1、Unit 3 Getting along with othersGrammar and usageRestrictive relative clauses with relative pronouns：含有两个或更多的主谓结构的句子，其中有至少一个主谓结构充当整个句子的某一些成分。当简单句的一个成分从词或短语变为句子时，整个句子就成为主从复合句了观察以下短语并讨论什么叫定语(attribute)?The green treeThe interesting bookA frightened boyA woman doctorA washing machine对一个名词起修饰、限定作用的成分叫定语
2、，一个词作定语时一般前置。(1)People have close friends.People naturally enjoy their company.People who have close friends naturally enjoy their company.Lead-in：Compare the following sentences and read them aloud.(2)He is rich enough.He has true friends.He is rich enough who has true friends.总结：什么叫定语从句?All my cla
3、ssmates were fond of the cake .that I made黑色的句子虽然成分完整，但是蛋糕的范围不清楚，我们不知到到底在讲哪块蛋糕，所以我们要用一个句子“我做的蛋糕”，来具体限定蛋糕的范围。什么叫定语从句?All my classmates were fond of the cake .that I made句子that I made 对名词cake 起到限定范围的作用。所以that I made 是一个定语，但这个定语不是一个词，而是一个句子。所以这个句子叫定语从句。定语从句的三个要素：My brother is that boy who is wearing a
4、green T-shirt.先行词 从句主句被一个句子修饰的名词叫先行词。同时含有主句，从句，且有先行词时，从句才能叫定语从句定语定语从句关系词的三大作用/功能：The woman who is speaking on the phone is the CEO of the company.限定范围定语从句引导替代成分The girl who is in red is my sister.先行词()限制性定语从句关系代词关系代词主句Exploring the rules 1.A real friend is someone who walks in when the rest of the w
5、orld walks out.2.A real friend is someone whose support we can count on.3.A real friend is someone who sees our true self,not just the face that we show to the world.4.the modern tools that keep us connected are eating away at the meaning of friendship.Read a magazine article in Part A on Page 34 an
6、d find out the restrictive relative clauses with relative pronouns.5.Social media like blogs has come between us and the friends whom we love.6.“Sharing”our experiences on social media is not enough to express the values which matter most to us.7.“Linking”our friends photos online does not develop t
7、he connection which we share.Exploring the rules RulesA restrictive relative clause is used to modify a noun,pronoun or noun phrase before it.The noun,pronoun or noun phrase is the antecedent.We can use relative pronouns to introduce restrictive relative clauses.RulesThe most frequently used relativ
8、e pronouns include who,whom,which,that,whose.We use _ for things,and _ and whom for people.We can use _ for both things and people.We use _ to show possession.The relative pronouns,who,whom,which,that,often act as a component in clauses.which who that whose关系词先行词所指关系词在句中作用 关系代词that人/物主,宾,表which物主,宾w
9、ho人主,宾whom人宾whose人/物定as人/物/事情主,宾,表 关系副词when时间时间状语where地点地点状语why原因原因状语关系词的分类：关系词的分类：1.代替先行词；代替先行词；2.在定语从句中充当成分；在定语从句中充当成分；3.连接先行词与定语从句。连接先行词与定语从句。关系代词的基本用法：1.1.whowho在定在定语从语从句中指句中指人人，做，做主语或宾语主语或宾语。That is the man who taught us physics.A boy who lived next to my house came in.2.2.whomwhom 也是指也是指人人，但在从
10、句中作，但在从句中作宾语宾语。Do you know the woman(whom)they are talking about?He is a man whom we should learn from.=He is a man from whom we should learn.3.3.whosewhose 在定语从句中作在定语从句中作定语定语，表示，表示“某人的某人的.”.”或或“某物的某物的.”.”，可用来，可用来指指人人，也可指，也可指物物。He went there with a man whose son was a driver.(=the son of whom)We cam
11、e up to the house whose window was broken.(-the window of which)PRACTICEPRACTICE This is the professor_taught me chemistry in 1980.This is the boy _father died three years ago.Do you know the student_was praised at the meeting?whowhosewhowhichwhich 在定语从句中指在定语从句中指物物，在从句中可充当，在从句中可充当主语、动词宾语、介词宾语。主语、动词宾
12、语、介词宾语。This is the room which faces south.I found the book which he gave me the other day.We visited the factory which he worked in.They bought a new car,the price of which is reasonable.(=whose price)Attention:先行词whose=the n.of which/whom PRACTICEPRACTICE He paid me$10 for washing ten windows _hadn
13、t been cleaned for at least a year.The famous doctor _ an old nurse is talking to is leaving for Africa next month.After living abroad for years,he eventually returned to the quiet small town _ he lived in for ten years.The old lady had a son and two daughters _ all treated her well.Is this the plan
14、 _ they are against?Asian-Americans _population is increasing rapidly will become an important minority in the USA.whichwho/whomwhichwhowhichwhosethatthat 在定语从句中可以指在定语从句中可以指人人（相当于（相当于who/whomwho/whom）,也可以指也可以指物物。在从句中。在从句中做做主语、宾语主语、宾语，但在作介词宾语时，但在作介词宾语时，介词不能放在介词不能放在thatthat前面前面The boy that/who is on o
15、ur school team is hurrying to school.I recognized the man that you talked about last night.The present that I received this morning was from my uncle.The school that we work at is a good one.PRACTICEPRACTICEI dont know the man _is sitting by the window.When will you bring my book _I lent you last mo
16、nth?After he woke up,the only thing _he could remember was the big fire.Do you know the girl _name is Mary?This is the best book _Ive ever read.Im sorry that the watch _ you bought me was lost.We should do everything _ we should do to help them.The kind mother _we want to know is Mrs Smith.who/thatw
17、hich/thatthatwhosethatthat/whichthatthat/who/whomAttention:1.关系代词which/that/who/whom作宾语时，可以省略；但是作介宾时，只能用which（指物）或whom（指人）且不可以省略；He is the man with whom Tom went to Europe.He is the man _Tom went to Europe with.The school in which he once studied is very famous.The school _ he once studied in is ver
18、y famous.PRACTICEPRACTICE I never forget the day on _ my grandpa passed away.I never forget the day _ my grandpa passed away on.(that/who/whom)(which/that)which(which/that)2.只用that，不用which的六种情况：先行词是不定代词或被不定代词one,no one,no,none,few,little,all,any,much,every,each,anything,everything,nothing,something等
19、词修饰时，定语从句用that来引导；pThats all that I want to say.pIs there anything that you want in this school?先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或者被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，定语从句用that来引导；pThis is the best film that I have seen.先行词前有the very,the only等修饰时，定语从句用that 来引导；先行词既包括人又包括物时，定语从句用that引导；pHe talked about some writers and books that were unkn
20、own to us at all.当关系词在从句中作表语时，定语从句用that来引导；pChina is no longer the country that it was 50 years ago.在which,who 开头的疑问句中，若还要用关系代词引导定语从句，则用that:pWho is the girl that is singing in the hall?1.This is the man_last night.A.whom I saw him B.who I saw C.which I saw D.who I saw him2.He talked about the schoo
21、ls _ha had visited.A.who B.whose C.whom D.which3.This is the best book _.A.that have ever been written B.that has ever been writtenC.that has written D.that have written4.The comrade _ you spoke to is a model worker.A.and that B.which C.whose D.whom5.Can you lend me the dictionary _the other day?A.a
22、bout that you talked B.that you talkedC.which you talked D.that you talked about6.This is the most difficult book _.A.what I have read it B.ich I have read itC.I have read D.I have read it7.The place_ was the Science Museum.A.we visited B.where we visited C.which we visited to D.we went8.The things
23、_ you have to do is to press the button.A.what B.whom C.who D.that9.This is the student _ has something important to tell you.A.which B.whom C.whose D.who10.Is the faCtory _ you used to work in two years ago?A.which B.that C.who D.the one that11.Look out!Dont get too close to the house _ roof is und
24、er repair.A.whose B.which C.that D.who12.No one believes the reason _ for his absence.A.he explained B.what he explainedC.how he explained D.why he explained13.Children who are not active or _ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.A.what B.whose C.which D.that14.Ive become good friends with s
25、everal of the students in my school _ Imet in the Enlish speech contest last year.A.who B.where C.when D.which15.Thats the new machine _ parts are too small to be seen.A.that B.which C.whose D.whatSun LiWho is she?1.She is a famous actress,whose play is on play recently.2.She played in the play call
26、ed The biography of Zhen Huan,which made her more popular.1.非限制性定语从句与先行词之间一般用非限制性定语从句与先行词之间一般用“，”隔开。隔开。限制性定语从句与先行词之间限制性定语从句与先行词之间不用不用逗号隔开；逗号隔开；2.非限定性定语从句中可用非限定性定语从句中可用which代替前面整句，不可用代替前面整句，不可用that，关系词不，关系词不可省。可省。1.He failed in the final exam,which made his father very angry.2.She came back to China,
27、which surprised me a lot.1.as 和和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表整个主句，也可指代主句都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表整个主句，也可指代主句的一部分。的一部分。当表示当表示“正如正如”含义时，用含义时，用as，否则用，否则用which。e.g.She has married again,_ was expected.She has married again,_ was unexpected.He claimed that he can speak seven languages,_ is not true.aswhichwhich2.as 引
28、导的非限制性定语从句引导的非限制性定语从句,可以位于主句的可以位于主句的前面、中间、后面前面、中间、后面，一般用逗，一般用逗号和主句隔开；而号和主句隔开；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后主句之后。as 的这种用法通常出现在一些固定短语之中如：的这种用法通常出现在一些固定短语之中如：1as is mentioned above 正如上面所提到的正如上面所提到的 2as is well known/as we all know/asisknowntousall 众所周知众所周知 3as is/was expected 不出所料，正如预料的那样不出所料
29、，正如预料的那样 4as is often the case 情况常常是这样情况常常是这样 _(众所周知众所周知),China is a developing country.As we all knowHe was late again,_(那让老师很失望那让老师很失望).which made the teacher disappointed(1)The boy has as much progress,_(正如所预料的那样正如所预料的那样).(2)_(每个人都知道每个人都知道),China is a beautiful country with a long history.(3)_(众所
30、周众所周知知),YaoMingisafamousbasketballplayer.(4)_,solving one problem can cause or uncover another.然而情况常常是这样，解决一个问题往往会导致或揭示其他问题。然而情况常常是这样，解决一个问题往往会导致或揭示其他问题。(5)Thisismyfavoritepen,_Iboughtyesterday.(6)Theboyisverypolite,_makeshisparentshappy.Asweallknow/As is well known/Asisknowntousallas was expectedAs
31、 everyone knowswhichwhich PRACTICEPRACTICEAs is often the caseAttention:在限制性定语从句中，as多和such，the same，so，as 连用，构成suchas,the same as,soas,asas，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。She told me the same story as she had told you.He is so great a painter as ever lived.He is so great a painter that we will never forget him.PRAC
32、TICEPRACTICE He is such a good teacher _we all respect him.He is such a good teacher _we all respect.Last term our English teacher set so difficult examination problems _ none of us worked out.Last term our English teacher set so difficult examination problems _ none of us worked them out.thatasasth
33、atComparison名称意义结构要求功能引导词限制性定语从句(Restrictive Attributive Clause)起限定作用。指特定的人或物，不可省略，否则原句句意不完整紧跟先行词，同先行词之间一般不加逗号修饰先行词关系代词、关系副词（作宾语时可省略）非限制性定语从句(Non-restrictive Attributive Clause)仅作补充或说明，若省略掉，原句句意也是完整的用逗号与主句隔开修饰先行词或整个主句只用关系代词或关系副词，一般不用that1.After graduating from college,I took some time off to go trav
34、elling,_ turned out to be a wise decision.A.that B.which C.when D.where2.You were very impolite to him,for _ you should make an apology to him,I think.A.this B.which C.what D.that3.His movie won several awards at the film festival,_was beyond his wildest dream.A.which B.that C.where D.it4.My friend
35、showed me round the town,_ was very kind of him.A.which B.that C.where D.it5.Eric received training in computer for one year,_he found a job in a big company.A.after that B.after which C.after it D.after this1.1.在定语从句中，当关系代词在定语从句中充当在定语从句中，当关系代词在定语从句中充当介词的宾语介词的宾语时，我们可以用时，我们可以用介词介词+which/whom+which/wh
36、om来引导定语从句来引导定语从句Is that the girl to whom you lend your bicyle?（指人，用介词+whom）English is the subject in which I am most interested.（指物，用介词+which）2.2.介词该如何确定？介词该如何确定？根据定语从句中的根据定语从句中的谓语动词或形容词习惯搭配谓语动词或形容词习惯搭配来确定来确定This is the book on which I spent 8 yuan.This is the book for which I paid 8 yuan.Can you ex
37、plain to me how to use these idioms about which Im not sure.根据根据先行词的某种习惯先行词的某种习惯来确定来确定I remember the day on which I joined the League.I remember the days during which I lived here.I remember the month in which I stayed here.根据所表达的意思来确定根据所表达的意思来确定The colorless gas without which we cant live is called
38、 oxygen.Is that the newspaper for which you often write articles?PRACTICEPRACTICE The boy _I went to the cinema last weekend is my best friend.Is this the car _you paid a high price?Tomorrow is a particular day _ his daugther will get married.We cant live without the sun _ we get heat and light.This
39、 is the gold diamond _ I spent all my money.with whomfor whichon whichfrom whichon whichAttention:1.1.若介词至于定语从句中时，作宾语的关系代词若介词至于定语从句中时，作宾语的关系代词代人代人可用可用who/whom/that/who/whom/that/省略省略，代物代物可用可用which/that/which/that/省略省略，若将介词提至关系代词，若将介词提至关系代词前前时，代时，代人人只用只用whomwhom,代代物物只用只用whichwhich.Do you know the sin
40、ger(who/whom/that)they are talking about?Do you know the singer about whom they are talking?2.2.有些有些“动词动词+介词介词”的固定搭配的固定搭配不可不可把介词至于关系代词前，如把介词至于关系代词前，如look for,look look for,look after,look up,look into,look forward to,take care of,live in,be interested inafter,look up,look into,look forward to,take c
41、are of,live in,be interested inThis is he right tape for which Im looking.This is the right tape which Im looking for.3.3.表示所属关系时，应该用表示所属关系时，应该用“of+which/whom”“of+which/whom”注意：of+which/whom+the+n.或the+n+of which/whom 等于whose+nHe went there with a man whose son was a driver.(=the son of whom)We came
42、 up to the house whose window was broken.(=the window of which)4.the way 4.the way 为先行词且在定语从句中充当为先行词且在定语从句中充当方式状语方式状语时，通常由时，通常由 in whichin which或或that that 引导，引导，而且而且可以省略可以省略。The way(that/in which)he answered the questions was surprising.I dont like the way(that/in which)you spoke to her.This is the
43、 way(that/in which)he used to solve the problem.(that/which)关系副词：关系词先行词所指关系词在句中作用 关系代词that人/物主,宾,表which物主,宾who人主,宾whom人宾whose人/物定as人/物/事情主,宾,表 关系副词when时间时间状语where地点地点状语why原因原因状语先行词是先行词是时间时间并且在定语从句中作时间状语，也可以转换成并且在定语从句中作时间状语，也可以转换成“in/at/on/“in/at/on/during.+which”during.+which”常见先行词:time,moment,day,s
44、eason,year 等I will always remember the day when/on which I first uesd e-mail to send mesages to my friend aboad.I regretted the evenings when/during which I had played computer games instead of studing.关系代词的基本用法：PRACTICEPRACTICE 1st July,1997 is the day _Hong kong returned to China.1st July,1997 is
45、a day _well never forget.I remember the days_I lived here.I remember the month _I stayed here.when/on which(which/that)during which/whenin which/when先行词是先行词是地点地点并且在定语从句中作地点状语，也可以转换成并且在定语从句中作地点状语，也可以转换成“in/at/on/.“in/at/on/.+which”+which”常见先行词:place,house,city,country,world,case,occasion,point,dream,
46、situation,system,position,stage,condition 等 Can you fine a place _we can have a birthday party for Sarah?The meeting _ he offered his suggestions lasted two hours.The birthday is the occasion _ you wear the evening dress.where/in whichwhere/at whichwhere/in which先行词是先行词是原因原因并且在定语从句中作原因状语，也可以转换成并且在定语
47、从句中作原因状语，也可以转换成for whichfor whichWe all know the reason why/for which she was late for work today.I should like to know the reason that/which you changed the plan.The reason why/for which he talked about is good.(why/for which)(that/which)I know the village where Liming lives in.The man whom I spoke
48、 is from Canda.July1,1999 is the day when well never forget.I dont like the way which you talked to your friend.Im going to work in the hospital where needs me.A person whom e-mail account is full wont be able to send or receive any e-mails.Life is like a long race that we competewith others to go b
49、eyond ourselves.He made another wonderful discovery,which I think it is of great importance to science.(that/which)Li Ming lives into whom I spoke is from Canda(which/that)well never forgetin which/that you talked to your friendwhich/that needs mewhosewhereis1.I dont know the reason _you were absent
50、 from the meeting,but Im sure someone will tell me the reason _you havent told me.A.why;why B.that;why C.why;that D.that;that2.The doctor _is leaving for Africa next month.A.the nurse is talking to him B.whom the nurse is talkingC.the nurse is talking to C.who the nurse is talking3.The patients _all
