingbinaretypicallysortedbymachinesatrecyclingcenters,notpeople.Thesecomplexmachinesaredesignedtoseparateplastics,paper,an

28、dotherrecyclables.Ifsomethingisthrownintothebinthatshouldntbethere,itcouldendupdamagingthemachine,whichmeanstherecyclingcentercouldlosetimeandmoneyeverytimepeopledecidetowishcycle.Sometimes,anon-recyclableobjectisabletosneak(溜)pastthesesortingmachines.Ifthishappens,thenon-recyclableobjectendsupinalo

29、adofrecyclablesthatwillbesoldfortherecyclingcentertomakeaprofit.However,havingjustonenon-recyclablethingmixedincanpollutetheentireloadofrecyclables,whichhastobethrownaway.Sowhatyouasaconsumerneedtodoismakeyourownrecyclingpracticemostfunctional.Thebestwayistoeducateyourself.Therearecertaingeneralrule

30、swhenitcomestorecyclingthateveryoneshouldknow.1Whatdoweknowaboutwishcycling?AItismisledbythemedia.BItleadstoabetterecology.CItisrelatedtoillintentions.DItcomesfrompeopleshope.2Whichofthefollowingcanbeputintotherecyclingbinaccordingtothepassage?APaperwithglueonit.BOilypizzaboxes.CPlasticshoppingbags.

31、DLeft-overfood.3Whatisparagraph5about?ATheproblemsfromwishcycling.BTheneedtoupdatethemachines.CThereasonsformakinglessprofit.DTheobjectsunsuitableforrecycling.4Whatmightbetalkedaboutintheparagraphthatfollows?AReducingwaste.BMakingrules.CRecyclingproperly.DConsumingwisely.B(2022山东潍坊二模)Itsasimpleyetef

32、fectivemessagethatappeals,andleadstoasatisfyingwayofmotivatingustopromoteenvironmentalisminourownway.BorninNairobi,LeseinMutunkeiisinhislateteens,andhisTrees4Goalsisthemeanswithwhichheintendstomaketheworldgreener.Itunitestwoofhisself-declaredpassionsinlife:loveoftheoutdoors,withhisloveoffootball.Les

33、einenjoyedwalkingintheforest,butrecognisedhiscountrywasexperiencingaseriouslossoftreecover.Between2001and2020,Kenyalostanestimated11%oftrees,releasingasmanyas176milliontonsofCO2.InablogpostforWWFKenya,Leseinrevealedthat,oncehestartedtheTrees4Goalsinitiative,heoriginallyplannedtoplantonetreepergoal.B

34、y2020,hewantedtotakehiseffortsevenfurther.Whatstartedasonetreeplantedpergoalmushroomedinto11treesplantedpergoal.Explainingthereasoningbehindexpandingthetree-planting,hesaid,“Itrepresentsteameffortinfootballandthecontributionbymyteam.Ihavemanagedtohitthe1,000thtreemilestoneinthelasttwoyears.”Whileits

35、somethingofanown_goaltodestroytheforestsandjunglesprovidingenormousbiodiversity,innovativeinitiativeslikeTrees4Goalsareanassuredwaytoscoreanenvironmentalisthat-trick.Footballispopular.Itcutsthroughculturalbarriersirrespectiveofthecountryitisplayedin.Byincreasingthetreesplantedpergoal,withmoresuchini

36、tiativesspringingup,evenmorewillbegrown.Likeaseed,bestideasstartsmallandchangeintosomethingthatcanbecomefarlargerthananticipated.WhileLeseincontinuesplanting11treespergoal,Kenyangovernmentisaimingtoensuretheplantingof1.8billiontreestoreach10%forestcoverage.Thesciencebehindisclear:if900millionhectare

37、saredevotedtohalfatrilliontrees,theworldcanoffset(抵消) halfofallcarbonreleasedsince1960.5WhatgaveLeseintheideaoflaunchingtheproject?AReleaseoftoomuchCO2.BDreamofmotivatingothers.CPassionforsportsandnature.DHabitofexercisinginthewoods.6WhatdidLeseindoin2020?AHecreatedablogforWWF.BHemultipliedhiscommit

38、ment.CHeplantedonetreeforeachgoal.DHeextendedhisworktootherteams.7Whatdotheunderlinedwords“owngoal”inparagraph4referto?AAimthatisintendedtoachieve.BActionthatharmsonesowninterests.CPursuittowardwhicheffortisdirected.DGoalthatisscoredfortheopposingteam.8WhatcanwelearnfromLeseinsstory?AUnited,wewin.BN

39、opains,nogains.CLoveme,lovemydog.DSmalldeeds,bigdifference.CIn2007,theAfricanUnionannouncedanambitiousprojecttoplanttheGreatGreenWall(GGW),abandoftreesthatwouldstretchthelengthoftheSahel.TheGGWisanecologicalrestorationprojectdesignedbyAfricanpeopleforAfricanpeople.Heavyrains,droughts,wildfiresandlan

40、dslideshaveallbecomecommonthroughouttheworld.ButnowhereisquiteliketheSahel.InthishugeAfricanregion,climatechangehasmaterializedinadramaticmanner.Insomecases,thesevereconditionshaveleftpeoplewithnooptionotherthantomigrateelsewheretosurvive.Itwaswithallofthisinmindthattheextraordinary,butheavilydebate

41、dprojectwasfirstputforward.Fourteenyearshavepassedsincetheinitiativeformallykickedoff.Thestatedgoalwastocreatea15-kilometre-wide,8,000-kilometre-longgreenbeltoftreesandotherplantsthat,by2030,wouldspan(跨越) theentirewidthoftheSahel,fromSenegaltoDjibouti.Overall,100millionhectares(公顷)oflandwouldberesto

42、redby2030.Oncecompleted,itwasannounced,thewallcouldendupcapturing(俘获) 250milliontonnesofcarbondioxide,whileitscreationandupkeepcouldcreatetenmillionjobsinruralareas.Lookingattheprojectasawhole,theresstillalongwaytogo.AccordingtoastatusreportbytheUNConventiontoCombatDesertification,aboutfourmillionhe

43、ctaresofdegradedlandhavebeenrestored.Thismeansthatprogresstowardsthe100millionhectarestargetstandsatjustfourpercent.“Whenwestartedrestoringthesoil,werealizedtheareaatriskwasmuchwiderthanweinitiallythought,”explainsElvisPaulTangem,theAfricanUnionsGGWcoordinator.“Wehadfewfundstopushtheinitiativeasmuch

44、aswewantedto.Therewasskepticismamonginvestors,whodidntunderstandtheproject,butalsoamongtheAfricanstatesthemselves,whichneededtimetofigureoutiftheGGWwasapriority.”9WhatisthepurposeoftheGGWproject?AToimprovelocalecology.BTodevelopruraleconomy.CTopredictclimatepatterns.DTostrengthenregionalties.10Whatd

45、othestatisticsinparagraph3showoftheinitiative?ATheserviceperiod.BThetotalbudget.CThetargetedgroups.DTheexpectedbenefits.11HowdoesElvisPaulTangemfeelabouttheproject?ASkeptical.BWorried.CConfident.DSatisfied.12Whatmessagedoestheauthorintendtoconveyinthetext?AAfricancountriesshouldstandtogether.BTheprogressoftheGGWprojectisslow.CFightingclimatechangeisourtoppriority.DNaturaldisastersareworsethanwethought.9

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